Experiment Name: Understand the concept of System Function.
Theory:
A system function is a mathematical description of the behavior of a system. It can describe
the relationship between the inputs and outputs of a system, often in the form of a transfer
function or impulse response. In control theory and engineering, system functions are used to
model and analyze the dynamic behavior of systems, including how they respond to various
inputs over time.
The system function of a signal describes how a system processes an input signal to produce
an output signal. In other words, it represents the mathematical relationship between the input
and output of a system, and how the system changes or transforms the input signal.
In signal processing, the system function is often represented in the frequency domain using a
transfer function, which describes how different frequencies in the input signal are affected by
the system. The transfer function can be used to analyze the frequency response of a system,
such as its gain and phase shift, and to design filters and other processing elements to modify
the behavior of the system.
In addition to transfer functions, the system function can also be represented in the time domain
using the impulse response, which describes how the system responds to a brief input signal,
called an impulse. The impulse response is useful for analyzing the temporal response of a
system and for determining its stability and causality.
The formation of a system function of a signal involves analyzing the behavior of the system
and finding a mathematical model that describes the relationship between the input and output.
There are various methods for finding the system function, including:
1. Transfer function method: This method involves finding the Laplace or Fourier transform of
the impulse response of the system and dividing the output signal by the input signal. The
resulting ratio is the transfer function of the system, which describes the system's behavior in
the frequency domain.
2. Impulse response method: This method involves finding the response of the system to an
impulse signal, which is a brief input signal with all its energy concentrated at one time instant.
The impulse response is then used to find the response of the system to any input signal using
convolution.
3. State-space method: This method involves representing the system as a set of differential
equations that describe the state of the system over time. The state-space representation can be
used to find the transfer function of the system and to analyze its stability and performance.
The system function can be represented in different ways, depending on the analysis that is
needed. Some common representations include:
1. Transfer function: This is a representation of the system function in the frequency domain,
which is useful for analyzing the frequency response of the system.
2. Impulse response: This is a representation of the system function in the time domain, which
is useful for analyzing the temporal response of the system.
3. State-space representation: This is a representation of the system function as a set of
differential equations that describe the state of the system over time.
The choice of representation depends on the type of analysis that is needed and the
characteristics of the system being analyzed. In general, transfer functions are used for
frequency-domain analysis, while impulse responses are used for time-domain analysis. State-
space representations are useful for both time-domain and frequency-domain analysis, as well
as for control system design.
Source Code:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
xn = [0,3,2,1,0,1,2,3,0]
yn = [0]*9
yn2 = [0]*9
for i in range(1,8):
yn[i] = (xn[i-1]+xn[i]+xn[i+1])/3
yn2[i] = yn2[i-1] + xn[i]
plt.figure(figsize=(12,20))
n = np.arange(-4,5,1)
plt.subplot(311)
plt.stem(n, xn)
plt.title("x(n)")
plt.subplot(312)
plt.stem(n, yn)
plt.title("y(n)=(x(n-1)+x(n)+x(n+1))/3")
plt.subplot(313)
plt.stem(n, yn2)
plt.title("y(n)=x(n)+x(n-1)+x(n-1)+......")
plt.show()
Sample Input & Output:
Analysis:
In this experiment we can see the discrete time analog signal .We used Google Colab for
representing signals in python. We used various python library such as matplotlib, numpy,
figure(), plot, subplot etc. Initially we felt it difficult to finish our work. But gradually we
become used to it.
