Web Application Architecture :Web applications are software systems that interact with users via
web browsers or mobile apps. They typically follow a multi-tier architecture, separating
responsibilities into distinct layers for scalability, maintainability, and security. The most common
is 3-tier architecture, though modern systems often incorporate additional layers like caching,
APIs, and security.
1. Presentation Layer (Client Layer / Front-End) The presentation layer is the user-facing part
of the application. Its primary function is to display information and capture user input. It is
responsible for rendering web pages, forms, dashboards, and other visual elements.
Functions of the Presentation Layer: Receives input from users via forms, buttons, and other
UI elements. Sends requests to the business layer for processing. Receives responses from
the business layer and renders them to the user. Implements client-side validation to catch
basic errors before sending requests to the server. Enhances user experience using
animations, responsive design, and interactive elements.
2. Business Logic Layer (Application Layer / Middle Layer) The business logic layer is the
heart of the application, where all the rules, computations, and processing happen. It acts as
a bridge between the presentation and data layers. Functions of the Business Logic Layer:
Processes user requests from the presentation layer. Implements business rules,
calculations, and workflows. Validates data before interacting with the data layer. Handles
authentication and authorization for security. Manages sessions, logging, and error handling.
Integrates with external services and APIs.
3. Data Layer (Database Layer / Back-End) The data layer is responsible for storing, retrieving,
and managing data. It ensures data consistency, security, and durability. All persistent data,
such as user accounts, product catalogs, and transaction records, are managed here.
Functions of the Data Layer: Stores data in databases. Provides data to the business layer
upon request. Ensures integrity, consistency, and relationships between data. Handles
backups, replication, and disaster recovery.
4.Optional/Supporting Layers in Modern Architectures Caching Layer: Improves performance
by storing frequently accessed data temporarily. Tools like Redis or Memcached reduce
database load and improve response time.
5.Integration/API Layer: Allows the application to communicate with other services,
microservices, or third-party APIs. Supports REST, GraphQL, SOAP.
6.Security Layer: Protects the system from attacks. Implements encryption (SSL/TLS), user
authentication (OAuth, JWT), input validation, and intrusion prevention. Logging and
Monitoring Layer: Tracks application performance, errors, and security events using tools like
ELK Stack, Prometheus, Grafana.
Advantages of Layered Architecture
Scalability:Each layer can scale independently. Maintainability:Changes in one layer do not
affect others.
Security: Layers can enforce security at multiple points.Reusability: Business logic and data
services can be reused across multiple presentation layers (web, mobile, desktop).
Example Workflow in a 3-Tier Web Application
User Interaction: A customer adds a product to their cart via the web page (presentation
layer).
Data Storage: The data layer stores the order details and updates inventory.
Response to User: The business layer returns confirmation, which the presentation layer.
