Temperature Conversion

°F °C °F °C °F °C
Zero -17.8 41 5 82 27.8
1 -17.2 12 5.6 83 28.3
2 -16.7 43 6.1 84 28.9
3 -16.1 44 6.7 85 29.4
4 -15.6 45 7.2 86 30
5 -15 46 7.8 87 30.5
6 -14.4 47 8.3 88 31.1
7 -13.9 48 8.9 89 31.7
8 -13.3 49 9.4 90 32.2
9 -12.8 50 10 91 32.8
10 -12.2 51 10.6 92 33.3
11 -11.7 52 11.1 93 33.9
12 -11.1 53 11.7 94 34.4
13 -10.6 54 12.2 94 35
14 -10 55 12.8 96 35.6
15 -9.4 56 13.3 97 36.1
16 -8.9 57 13.9 98 36.7
17 -8.3 58 14.4 99 37.2
18 -7.8 59 15 100 37.8
19 -7.2 60 15.6 110 43
20 -6.7 61 16.1 120 49
21 -6.1 62 16.7 130 54
22 -5.6 63 17.2 140 60
23 -5 64 17.8 150 66
24 -4.4 65 18.3 160 71
25 -3.9 66 18.9 170 77
26 -3.3 67 19.4 180 82
27 -2.8 68 20 190 88
28 -2.2 69 20.6 200 93
29 -1.7 70 21.1 210 99
30 -1.1 71 21.7 220 104
31 -0.6 72 22.2 230 110
32 Zero 73 22.8 240 116
33 0.6 74 23.3 250 121
34 1.1 75 23.9 300 149
35 1.7 76 24.4 350 177
36 2.2 77 25 400 204
37 2.8 78 25.6 450 232
38 3.3 79 26.1 500 260
39 3.9 80 26.7 750 399
40 4.4 81 27.2 1000 538

Technical Support Guide Page 17 of 35 January 2008

 CONVERSION FACTORS

Length Weight
From To Multiply by From To Multiply by
inches centimeters 2.54 pounds kilograms 0.4536
centimeters inches 0.04 kilograms pounds 2.2046
feet centimeters 30.48 long tons pounds 2240
feet meters 0.3048 short tons pounds 2000
centimeters feet 0.03281 long tons short tons 1.12
meters feet 3.2808 short tons long tons 0.8928
mils microns 25.0
microns mils 0.04
Pressure
From To Multiply by
Area psi kg / cm² 0.0703
From To Multiply by kg / cm² psi 14.223
ft² m² 0.0929
m² ft² 10.764
Temperature
From To Calculate
Volume Celsius Fahrenheit C° x 9 + 32
From To Multiply by 5
US gal liter 3.785 Fahrenheit Celsius ( F° - 32 ) x 5
US gal Imp gal 0.833 9
liter US gal 0.264
liter Imp gal 0.22
Film Thickness
Imp gal US gal 1.2
Imp gal liter 4.55 From To Calculate
Wet Dry wft x % sbv
Dry Wet dft ÷ % sbv
Area / Volume
From To Multiply by
ft² / US gal m² / liter 0.0245
VOC
Density of thinner x
ft² / US gal m² / Imp gal 0.112 VOC of added thinner =
% thinning / 100
m² / liter ft² / US gal 40.76
m² / liter ft² / Imp gal 48.93 VOC as supplied +
VOC of the mixture = VOC of the thinner
m² / Imp gal m² / liter 0.2197
added

VOC of mixture /
lbs / gal VOC = total volume of the mix.
(1 gal + % thinner added / 100)

Technical Support Guide Page 18 of 35 January 2008

 DECIMAL & METRIC EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS
Fraction Inches mm Fraction Inches mm

1/64 .015625 .39688 33/64 .5156 13.09688

1/32 .03125 .97375 17/32 .5312 13.49375
3/64 .046875 1.19063 35/64 .5468 13.89063
1/16 .0625 1.5875 9/16 .5625 14.2875
5/64 .078125 1.98438 37/64 .5781 14.68438
3/32 .09375 2.38175 19/32 .5937 15.08125
7/64 .109375 2.77813 39/64 .6093 15.47813
1/8 .125 3.175 5/8 .675 15.875
9/64 .140625 3.57188 41/64 .6406 16.27188
5/32 .15625 3.9687 21/32 .6562 16.66875
11/64 .171875 4.36563 43/64 .6718 17.06563
3/16 .1875 4.7625 11/16 .6875 17.4625
13/64 .203125 5.15938 45/64 .7031 17.85938
7/32 .21875 5.55625 23/32 .7187 18.25625
15/64 .234375 5.95313 47/64 .7343 18.65313
¼ .250 6.35 ¾ .750 19.05
17/64 .2656 6.74688 49/64 .7656 19.44688
9/32 .2812 7.14375 25/32 .7812 19.84375
19/64 .2968 7.54063 51/64 .7968 20.24063
5/16 .3125 7.9375 13/16 .8125 20.6375
21/64 .3281 8.33438 53/64 .8281 21.03438
11/32 .3437 8.73125 27/32 .8437 21.43125
23/64 .3593 9.12813 55/64 .8593 21.8281
3/8 .375 9.525 7/8 .875 22.225
25/64 .3906 9.92188 57/64 .8906 22.62188
13/32 .4062 10.31875 29/32 .9062 23.01875
27/64 .4218 10.71563 59/64 .9218 23.41563
7/16 .4375 11.11250 15/16 .9375 23.8125
29/64 .4531 11.50938 61/64 .9531 24.2093
15/32 .4687 11.90625 31/32 .9687 24.60625
31/64 .4843 13.30313 63/64 .9843 25.00313
1/2 .500 12.7 1 1.0 25.4

Technical Support Guide Page 19 of 35 January 2008

 CALCULATING SQUARE FEET FOR VARIOUS SHAPES

Area of a circle = πr² r Circumference = πd d

( π = 3.1416 ) ( π = 3.1416 )

b
Area of a Square or Area of a Triangle =
a
Rectangle = a x b ½a x b
a
b

TANK PIPE

• Calculate the area of • Calculate the

both ends by r
circumference ( c ) by
multiplying 3.1416 times multiplying the diameter
the radius ( r ) squared. (d ) by 3.1416. d
• Calculate the area of the
c
h • Calculate the area by
side by multiplying the multiplying the
circumference ( c ) by circumference (c) by the
the height ( h ). length ( L )
• Add all together to
obtain total square feet L
c

Domed Roof Spheres

• Calculate the area of the
base by multiplying
3.1416 times the radius (
r ) squared.

• Calculate the area of

the cone by multiplying a d
the circumference ( c )
Surface Area =
of the base times ½ the πd²
slant height ( a ). ( π = 3.1416 )
• Add the square foot c
area of the base to the
area of the cone for total
square foot area.

Technical Support Guide Page 20 of 35 January 2008

 SURFACE AREA PER TON OF STEEL
for
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

Type of Construction Average ft² per ton of steel

Light 300 to 500

Medium 150 to 300
Heavy 100 to 150
Extra heavy 50 to 100

Note: The average for industrial plants is approximately 200 to 250 ft² per ton.

SQUARE FOOT PER TON OF STEEL

Thickness of steel
( inches )
1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1/2 2
ft² / ton 800 533 400 320 267 200 160 133 114 100 67 50

Technical Support Guide Page 21 of 35 January 2008

 SURFACE AREA OF PIPE
&
FT² / LINEAR FT

Diameter O. D. ( in ) I. D. ( in ) ft² / ft O. D. ft² / ft I. D.

¼” 0.540 0.364 0.141 0.096

½” 0.840 0.622 0.219 0.168

¾” 1.050 0.824 0.276 0.216

1” 1.315 1.049 0.344 0.275

1½” 1.900 1.610 0.497 0.422

2” 2.375 2.067 0.622 0.541

2½” 2.875 2.469 0.753 0.647

3” 3.500 3.068 0.916 0.804

4” 4.600 4.026 1.178 1.053

5” 5.563 5.047 1.456 1.32

6” 6.625 6.065 1.734 1.59

8” 8.625 7.981 2.258 2.07

10” 10.750 10.020 2.814 2.62

12” 12.750 12.000 3.35 3.14

18” 18.000 17.250 4.71 4.52

24” 24.000 23.250 6.28 6.09

36” 36.000 35.250 9.42 9.23

48” 48.000 47.250 12.57 12.40

60” 60.000 59.250 15.71 15.53

Technical Support Guide Page 22 of 35 January 2008

 SQUARE FEET OF AREA AND GALLONS / FT OF DEPTH IN TANKS
Diameter ( ft ) Circumference ( ft ) Area / ft² Gallons / ft of depth
5.0 15.708 19.635 146.88
5.5 17.279 23.758 177.72
6.0 18.850 28.274 211.51
6.5 20.420 33.183 248.23
7.0 21.991 38.485 287.88
7.5 23.562 44.179 330.48
8.0 25.133 50.265 376.01
8.5 26.704 56.745 424.48
9.0 28.274 63.617 475.89
9.5 29.845 70.882 530.24
10.0 31.416 78.540 587.52
10.5 32.987 86.590 647.74
11.0 34.558 95.033 710.90
11.5 36.128 103.87 776.99
12.0 37.699 113.10 846.03
12.5 39.270 122.72 918.00
13.0 40.841 132.73 992.91
13.5 42.412 143.14 1070.80
14.0 43.982 153.94 1151.50
14.5 45.553 165.13 1235.30
15.0 47.124 176.71 1321.90
15.5 48.695 188.69 1411.50
16.0 50.265 201.06 1504.10
16.5 51.836 213.82 1599.50
17.0 53.407 226.98 1697.90
17.5 54.978 240.53 1799.30
18.0 56.549 254.47 1903.60
18.5 58.119 268.80 2010.80
19.0 59.690 283.53 2120.90
19.5 61.261 298.65 2234.00
20.0 62.832 314.16 2350.10
20.5 64.403 330.06 2469.10
21.0 65.973 346.46 2591.00
21.5 67.544 363.05 2715.80
22.0 69.115 380.13 2843.60
22.5 70.686 397.61 2974.30
23.0 72.257 415.48 3108.00
23.5 73.827 433.74 3244.60
24.0 75.398 452.39 3384.10
24.5 76.969 471.44 3526.60
25.0 78.540 490.87 3672.00
25.5 80.111 510.71 3820.30
26.0 81.681 530.93 3971.60
26.5 83.252 551.55 4125.90
27.0 84.823 572.56 4283.00
27.5 86.394 593.96 4443.10
28.0 87.965 615.75 4606.20
28.5 89.535 637.94 4772.10
29.0 91.106 660.52 4941.00
29.5 92.677 683.49 5112.90
30.0 94.248 706.86 5287.70
30.5 95.819 730.62 5465.40

Total area = circumference x length + area of the two ends ( one end if an open top tank).

Technical Support Guide Page 23 of 35 January 2008

 APPROXIMATE FT² / LINEAR FOOT & PER TON FOR STEEL MEMBERS

SIZE WEIGHT FT² / FT FT² / TON SIZE WEIGHT FT² / FT FT² /TON
160 8.9 110 50 5.1 204
24 WF
145 8.8 121 16 WF 45 5.0 222
( 24 x 14 )
130 8.7 135 ( 16 x 7 ) 40 5.0 250
36 5.0 278
120 8.1 133
24 WF
110 8.0 144 426 8.5 40
( 24 x 12 )
100 8.0 160 398 8.5 43
370 8.5 46
94 7.1 149 342 8.5 50
24 WF
84 7.0 167 314 8.5 54
( 24 x 9 )
76 7.0 184 287 8.0 56
264 8.0 61
142 7.9 111 246 8.0 65
21 WF 237
127 7.9 124 8.0 68
( 21 x 13 )
112 7.8 139 14 WF 228 8.0 70
( 14 x 16 ) 219 7.9 72
21 WF 95 6.5 135 211 7.9 75
( 21 x 9 ) 82 6.5 159 202 7.9 78
193 7.9 82
73 6.3 173 184 7.9 86
21 WF 176 7.7 87
68 6.3 185
( 21 x 8¼ )
62 6.2 200 167 7.7 92
158 7.7 97
114 7.0 123 150 7.7 103
18 WF 142 7.7 108
105 7.0 133
( 18 x 11 ¾ )
96 7.0 146
136 7.3 107
85 6.0 141 127 7.3 115
18 WF 77 6.0 156 14 WF 119 7.3 123
( 18 x 8¾ ) 70 5.9 169 ( 14 x 14½ 111 7.3 132
64 5.9 184 ) 103 7.3 142
95 7.3 154
60 5.5 183 87 7.3 168
18 WF
55 5.5 200
( 18 x 7½ )
50 5.5 220 14 WF 84 6.4 152
( 14 x 12 ) 78 6.3 162
16 WF 96 6.6 137
( 16 x 11½ ) 88 6.5 148 74 5.7 154
14 WF
68 5.7 168
( 14 x 10 )
78 5.6 144 61 5.7 187
16 WF 71 5.5 155
( 16 x 8½ ) 64 5.5 172 53 5.0 189
14 WF
58 5.5 190 48 5.0 208
( 14 x 8 )
43 4.9 228

Technical Support Guide Page 24 of 35 January 2008

 APPROXIMATE FT² / LINEAR FOOT & PER TON FOR STEEL MEMBERS

SIZE WEIGHT FT² / FT FT² / TON SIZE WEIGHT FT² / FT FT² / TON
14 WF 38 4.6 242 67 4.3 128
( 14 x 16 ¾ 34 4.6 271 58 4.2 145
) 30 4.6 307 8 WF 48 4.1 171
(8x8) 40 4.1 205
190 6.6 69 35 4.0 229
161 6.5 81 31 4.0 258
133 6.4 96
120 6.3 105 8 WF 28 3.5 250
106 6.2 117 (8x6½) 24 3.5 292
12 WF
99 6.2 125
( 12 x 12 )
92 6.2 135 8 WF 20 3.1 310
85 6.1 144 ( 8 x 5¼ ) 17 3.1 365
79 6.1 154
72 6.1 169 25 3.1 248
65 6.0 6 WF
185 20 3.0 300
(6x6)
15.5 3.0 387
12 WF 58 5.4 186
( 12 x 10 ) 53 5.3 200 5 WF 18.5 2.5 270
(5x5) 16 2.5 313
50 4.7 188
12 WF
45 4.7 209 4 WF 13 2 308
( 12 x 8 )
40 4.7 235

36 4.2 233 I - BEAMS

12 WF
31 4.2 271 SIZE WEIGHT FT² / FT FT² / TON
( 12 x 6½ )
27 4.2 311 120 6.7 112
106 6.6 125
112 5.4 96 24 I 100 6.4 128
100 5.3 106 90 6.4 142
89 5.2 117 80 6.3 158
77 5.2 124
10 WF
72 5.1 142 95 5.7 120
( 10 x 10 )
66 5.1 155 85 5.7 134
60 5.1 170 20 I
75 5.5 147
54 5.0 185 65.4 5.4 165
49 5.0 204
70 5.1 148
45 4.4 196 18 I
10 WF 54.7 5.0 183
39 4.3 221
( 10 x 8 )
33 4.3 261 50 4.4 176
15 I
42.9 4.3 200
29 3.6 248
10 WF
25 3.6 288 50 3.8 152
( 10 x 5¾ )
21 3.6 343 40.8 3.8 186
12 I
35 3.7 211
31.8 3.7 233

Technical Support Guide Page 25 of 35 January 2008

 APPROXIMATE FT² / LINEAR FOOT & PER TON FOR STEEL MEMBERS

I - BEAMS ( cont. )
SIZE WEIGHT FT² / FT FT² / TON SIZE WEIGHT FT² / FT FT² / TON
35 3.3 189 20 2.4 240
10 I 9 15 2.3 307
25.4 3.2 252
13.4 2.3 343
23 2.7 322
8I 18.75 2.2 235
18.4 2.7 402
8 13.75 2.1 305
20 2.5 250 11.5 2.1 365
7I
15.3 2.4 314
14.75 1.9 258
17.25 2.2 255 7 12.25 1.9 310
6I 9.8 1.9 388
12.5 2.1 336

14.75 1.9 258 13 1.7 262

5I 6 10.5 1.7 324
10 1.8 360
8.2 1.6 390
9.5 1.6 337
4I 9.0 1.5 333
7.7 1.6 416 5
6.7 1.4 418
7.5 1.3 347
3I 7.25 1.2 331
5.7 1.3 456 4
5.4 1.2 444
CHANNELS
6 1 333
SIZE WEIGHT FT² / FT FT² / TON 3 5 1 400
58 4.4 152 4.1 1 488
51.9 4.4 172
18
45.8 4.3 188 ANGLES - EQUAL LEG
42.7 4.3 201
SIZE WEIGHT FT² / FT FT² / TON
50 3.7 148 8x8x½ 26.4 2.7 205
15 40 3.7 185
33.9 3.6 212 6 x 6 x 5/16 12.5 2.0 320

50 3.6 144 5 x 5 x 5/16 10.3 1.7 330

13
31.8 3.5 220
4x4x¼ 6.6 1.3 394
30 3.1 207
12 25 3.0 240 3½ x 3½ x ¼ 5.8 1.2 414
20.7 3.0 290
3 x 3 x 3/16 3.71 1.0 539
30 2.7 180
25 2.6 208 2½ x 2¼ x 3/16 3.07 0.8 521
10
20 2.6 260
15.3 2.5 327 2 x 2 x 1/8 1.65 0.7 848

1¼ x 1¼ x 1/8 1.23 0.5 813

1 x 1 x 1/8 0.8 0.3 750

Technical Support Guide Page 26 of 35 January 2008

 APPROXIMATE FT² / LINEAR FOOT & PER TON FOR STEEL MEMBERS

ANGLES - UNEQUAL LEG FLAT PLATE *

( 1 side only x 1 ft wide )

SIZE WEIGHT FT² / FT FT² / TON SIZE WEIGHT FT² / FT FT² / TON
8x6x½ 23 2.3 200 1/16 2.55 1 784

8x4x½ 19.6 2.0 204 1/8 5.10 1 392

7 x 4 x 3/8 13.6 1.8 265 3/16 7.65 1 261

6 x 4 x 5/16 10.3 1.7 330 ¼ 10.2 1 196

6 x 3½ x 3/8 15.3 1 131

5/16
9.8 1.6 327

½ 20.4 1 98
5 x 3½ x
5/16
8.7 1.4 322
5/8 25.5 1 78
5x3x¼ 6.6 1.3 394
¾ 30.6 1 65
4 x 3½ x ¼ 6.2 1.25 403
7/8 35.7 1 56
4x3x¼ 5.8 1.17 403
1 40.8 1 49
3½ x 3¼ 5.4 1.08 400
* Double the above numbers for both sides of the plate.
3 x 2½ x ¼ 4.5 0.92 409

3 x 2 x 3/16 3.07 0.83 541

2½ x 2½ x
3/16
2.75 0.75 545

2½ x 1½ x
3/16
2.44 0.67 549

2 x 1½ x 1/8 1.44 0.58 806

1½ x 1½ x
3/16
1.67 0.31 371

1 x ¾ x 1/8 0.7 0.15 429

1 x 5/8 x 1/8 0.64 0.14 438

Technical Support Guide Page 27 of 35 January 2008