LESSON 1 BASIC COMPUTER COMPONENTS

OBJECTIVES:
• Define what is a computer.
• Understand the basic definition of a computer as an electronic device used
for storing, retrieving, and processing data.
• Recognize the role of computers in various tasks such as typing
documents, sending emails, browsing the internet, and performing specific
tasks like accounting and database management.
• Learn the concept of binary language and how computers process data
using 0s and 1s.
• Identify the different types of computer hardware and software
components, including their functions.
• Explore the basic parts of a computer, such as the system unit, monitor,
keyboard, and mouse, and understand their roles in a computer's
operation.
• Understand the internal hardware components, including the motherboard,
CPU, RAM, storage devices (HDD and SSD., and power supply.
• Learn about the role of accessories like printers, speakers, webcams, and
scanners in enhancing computer functionality.
• Understand the classification of computers based on size, purpose, and
functionality, including supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers,
microcomputers, and more.
• Understand the difference between general-purpose and specific-purpose
computers, and the applications for each type.
• Explore the classification of computers based on functionality, including
analog, digital, and hybrid computers.
• Define and explain the five basic operations of a computer system:
inputting, processing, outputting, storing, and controlling.
• Describe how each operation contributes to the overall functionality of the
computer system.
• Identify various input devices
• Understand how input and output devices facilitate communication
between the user and the computer.
• Learn the proper hand and finger placement for typing on a keyboarD.
• Practice typing exercises to improve speed and accuracy over time.
• Develop strategies for maintaining good typing posture and avoiding strain.

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What is Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that stores, retrieves and processes
information or data. You can use a computer to type documents, send email, and
browse the internet. You can also use it to perform tasks such as accounting,
database management, presentations, games, and more.
The computer is a device that makes our work easy. The computer is a
device that helps us to complete our tasks easily and speedily. Computers don’t
have a brain like human beings. We must give them instructions on what to do
when a particular situation arises. We have to tell them everything from what to
expect for data (what type of data., how to process it(how to perform calculations)
to where to store the data. We humans understand language that is composed of
words which is composed of letters. They only understand binary language
whose vocabulary contains only two letters or states or symbols i.e. 0 and 1, True
and False, On and Off. To maintain the state transistors are used.

Elements of Computer
Hardware refers to the computer's tangible components or delivery systems that
store and run the written instructions provided by the software.

Software is the intangible part of the device that lets the user interact with the
hardware and command it to perform specific tasks.

EXAMPLES:

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

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 BASIC PARTS OF COMPUTER

System Unit
A system unit is the main box-like structure of a computer with all the
essential components needed for the computer to work.

Monitor
is an electronic output device that displays information being entered and
processed on a computer. The primary use of a monitor is to display images, text,
video, and graphics information generated by the computer via a computer’s
video card

Keyboard
is an input device used to enter data and commands into a computer or
other electronic devices. A keyboard is one of the primary input devices used
with a computer. Like an electric typewriter, a keyboard is composed of buttons to
create letters, numbers, and symbols, and perform additional functions.

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Mouse
A mouse can have a wire or is wireless and is an input device used to
control a cursor on the computer monitor. Mice typically have two buttons, a scroll
wheel and a laser sensor. They are used to move the cursor on the screen,
select objects and click on buttons.

THE INTERNAL HARDWARE

Motherboard, also known as the mainboard or system board, is a crucial
component of a computer that serves as the primary circuit board connecting all
hardware components.

Central processing unit (CPU)

The CPU (Central Processing Unit), often referred to as the "brain" of a

computer, is a critical component that performs most of the processing and
executes instructions from software. It carries out various tasks by performing
arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations specified by the instructions
in computer programs.

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Storage
A hard disk, or hard disk drive (HDD., is a data storage device that uses
magnetic storage to read and write digital information. Hard disks are commonly
used in computers, servers, and external storage devices to store operating
systems, applications, and user datA.

A solid-state drive (SSD. is a data storage device that uses flash memory
to store data, offering faster access speeds and improved performance
compared to traditional hard disk drives (HDDs).

Random Access Memory (RAM)

RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type of volatile memory used in computers
and other devices to store data temporarily while a system is running. It allows for
quick read and write access to a storage medium, enabling the CPU to access
data efficiently.

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Power supply

A power supply, often referred to as a power supply unit (PSU), is a

critical component of a computer that converts electrical energy from an outlet
into usable power for the computer's internal components. Computer power
supplies are designed specifically to power computers and their peripherals. They
convert alternating current (AC. to low voltage regulated direct current (DC.
power necessary to run computer parts. The most important feature of these
power sources is their efficiency. It is important that the input power to the power
supplies is not wasted in heat generation.

Floppy connector - 4 pin connector used to supply power to floppy drives, card
reader drives, and other similar devices.
AUX connector - a 6 pin connector that is a necessary connection for some
computer motherboards.

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SATA connector - connectors for devices using serial advanced technology
attachment (SATA. interfaces, such as hard drives.
PCI express connector - used to connect to PCI express video cards, which
receive power directly from the power supply rather than from the motherboarD.
Motherboard connector - connects the power supply to a particular
motherboarD. ATX motherboards are attached with 20 or 24 pin connectors.
CPU connector - used to connect power supplies to motherboards with on board
computer processing units (CPUs). These are either 4 ("P4") or 8 pin connectors.
Molex connector - the IDE connector that connects to hard drives and CD ROM
drives. Most computer power supplies include at least one of these connectors.

Graphics card

A graphics card, also known as a video card or GPU (Graphics

Processing Unit), is a component in a computer that handles rendering images,
videos, and animations. It's crucial for tasks that require high-performance
graphics, like gaming, video editing, and 3D rendering.

Accessories of Computers

Printer

A printer is a device that produces a hard copy (physical printout) of

digital documents or images generated by a computer or other digital sources.
Printers are commonly used to print text documents, graphics, photos, and
various forms of media.

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Speaker

A speaker is a device that converts electrical signals into sound waves, allowing
you to hear audio output from various devices such as computers and
smartphones.

Webcam
A webcam is a small digital camera that connects to a computer or other
devices to transmit video and audio over the internet. Webcams are commonly
used for video conferencing, streaming, and capturing images or video for
various applications.

Scanner

A scanner is an electronic device that converts physical documents and

images into digital format. It captures the details of a document or image and
creates a digital file that can be stored, edited, or shareD.

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 Classification of computer

Classification of computer has been categorized into three main areas

which are, classification of computer on the basis of size, classification basis on
the functionality, and classification of computer basis on the purpose. According
to size it includes the following types of computers such as supercomputer,
mainframe computer, min computer and microcomputer or personal computer,
according to functionality includes the following types like digital computer,
analog, and hybrid computer.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF SIZE

1. Supercomputer

The supercomputers are the most high performing system. Supercomputer

is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general purpose
computer this computers are very expensive and very large in size.
Supercomputers are used to study earthquake, used for weather forecasting, and
nuclear weapons testing.

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2. Mainframe computers
These are commonly called as big iron, they are usually used by big
organizations for bulk data processing such as statistic, census, data processing,
transaction processing and widely used as the servers as these systems has a
higher processing capability as compared to the other classes of computers. The
main computer can be accommodated in large air conditioned rooms because of
its size.

3. Minicomputers
Minicomputers are used by small businesses and industries. They go by
the term "Midrange Computers." These minicomputers frequently have several
users, just as mainframe computers. They are a bit slower than mainframe
computers.

4. Microcomputers – A microcomputer, sometimes referred to as a personal computer

(PC., is a type of computer that runs on a smaller scale than traditional computers
(Personal Computer). A component that is commonly referred to as a motherboard
houses the central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, memory in the form of ROM
(Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), I/O ports, and a bus system of
connecting wires. They are the most affordable.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER ON THE BASIS OF PURPOSE
According to purpose it consists of two kinds of computers which are
general purpose computer and specific purpose computer.
General purpose computers- are the computers that can be used for all
general needs of all environments and users, also designed to perform a range of
tasks. They can store numerous programs. These computers can be used for
various applications, ranging from scientific as well as business purpose
applications. Even though such computers are versatile, they lack in speed and
efficiency. For example, the computers that are used in schools, colleges, offices
and homes are general purpose computers.
Specific purpose computers- these computers are designed to handle a
specific problem or to perform a specific/ single task. Hence these computers are
not versatile. However, being designed for specific task, they can provide the
result very quickly and efficiently. For example, airline reservations, satellite
tracking, traffic control, medical diagnostics, and weather forecasting.

Conclusively, apart from the classification of computer but also computer

is a very essential thing in our daily life. Because everything now days operates
through computer, rather than on the past 10 years ago, but for now days there is
a lot of computer programs are widely available for individuals for different uses,
that helps to simplify work and maintaining time effectively.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTIONALITY

1. Analog - An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously

changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic
quantities to model the problem being solveD. Anything that is variable with
respect to time and continuous can be claimed as analog just like an analog clock
measures time by means of the distance traveled for the spokes of the clock
around the circular disk.

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2. Digital - A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with
quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of “0” and
“1”, “Computer capable of solving problems by processing information expressed
in discrete form. from manipulation of the combinations of the binary digits, it can
perform mathematical calculations, organize and analyze data, control industrial
and other processes, and simulate dynamic systems such as global weather
patterns.

3. Hybrid - A computer that processes both analog and digital data, Hybrid
computer is a digital computer that accepts analog signals, converts them to
digital and processes them in digital form.

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 Basic Computer Operations
Computer Operations refer to the basic functions performed by a computer
system to process data and carry out tasks. These operations are essential for
the computer to run programs and handle input/output requests.
There are five basic operations of computer system, which are given below.

1. Inputting
This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer
system. You should know that computer is an electronic machine like any other
machine which takes as inputs raw data and performs some processing giving
out processed datA. Therefore, the input unit takes data from us to the computer
in an organized manner for processing.

2. Processing
The second basic operations of a computer system. In simple language,
the processing means, when the computer system starts executing the
instructions given by the user, then this process is called processing. The
processor is the component of a computer that does most of the "work" in terms
of processing.

3. Outputting:
Outputting is the third basic operations of computer. In simple language,
outputting means, the result of instruction given by a user is called output.
Whatever input is given by the user computer, then the output result of that
input is outputting. Input/output devices are responsible for the computer's
interaction with the physical worlD. For instance, a keyboard or mouse are
input/output devices
4. Storing:

Storing the fourth basic operations of computer system. In simple

language, storing means, the output result that comes after executing the
instruction given by a user, and storing that output result is called storing. The
CPU is responsible for storing data in your computer's memory, which is where
the data is stored when you type it into a word document or open an image.

5. Controlling:
The computer system also has control operations that direct the input,
processing, storage, and output operations. The control unit of the CPU manages
and coordinates all these activities based on the instructions provided by the
software.

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 Computer Viruses and Anti-viruses
Computer viruses are malicious software programs designed to replicate
themselves, infect systems, and cause harm. These viruses can spread through
various channels like email attachments, infected downloads, or compromised
websites. Once a virus enters a computer system, it can slow down performance,
corrupt or steal data, and even lock users out of their own devices. The malicious
effects range from minor disruptions to severe security breaches, including data
theft and system damage.
Signs of Computer Virus
Malware authors write code that is undetectable until the payload is delivereD.
However, like any software program, bugs could present issues while the virus
runs. Signs that you have a computer virus include:
• Popup windows, including ads (adware) or links to malicious websites.

• Your web browser home page changes, and you did not change it.
• Outbound emails to your contact list or people on your contact list alert
you to strange messages sent by your account.
• The computer crashes often, runs out of memory with few active
programs or displays the blue screen of death in Windows.
• Slow computer performance even when running few programs or
the computer was recently booteD.
• Unknown programs start when the computer boots or when you
open specific programs.
• Passwords change without your knowledge or your interaction on
the account.
• Frequent error messages arise with basic functions like opening or
using programs.

Types of Computer Viruses

• Morris Worm – One of the earliest and most pervasive computer virus
examples, this self-replicating computer program spread through the
early Internet in 1988, slowing down or crashing many machines.
• Nimda – This particular type of worm targeted web servers and
computers running Microsoft Windows operating systems, spreading
through multiple infection vectors in 2001.

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 • ILOVEYOU – A highly destructive worm that spread via email,
disguised as a love confession and caused widespread damage in 2000
by overwriting files.
• SQL Slammer – A fast-spreading computer worm that exploited a
vulnerability in Microsoft SQL Server, causing network congestion
and disrupting Internet services in 2003.
• Stuxnet – A sophisticated worm designed to target and sabotage
industrial control systems, particularly Iran’s nuclear program, by
exploiting zero-day vulnerabilities in 2010.

• CryptoLocker – This ransomware Trojan, which infected hundreds of

thousands of computers in 2013, encrypted victims’ files and demanded
a ransom for their decryption.
• Conficker – Emerging in 2008, this worm exploited vulnerabilities
in Windows operating systems, creating a massive botnet and
causing widespread infection.
• Tinba – First discovered in 2012, this banking Trojan primarily
targeted financial institutions, aiming to steal login credentials and
banking information.
• Welchia – A worm that aimed to remove the Blaster worm from
infected systems and patch the exploited vulnerability but caused
unintended network congestion in 2003.
• Shlayer – A macOS-specific Trojan that primarily spreads through
fake software updates and downloads, delivering adware and
potentially unwanted programs since 2018.
• Worms: Self-replicating malware that spreads through networks
without user intervention.

• Trojan Horses: Disguise themselves as legitimate software, often

allowing remote access.

What is Antivirus Software?

Antivirus software is designed to safeguard computers and mobile
devices from malware, hackers, and cybercriminals. By looking at data on your
hard drive and incoming data from the internet, including websites, email
messages and attachments, and applications, antivirus software can identify,
block, and protect against malicious software, infected links, and other threats
and suspicious activity.

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Popular Antivirus Software

Kaspersky

It protects against attacks, ransomware & more. It also protects your

privacy by helping to stop phishing & keeping your online activities & personal
information private.
McAfee
Offers comprehensive cyber security solutions with features like safe
browsing, password manager, encrypted storage, and many more.
Avast Free Antivirus
A popular free option that offers essential virus protection, real-time
scanning, and additional security features.
Bitdefender
Provides advanced malware protection, excellent performance, and a wide
range of features, including a VPN and multi-layer ransomware protection.
Norton Antivirus
Known for robust protection against malware and viruses, Norton also
offers features like a firewall and identity theft protection.
Windows Defender
Built into Windows operating systems, it provides basic protection against
malware and is continuously updateD.

Definition of Mouse; Mouse Actions

What is mouse?

A computer mouse is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-

dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into
the motion of the pointer (called a cursor) on a display, which allows a smooth
control of the graphical user interface of a computer.

Action Definition

Click Press and release the left mouse button, without moving the
mouse.

Click-and- Press and do not release the left mouse button.

hold

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 Action Definition

Left-click Same as click. Left-click clarifies the action when there might be
confusion with right-click.

Middle- Press and release the middle mouse button, without moving the
click mouse.

Right- Press and release the right mouse button, without moving the
click mouse.

Double- Press and release the left mouse button twice in rapid succession
click without moving the mouse.

Drag Click-and-hold a mouse button, then move an object. For

example, you can drag a window or an icon. The left and middle
mouse buttons can perform drag actions.

Drag-and- Click-and-hold a mouse button, then move an object. For

drop example, you can drag-and-drop a window or an icon. Release
the mouse button to place the object in a new location.

Grab Point to an item that you can move, and click-and-hold on the
mouse button. For example, you can grab the titlebar of a
window, then drag the window to a new location.

Keyboard Keys; Proper Keys; Proper Typing

This is a keyboarD. It has many buttons on it called keys. We use these keys to
type something on the computer. Different keyboards have different numbers of
keys, but most standard keyboards have about 105 keys. Different keys perform
different tasks.

The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on
function:
▪ Typing (alphanumeriC. keys. These keys include the same letter,
number, punctuation, and symbol keys found on a traditional
typewriter.
▪ Control keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with other
keys to perform certain actions. The most frequently used control keys
are Ctrl, Alt, the Windows logo key , and EsC.

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 ▪ Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks.
They are labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of
these keys differs from program to program.
▪ Navigation keys. These keys are used for moving around in
documents or webpages and editing text. They include the arrow keys,
Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, Delete, and Insert.
▪ Numeric keypaD. The numeric keypad is handy for entering
numbers quickly. The keys are grouped together in a block like a
conventional calculator or adding machine.
The following illustration shows how these keys are arranged on a typical
keyboarD. Your keyboard layout might be different.

Proper keys

The information below shows you where to position your hands and how to
place your fingers to efficiently type letters, numbers, and special characters.
On a US keyboard, your left-hand fingers should be placed over the A, S,
D, and F keys, and the right-hand fingers should be placed over the J, K, L, and ;
keys. These keys are considered the home row keys. Your thumbs should either
be in the air or lightly touching the spacebar key.

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Home Row Keys: The home row is the middle row of letters on the keyboard: A,
S, D, F (for the left hanD. and J, K, L, ; (for the right hanD.. Placing your fingers
on these keys serves as the base position for touch typing.

Finger Positioning:

Left Hand: Right Hand:

Pinky: A key Pinky: ; key
Ring Finger: S key Ring Finger: L key
Middle Finger: D key Middle Finger: K key
Index Finger: F key Index Finger: J key

Finger Movement:

• Each finger is responsible for a specific set of keys above and below
its starting position on the home row.
• For example, the left index finger is responsible for F, R, V, T, G, and B
while the right index finger covers J, U, M, Y, H, and N.

Returning to Home Row: After pressing a key, each finger should return to its
starting position on the home row to maintain typing speed and accuracy.

Use of Shift and Modifier Keys: The proper key technique also involves
using both hands for Shift, Ctrl, and Alt keys as needed, rather than reaching
across the keyboarD.

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 Proper typing

1. Use the correct starting position

When practicing your typing skills, it’s important to use proper hand
placement. To start, keep your fingers positioned over the home row keys (left
hand over the A, S, D, and F keys, and the right hand over the J, K, L, and ;
keys), with your thumbs hovering over the space bar. From here, you can move
your fingers slightly to reach neighboring keys. Your hands should always return
this starting position.
These conventions are meant to help you familiarize yourself with the keyboarD.
As you become more experienced, you can experiment with different variations of
this starting position to find the placement that is most comfortable and natural for
you.
2. Don’t look down your hands

Instead of looking down at your hands, focus on your screen. This can be
difficult at first, especially if you have not yet mastered the exact placement of the
keys. However, looking at the screen will help improve your accuracy because
you will be able to catch your typos as they occur. You’ll also begin to memorize
the placement of the keys, so you’ll be able to type more quickly as you practice.
3. Maintain good posture

Sitting in an upright position is going to make it easier to type faster. If you

are used to slouching in your chair or working from the couch, try moving to a
straight-backed chair or working at your desk.
4. Find a comfortable position for your hands
The wrong hand placement can make it uncomfortable to type for
extended periods of time. The space bar of your keyboard should be centered
with your body, so that you are not reading your screen or typing from an angle.
As you type, rest your elbows on the table and keep your wrists slightly elevateD.
You should never bend or angle your wrists dramatically.
5. Practice!
Nothing is mastered overnight, and to really improve your typing accuracy
and speed, you need to practice every day. There are many websites that offer
free typing skills tests and practice, such as Typing Academy, Typing Club and
How To Type. It’s important to take your time with these typing exercises and
assessments. Attempting to rush through them will only result in more errors at
first. Trust that your speed will improve naturally as you become more familiar
with the keyboarD.

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 ASSESSMENT
I. MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST
1. What is a computer?
A. A device used only for typing documents
B. An electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes information
C. A machine that operates without human instructions
D. A device that understands human language

2. Which of the following tasks can a computer perform?

A. Sending emails and typing documents
B. Playing games and managing databases
C. Creating presentations
D. All of the above

3. What is required for a computer to operate and complete tasks?

A. A built-in brain like humans
B. Instructions from the user
C. Human language processing capability
D. Random guessing based on the situation

4. What type of language do computers understand?

A. English B. Binary language
C. Spanish D. Programming language

5. What does binary language consist of?

A. Words like "hello" and "good morning"
B. Numbers, letters, and symbols
C. Two symbols: 0 and 1
D. Complex mathematical formulas

6. What are the two main elements of a computer?

A. Keyboard and Mouse B. Hardware and Software
C. Monitor and CPU D. Applications and Programs

7. What is hardware?
A. The programs that allow interaction with the computer
B. The tangible components of a computer
C. The binary language used by the computer
D. The device's power supply

8. What is software?
A. The physical parts of a computer
B. The intangible programs that control hardware
C. The output device for display
D. The power supply of the computer

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9. Which of the following best describes a computer?
A. A tool for entertainment only
B. A device that simplifies and speeds up tasks with proper instructions
C. A machine that operates independently of human input
D. A device only for professional use

10. Why are transistors used in computers?

A. To execute human language commands
B. To maintain the binary states of 0 and 1
C. To control the software
D. To store user instructions

11. What is the system unit in a computer?

A. A device used to display output
B. The main box-like structure housing essential components
C. An input device for entering data
D. A storage device for files

12. Which device displays information such as images, text, and videos?
A. Keyboard B. Mouse
C. Monitor D. Printer

13. What is the primary function of a keyboard?

A. Display output B. Enter data and commands
C. Render graphics D. Scan documents

14. Which device is used to control a cursor on the computer screen?

A. Keyboard B. Mouse
C. Scanner D. Speaker

15. What is the motherboard also referred to as?

A. CPU B. Power supply
C. System board D. Monitor

16. What is the function of the CPU (Central Processing Unit)?

A. Store data permanently
B. Execute instructions and perform processing tasks
C. Convert digital signals to sound
D. Supply power to all components

17. Which storage device uses magnetic storage technology?

A. RAM B. SSD
C. HDD D. Flash drive

18. What is the key advantage of an SSD over an HDD?

A. Larger storage capacity
B. Faster access speeds and improved performance
C. Lower cost
D. Requires no power to operate

19. What type of memory is used to temporarily store data while a system is running?
A. ROM B. RAM
C. HDD D. SSD

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20. What does the power supply unit (PSU) do?
A. Processes data B. Converts AC to DC power for the computer
C. Stores data D. Displays output

21. Which connector supplies power to floppy drives and similar devices?
A. AUX connector B. SATA connector
C. Floppy connector D. CPU connector

22. What is the main function of a graphics card?

A. Convert audio signals B. Store data permanently
C. Convert images, videos D. Supply power to peripherals

23. What is a printer primarily used for?

A. Displaying images
B. Producing hard copies of documents
C. Converting digital files to audio
D. Temporarily storing data

24. Which type of computer is designed for specific tasks such as weather forecasting?
A. General-purpose computer B. Specific-purpose computer
C. Supercomputer D. Hybrid computer

25. What is the main characteristic of a hybrid computer?

A. Processes analog data only
B. Processes digital data only
C. Processes both analog and digital data
D. Performs calculations using binary language

26. What is the process of entering data and programs into a computer system called?
A. Storing B. Outputting
C. Inputting D. Processing

27. Which component performs most of the work in terms of processing data?
A. Hard drive B. Processor
C. Input device D. Control unit

28. What is the outputting process in a computer system?

A. Entering data B. Storing processed data
C. Results of user instructions D. Executing commands

29. Which operation involves saving the processed output for future use?
A. Controlling B. Storing
C. Inputting D. Outputting

30. What part of the computer coordinates the basic operations such as input,
processing, and output?
A. Control unit B. Output device
C. Input device D. Motherboard

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31. What is a common sign of a computer virus?
A. Rapid performance improvement
B. Unexpected error messages or system crashes
C. Increased storage capacity
D. Longer battery life

32. Which of the following was a highly destructive worm that spread via email in 2000?
A. Nimda B. CryptoLocker
C. ILOVEYOU D. Morris Worm

33. What type of malware disguises itself as legitimate software?

A. Worms B. Trojans
C. Ransomware D. Antivirus

34. What is the primary function of antivirus software?

A. Improving computer speed
B. Safeguarding systems from malware and hackers
C. Enhancing graphics performance
D. Storing encrypted files

35. Which antivirus software is built into Windows operating systems?

A. McAfee B. Norton
C. Windows Defender D. Bitdefender

36. What action involves pressing and releasing the left mouse button without moving
the mouse?
A. Right-click B. Drag-and-drop
C. Left-click D. Middle-click

37. Which set of keys is known as the home row keys for typing?
A. W, E, R, T B. Z, X, C, V
C. A, S, D, F, J, K, L, ; D. Q, W, E, R

38. What should you avoid doing when practicing proper typing?
A. Keeping your fingers on the home row keys
B. Maintaining good posture
C. Looking down at your hands
D. Practicing regularly

39. Which key is primarily used for spacing between words?

A. Shift B. Enter
C. Spacebar D. Backspace

40. What is the recommended way to improve typing speed and accuracy?
A. Memorizing all key positions instantly
B. Practicing daily with typing exercises
C. Typing with one hand for better precision
D. Avoiding touch typing conventions

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 LESSON 2 OPERATING SYSTEM

OBJECTIVES:
• Understand the Role of an Operating System (OS)
• Learn the definition of an OS as an intermediary between the user and
computer hardware.
• Recognize the OS as a program that manages resources like CPU,
memory, and input/output devices.
• Learn how an OS manages computer memory, including RAM and storage.
• Understand how it controls input and output devices.
• Understand how an OS handles file systems and facilitates multitasking.
• Identify different types of operating systems, including Batch, Multi-
Programming, Multi-Processing, Multi-Tasking, Time-Sharing, and
Distributed Operating Systems.
• Understand the advantages and disadvantages of each OS type.
• Recognize the role of the OS in managing CPU allocation, memory usage,
and scheduling processes.
• Understand the importance of preventing conflicts between programs
running simultaneously.
• Understand the concept of time-sharing OS, where CPU time is divided
among tasks.
• Learn about distributed OS, where multiple interconnected computers
share resources and communicate.
• Understand the function of Network Operating Systems (NOS) –
Recognize how NOS manage data, users, groups, security, applications,
and networking functions over a network.
• Identify the advantages and disadvantages of Network Operating Systems
– Comprehend benefits like centralized servers and remote access, as
well as drawbacks such as high server costs and dependency on central
systems.
• Distinguish between Hard and Soft Real-Time Operating Systems – Know
the difference between Hard RTOS, where delays are unacceptable, and
Soft RTOS, which allows more flexible time constraints.
• Examine the features of various Windows Operating System versions –
Understand the evolution of Windows OS from Windows 1.0 to Windows
10, focusing on major updates and features introduced over time.
• Learn about the impact of iOS on the tech industry – Acknowledge how
iOS revolutionized mobile computing, influencing both hardware and
software development, and its role in creating a global mobile ecosystem.
• Understand the competitive landscape of iOS vs. Android – Comprehend
the rivalry between iOS and Android, and how both platforms influence
mobile technology through different approaches to hardware, software,
and app development.
•

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 An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a
computer and computer hardware. In short, it’s an interface between computer
hardware and user. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an
environment in which a user can execute programs conveniently and efficiently.
An operating system is software that manages computer hardware. The
hardware must provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation
of the computer system and to prevent user programs from interfering with the
proper operation of the system. A more common definition is that the operating
system is the one program always running on the computer (usually called the
kernel), with all else being application programs.

Definition of Operating Systems

Operating system (OS), program that manages a computer’s resources,

especially the allocation of those resources among other programs. Typical
resources include the central processing unit (CPU), computer memory, file
storage, input/output (I/O) devices, and network connections. Management tasks
include scheduling resource use to avoid conflicts and interference between
programs. Unlike most programs, which complete a task and terminate, an
operating system runs indefinitely and terminates only when the computer is
turned off.
Modern multiprocessing operating systems allow many processes to be
active, where each process is a “thread” of computation being used to execute a
program. One form of multiprocessing is called time-sharing, which lets many
users share computer access by rapidly switching between them. Time-sharing
must guard against interference between users’ programs, and most systems
use virtual memory, in which the memory, or “address space,” used by a program
may reside in secondary memory (such as on a magnetic hard disk drive) when
not in immediate use, to be swapped back to occupy the faster main computer
memory on demanD. This virtual memory both increases the address space
available to a program and helps to prevent programs from interfering with each
other, but it requires careful control by the operating system and a set of
allocation
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tables to keep track of memory use. Perhaps the most delicate and critical task
for a modern operating system is allocation of the CPU; each process is allowed
to use the CPU for a limited time, which may be a fraction of a second, and then
must give up control and become suspended until its next turn. Switching
between processes must itself use the CPU while protecting all data of the
processes.
Main functions of an Operating System include:
• Managing the computer’s memory, including random access memory
(RAM) and storage.
• Controlling input and output devices, like the mouse, keyboard, printers,
etC.
• Handling file systems and managing files, allowing creation, deletion, and
access to files on the system.
• Facilitating multitasking, which allows running multiple applications at the
same time.
Example:

• Windows (by Microsoft)

• iOS (by Apple)
• macOS, Linux, Android, etC.
Types of Operating Systems
An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing files, processes,
and memory. Thus, the operating system acts as the manager of all the
resources,
i.e. resource manager. Thus, the operating system becomes an interface
between the user and the machine. It is one of the most required software that is
present in the device.
Operating System is a type of software that works as an interface between the
system program and the hardware. There are several types of Operating
Systems many of which are mentioned below. Let’s have a look at them.
1. Batch Operating System
This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There
is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirements and groups
them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar
needs. Batch Operating System is designed to manage and execute a large
number of jobs efficiently by processing them in groups.

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Advantages of Batch Operating System
• Multiple users can share the batch systems.
• The idle time for the batch system is very less.
• It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System
• Batch systems are hard to debug.
• It is sometimes costly.
• The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.
• In batch operating system the processing time for jobs is
commonly difficult to accurately predict while they are in the queue.
Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank Statements,
etc.

2. Multi-Programming Operating System

Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated as more than one
program is present in the main memory and any one of them can be kept in
execution. This is basically used for better utilization of resources.

Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

• Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.
• It helps in reducing the response time.
Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System
• There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with
the system.

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3. Multi-Processing Operating System
Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating System in which more
than one CPU is used for the execution of resources. It betters the throughput of
the System.

Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

• It increases the throughput of the system.
• As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can
proceed with another processor.

Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

• Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult
to understanD.

4. Multi-Tasking Operating System

Multitasking Operating System is simply a multiprogramming Operating System
with having facility of a Round-Robin Scheduling Algorithm. It can run multiple
programs simultaneously.
There are two types of Multi-Tasking Systems which are listed below.
• Preemptive multi-tasking
• Cooperative Multi-Tasking

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Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System
• Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-
Tasking Operating System.
• It comes with proper memory management.
Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System
• The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple times.
5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly.
Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use a single system. These systems
are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from a single user or
different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS
• Each task gets an equal opportunity.
• Fewer chances of duplication of software.
• CPU idle time can be reduced.
• Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to share
hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals,
reducing the cost of hardware and increasing efficiency.
• Improved Productivity: Time-sharing allows users to work concurrently,
thereby reducing the waiting time for their turn to use the computer.
This increased productivity translates to more work getting done in less
time.
• Improved User Experience: Time-sharing provides an interactive
environment that allows users to communicate with the computer in
real time, providing a better user experience than batch processing.

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Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS
• Reliability problem.
• One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user
programs and data.
• Data communication problem.
• High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher overhead than
other operating systems due to the need for scheduling, context
switching, and other overheads that come with supporting multiple users.
• Complexity: Time-sharing systems are complex and require
advanced software to manage multiple users simultaneously. This
complexity increases the chance of bugs and errors.
• Security Risks: With multiple users sharing resources, the risk of security
breaches increases. Time-sharing systems require careful management
of user access, authentication, and authorization to ensure the security of
data and software.
Examples of Time-Sharing OS with explanation
• IBM VM/CMS : IBM VM/CMS is a time-sharing operating system that
was first introduced in 1972. It is still in use today, providing a virtual
machine environment that allows multiple users to run their own
instances of operating systems and applications.
• TSO (Time Sharing Option) : TSO is a time-sharing operating
system that was first introduced in the 1960s by IBM for the IBM
System/360 mainframe computer. It allowed multiple users to access
the same computer simultaneously, running their own applications.
• Windows Terminal Services : Windows Terminal Services is a time-
sharing operating system that allows multiple users to access a
Windows server remotely. Users can run their own applications and
access shared resources, such as printers and network storage, in real-
time.
6. Distributed Operating System
These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of
computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that
too, at a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers
communicate with each other using a shared communication network.
Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are
referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems . These systems’
processors differ in size and function. The major benefit of working with these
types of the operating system is that it is always possible that one user can
access the files or software which are not actually present on his system but
some other system connected within this network i.e., remote access is enabled
within the devices connected in that network.

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Advantages of Distributed Operating System
• Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as
all systems are independent of each other.
• Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
• Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.
• Load on host computer reduces.
• These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily
added to the network.
• Delay in data processing reduces.
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System
• Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.
• To establish distributed systems the language is used not well-defined yet.
• These types of systems are not readily available as they are very
expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and
not understood well yet.
Examples of Distributed Operating Systems are LOCUS, etc.
Issues With Distributed Operating Systems
• Networking causes delays in the transfer of data between nodes of a
distributed system. Such delays may lead to an inconsistent view of
data located in different nodes, and make it difficult to know the
chronological order in which events occurred in the system.
• Control functions like scheduling, resource allocation, and deadlock
detection have to be performed in several nodes to achieve
computation speedup and provide reliable operation when computers or
networking components fail.
• Messages exchanged by processes present in different nodes may travel
over public networks and pass through computer systems that are not
controlled by the distributed operating system. An intruder may exploit
this feature to tamper with messages, or create fake messages to fool the
authentication procedure and masquerade as a user of the system.

7. Network Operating System

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of
operating systems allow shared access to files, printers, security, applications,

Page | 32
and other networking functions over a small private network. One more important
aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the
underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their individual
connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly known as tightly
coupled systems .

Advantages of Network Operating System

• Highly stable centralized servers.
• Security concerns are handled through servers.
• New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into
the system.
• Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types
of systems.
Disadvantages of Network Operating System
• Servers are costly.
• User has to depend on a central location for most operations.
• Maintenance and updates are required regularly.
Examples of Network Operating Systems are Microsoft Windows Server 2003,
Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, BSD,
etc.
8. Real-Time Operating System
These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to
process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called
response time. Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements
that are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.

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Types of Real-Time Operating Systems
• Hard Real-Time Systems: Hard Real-Time OSs are meant for
applications where time constraints are very strict and even the
shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These systems are built for
saving life like automatic parachutes or airbags which are required to
be readily available in case of an accident. Virtual memory is rarely
found in these systems.
• Soft Real-Time Systems: These OSs are for applications where
time- constraint is less strict.
For more, refer to the Difference Between Hard Real-Time OS and Soft Real-
Time OS .

Advantages of RTOS
• Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and
systems, thus more output from all the resources.
• Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems is
very less. For example, in older systems, it takes about 10
microseconds in shifting from one task to another, and in the latest
systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
• Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and
less importance on applications that are in the queue.
• Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the size
of programs is small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like
in transport and others.
• Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
• Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types
of systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS
• Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on a few applications to avoid
errors.
• Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are

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not so good and they are expensive as well.

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 • Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult
for the designer to write on.
• Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers
and interrupts signal to respond earliest to interrupts.
• Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems
are very less prone to switching tasks.
Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are Scientific experiments,
medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air
traffic control systems, etC.
Overview of Windows and iOS Operating Systems
What is Windows Operating System?
By definition, an Operating System is a group of several GUIs (Graphical User
Interface) families, all of which are developed, sold and marketed by Microsoft.
The latest version of Microsoft Operating System which is being widely used
across the world is Windows 10.
For conceptual clarity and understanding the context well, candidates are advised
to check out the video given below:
History and Development of Windows
It was 1983 when work on “Interface Manager” was started by Microsoft but it
was in November 1995, when the first Windows 1.0 was introduceD. Later on,
with developments in technology, the requirement of the people and increased
demand for Graphical User Interface, Microsoft kept releasing revised versions
of Operating Systems.
The image given below shows the different Microsoft Operating Systems along
with the year in which they were introduced:

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Versions of Windows Operating System
Let us understand the different versions of Windows Operating System
along with the features of each of them individually.
1. Windows 1.0
• It was released on November 20, 1985
• Pure Operating Environment
• Used Graphical User Interface
• Simple Graphics
• Offered limited multi-tasking was expected to have a better future potential
2. Windows 2.0
• It was released on December 9, 1987
• 16-bit Graphic User Interface (GUI) based operating environment
• Introduced Control Panel, and the first version of MS Word and Excel
• Unlike Windows 1.0, it had the capacity to allow applications to
overlap each other
• It was also the last Windows OS which did not require a hard disk
• Hardware played an important role
3. Windows 3.0
• It was released in 1990
• It was better at multitasking
• Used 8086 microprocessors
• It has both, conventional and extendable memory
• First version of Windows to gather critical appreciation
• Better memory/ storage
Note* – None of the above mentioned Windows was Operating Systems. They
all came under the category of Windows, working based on a graphical operating
environment. It was Windows 95, which was the first Operating System released
by Microsoft.
4. Window 95
• It was the first complete Operating System
• It was released on August 15, 1995
• It merged MS-DOS and Windows products

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 • It simplified plug and play features
• Taskbar and Start menu was introduced with this Windows OS
• Advanced from 16 bit GUI to 32 bit GUI
• Long file names could be saved
• Initially, computers with Windows 95 did not have Internet Explorer
installed but by the release date of Windows 95, the first version of
Internet Explorer was installed in the software
• On December 31, 2001, Windows declared this version of OS
outdated and ended its support for the same
5. Windows 98
• It was released to manufacturing on May 15, 1998
• It was a 16 bit and 32 bit product based on MS DOS
• It was not an entirely new version but just a tuned-up version to
Windows 95
• Internet Explorer 4.01 was released along with this Windows version
• It did not support USB printers or mass storage devices
• An update to this version “Windows SE” was released in 1999
6. Windows 2000
• It was officially released on February 17, 2000. However, its
manufacturing had begun in late 1999
• A core set of features was followed for manufacturing Windows 2000 but
4 different editions, targeting different sectors of the market were
releaseD. These included: Server, Professional, Advanced Server and
Datacenter Server
• It was considered as one of the most secure OS ever
• A local disk manager was introduced with these Windows
• Multilingual User Interface – it supported many different languages
7. Windows XP
• While the manufacturing started on August 24, 2001, the official
product was released on October 25, 2001
• Advanced portable PC support
• Automatic wireless connection support
• Fast start-up
• Better Graphical User Interface (GUI)

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 • Help and support centre
8. Windows Vista
• It was released on January 30, 2007
• It had an upgraded version of Graphical User Interface
• It was the first operating system to use DVD-ROM for installation
9. Windows 7
• It was released on October 22, 2009
• A large number of new features were introduced
• Redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar
• Incremental upgrade to the Windows line
• Libraries were added in the file management system
• A few features from the past Windows were removed
• Extended hardware support
10. Windows 8
• It was released for retail on October 26, 2012
• Optimisations for touch-based
• Installed in new devices like Laptops, Mobile phones, tablets, etC.
• Increased integration with cloud services
• Windows Store service for software distribution
• Task manager had been redesigned
• New security features were introduced
• Online Applications could be directly downloaded
11. Windows 10
• It was released on July 29, 2015
• Addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced
with Windows 8
• A virtual desktop system
• It had the ability to run windows store apps within windows on the
desktop rather than in the full-screen mode
• Included new icons

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 • To reduce storage shortcomings, Windows 10 automatically
compresses the file size

Applications in Windows

There are all kinds of applications which are available at the Windows store and
people can easily access them and download them for their personal or
professional usage.

Given below is a list of such application available on Windows:

• Web Browsers
• Adobe Photoshop
• Adobe Reader
• Messenger
• Media Players
• Games
• Audio/ Video Chatting Apps
• Maps & Calendar and this list goes on
Aspirants must note that questions from Computer Knowledge may also be
asked as a part of the General Awareness section. So, the preparation must be
done accordingly.

Apart from the Computer Awareness section, there are various other sections
which are a part of the competitive exam syllabus. Given below are the links for
the same:

History of iOS:
iPhone OS: The First Step
The unveiling of the original iPhone by Steve Jobs in January 2007 showcased
not merely a new device, but also a fresh perspective on mobile computing.
The iPhone OS was a game-changer with its touch-centric interface, upending
the traditional button-laden phones of the erA. It brought to the fore features like
Visual Voicemail—an innovative way to handle voice messages and phone calls
—and seamless iTunes integration, paving the way for a music experience that
was both portable and pleasurable.
This was a bold declaration that Apple was not just improving on existing
technology; it was creating a new experience, the ripples of which are still felt
across the tech industry today.
Early Updates and Evolution

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The maturing iPhone OS settled into a familiar pattern, similar to its sibling, Mac
OS:
• Releasing new updates in tandem with new devices,
• Showcasing the latest hardware and software enhancements,
• Harnessing the full potential of each new iPhone,
• Bringing forth new features that kept iPhone users eagerly
anticipating what was next,
• Providing app developers with fresh tools to create and
innovate. It was a symbiotic evolution that propelled the iPhone
forwarD.
Pioneering Features: iOS 2 to iOS 5
iOS’s journey is marked by pioneering features that paved the way for
modern mobile computing. The period from iOS 2 to iOS 5 was particularly
transformative, setting a new standard for what mobile devices could do. It was
during this time that the App Store was introduced, a marketplace that would
become synonymous with the app revolution.
Then came iOS 5, bringing with it the Notification Center, a feature that
significantly enhanced the user experience by providing a dedicated area to
manage notifications. These were the days of bold strides and big leaps, laying
the foundation for a future where your device was not just smart but truly integral
to your daily life.
iOS 2: The App Store Revolution
The introduction of the App Store in iOS 2 constituted a revolutionary shift,
fundamentally changing our interaction with devices. It was a digital marketplace
that opened the floodgates for third-party applications to be downloaded directly
to iPhones, transforming them into versatile tools for productivity, creativity, and
entertainment. The official SDK provided by Apple was a catalyst for this
transformation, enabling app developers to create an ecosystem that would grow
to become a cornerstone of the tech industry.
Moreover, iOS 2 was not just about iOS apps; it also brought podcast
support and improved Maps functionality, making it easier for iPhone users and
those with an iPhone and iPod touch to navigate the world and their interests with
ease.
iOS 3: Expanding Capabilities
With iOS 3, the iPhone’s capabilities underwent a significant expansion,
marking a substantial leap forwarD. It was the first to introduce functions such as
cut, copy, and paste, a basic yet vital enhancement for text editing on mobile
devices. The addition of Spotlight search provided an efficient way to sift through
the content, making information retrieval on the iPhone as simple as a swipe and
Page | 41
a tap.

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 Other notable features like MMS support and video recording capabilities
were also part of this update, along with the extension of iOS to support the
newly introduced iPaD. The evolution of iOS was rapidly shaping a new digital
ecosystem where the iPhone and iPad were becoming not just tools for
communication but platforms for expression and innovation.
iOS 4: Multitasking and More
The advent of iOS 4 introduced a slew of features that further solidified the
iPhone’s position as an innovation leader. The introduction of multitasking
allowed users to switch between apps without losing progress, a significant
enhancement for productivity and user experience. iOS 4 also allowed users to
organize their apps into folders, bringing a sense of order to the chaos of
burgeoning app collections.
Additionally, the launch of AirPlay and AirPrint in this version made
wireless streaming and printing not just possible but incredibly intuitive. With the
integration of Apple TV, the iPhone was no longer just a device; it was becoming
an extension of the user’s personal and professional life.
Design Overhaul and New Technologies: iOS 6 to iOS 9
The era spanning iOS 6 to iOS 9 witnessed momentous design changes and the
debut of new technologies. With iOS 7, users saw a complete UI overhaul, a bold
move led by Jony Ive that shifted from skeuomorphism to a flatter, more modern
aesthetiC. Meanwhile, iOS 6 introduced Siri, a personal assistant that would
become synonymous with voice-activated control. However, it was not without its
challenges; the release of the new Maps app in iOS 6 faced significant criticism
for its inaccuracies, prompting Apple to issue public apologies and commit to
substantial improvements.
These years were characterized by:
• a mixture of innovation and learning,
• Apple seeking to push the boundaries of what iOS can do,
• addressing the growing pains that came with such rapid development.
iOS 6: Enter Siri, Exit Forstall
The dawn of iOS 6 served as a defining moment, as it heralded the start
of voice command capabilities on the iPhone with the introduction of Siri. This
feature promised to revolutionize the way we interacted with our devices, but iOS
6 also faced significant headwinds, particularly with its mapping service. The
ambitious decision to replace Google Maps with Apple’s solution led to a less-
than-stellar launch and considerable user dissatisfaction.
This misstep culminated in the departure of Scott Forstall, the senior vice
president of iOS software, whose refusal to sign the formal apology for the Maps
issues signaled a pivotal shift in Apple’s leadership and direction. The
subsequent

Page | 43
realignment brought fresh perspectives to the table, with Jony Ive taking over
Human Interface and Craig Federighi leading iOS software.
iOS 7: A Fresh Look
The launch of iOS 7 brought a fresh, instantly polarizing, look. Jony Ive’s
vision for a flatter, cleaner interface was a stark departure from the familiar
skeuomorphic design that had characterized previous versions of iOS. The new
user interface, with its simplified icons and vibrant color palette, was a visual
expression of Apple’s desire to bring order to the complexity of smartphone
functionalities.
While the redesign was intended to push iOS into a new era of design, it
was a change that elicited a spectrum of reactions, from admiration for its
boldness to nostalgia for the familiarity of the past.
iOS 8 & 9: Stability, Apple Pay, and Apple Music
Following iOS 7’s ambitious redesign, iOS 8 and iOS 9 refocused on
stability and performance to ensure a smoother user experience. The introduction
of Apple Pay during this time marked a significant step forward in mobile
payment technology, allowing iPhone users to conduct transactions with a simple
tap.
Moreover, the launch of Apple Music in iOS 8 signaled Apple’s foray into the
music streaming service industry, a move that would have lasting impacts on how
music was consumed and distributeD. These were years of
consolidation and expansion, as Apple sought to refine its vision for iOS and
continue its tradition of integrating cutting-edge technology into the fabric of
everyday life.

The Modern Era: iOS 10 to iOS 17

The modern iOS era, spanning from iOS 10 to the current iOS 17, continues to
emphasize user-centric design and functionality. Some notable features and
updates in recent iOS versions include:
• iOS 16 introduced a revamped Lock Screen with customization options for
personalization.
• The Messages app received updates such as the ability to edit, unsend,
and mark messages as unreaD.
• FaceTime saw enhancements with Handoff support and the introduction of
real-time Live Captions for accessibility.
• iOS 16 also introduced Live Text, which allows text operations within videos.
These updates and features showcase Apple’s commitment to providing a
seamless and productive user experience.
As of September 2023, the most current iOS version, iOS 17, stands as the
Page | 44
embodiment of the latest advancements in Apple’s vision for the iOS experience.

Page | 45
iOS 10 & 11: Interoperability and iPad Productivity
With iOS 10, significant advancements were made in interoperability, marked by
the introduction of:
• Direct app communication,
• Siri integration for a more customizable experience,
• Siri’s abilities expanded to include interactions with payment and ride-
booking apps and even automakers’ applications.
Following this, the release of iOS 11 shifted the focus to iPad productivity,
introducing new multitasking features to enhance the iPad’s usefulness for
professional and personal tasks. Features like Drag and Drop and a customizable
Dock streamlined content organization and multitasking on the iPad,
underscoring Apple’s efforts to enhance the versatility of its devices.

iOS 12 & 13: Refinements and Dark Mode

Apple introduced notable performance enhancements with iOS 12, particularly for
older devices, ensuring smooth operation across all supported hardware. The
introduction of Screen Time provided users with insights into their device usage,
fostering greater awareness and control over digital habits. Siri’s functionality
continued to expand, with Apple CEO Tim Cook highlighting the company’s
commitment to augmenting its capabilities within the iOS ecosystem.
Following this, iOS 13 introduced the highly anticipated Dark Mode, offering a
system-wide darker color palette option that was both visually appealing and
gentler on the eyes in low-light settings.
iOS 14 to 17: UI Changes, Privacy, and Remote Work
iOS 14 updates brought further refinements to the user interface by adding
widgets and introducing the App Library for better app organization. The
Messages app was updated with new expressive features, and the Photos app
saw enhancements that leveraged advanced computer vision for better photo
organization and search.
Focusing on privacy, iOS 13 introduced Sign in with Apple, a feature that
secured authentication while protecting user information. As remote work became
more prevalent, iOS 15 and later versions brought features like Focus to help
manage distractions and on-device intelligence features such as Live Text in
photos and Visual Look Up, further cementing iOS’s role in supporting modern
workstyles.
Impact on the Tech Industry and Beyond
Undeniably, iOS has had a profound impact on the tech industry and
beyonD. Its introduction, along with Android, has dominated the global mobile
operating system market, together holding more than 99% of the market share.

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iOS’s approach to app development has set benchmarks for security, efficiency,
and scalability, influencing software development practices industry wide.
The iPhone and iOS have mainstreamed smartphone usage, fostering the
rise of billion-dollar companies and transforming industries across the globe. It’s a
testament to iOS’s role not just as a technological achievement but as a catalyst
for broader societal and industrial change, with iOS devices being at the forefront
of this revolution.
Android vs. iOS: The Rivalry
The well-known competition between iOS and Android is characterized by mutual
influence, with both platforms drawing on each other’s ideas and features to
propel innovation in mobile technologies. Android has traditionally offered a more
diverse range of hardware and customization options, catering to a wide
spectrum of preferences and price points. In contrast, the iPhone has focused on
a streamlined selection of models, each intimately integrated with iOS to deliver a
seamless user experience.
While iOS tends to be more popular in first-world countries and
among certain specialist markets, Android’s global reach is undeniable, making it
the preferred choice for most smartphone users worldwide. This dynamic has led
to a healthy competitive environment where app developers often target iOS first
for their releases, although the trend of simultaneous launches on both platforms
is becoming more common.
The distinct approaches of open-source Android and the exclusive
ecosystem of iOS have each fostered their unique landscapes, creating a rich
diversity of apps, services, and features that benefit all users.
App Developers and Third-Party Integration
The App Store has played a pivotal role in developing the iOS app
ecosystem, which now boasts over 1.8 million apps that meet a vast range of
needs. It has provided a fertile ground for app developers to innovate and bring
their ideas to a broad audience, offering significant opportunities for success
within Apple’s walled garden.
The proliferation of the App Store has not only been pivotal for iOS but has
also contributed to the explosive growth of the global mobile app market. Its
presence has encouraged developers to push the envelope, delivering apps that
are secure, efficient, and scalable, ultimately enhancing the overall user
experience.
The symbiotic relationship between iOS and third-party developers has
been a driving force, not just in the evolution of the operating system but also in
the broader tech landscape, reshaping industries and changing the way we live
and work with third-party apps.

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 ASSESSMENT
1. What is the main purpose of an operating system?
A. To manage hardware and software resources
B. To provide a platform for users to run applications
C. To facilitate communication between user programs and hardware
D. All of the above

2. Which of the following is a primary function of an operating system?

A. Managing file systems
B. Handling memory management
C. Controlling I/O devices
D. All of the above

3. What is the most critical task of modern operating systems?

A. Managing multiple users
B. Allocating CPU time to different processes
C. Creating virtual memory
D. Managing software applications

4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a Batch Operating System?

A. Jobs are processed in groups
B. Requires user interaction during execution
C. Limited idle time
D. Hard to debug

5. What is a key advantage of a Multiprogramming Operating System?

A. Enhanced security
B. Increased throughput of the system
C. Reduced complexity
D. Easier to debug

6. Which operating system type uses multiple CPUs for execution?

A. Batch Operating System
B. Multiprocessing Operating System
C. Time-Sharing Operating System
D. Multi-Tasking Operating System

7. Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of a Multiprocessing

Operating System?
A. Increased complexity
B. Reduced throughput
C. Difficult to understand
D. Higher cost

8. In which type of system can multiple programs run simultaneously on the same
computer?
A. Batch Operating System
B. Multi-Tasking Operating System
C. Multi-Processing Operating System
D. Time-Sharing Operating System

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9. Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of Multi-Tasking Operating Systems?
A. Increased resource sharing
B. Heating issues due to heavy programs
C. Memory management problems
D. Resource contention

10. What is the primary function of Time-Sharing Operating Systems?

A. Assigning CPU time to multiple tasks
B. Reducing security risks
C. Managing memory allocation
D. Ensuring that only one program runs at a time

11. Which of the following is a disadvantage of Time-Sharing Operating Systems?

A. Reduced CPU idle time
B. High overhead due to context switching
C. Increased productivity
D. Better user experience

12. Which Time-Sharing Operating System was introduced in 1972 by IBM?

A. TSO (Time Sharing Option) B. IBM VM/CMS
C. Windows Terminal Services D. Windows Server 2003

13. Which operating system allows multiple users to share computer resources by
switching rapidly between them?
A. Multi-Tasking Operating System
B. Time-Sharing Operating System
C. Multi-Programming Operating System
D. Multi-Processing Operating System

14. Which is a disadvantage of a Batch Operating System?

A. It is easy to manage large jobs
B. It is difficult to predict job processing times
C. Multiple users can share the system easily
D. Idle time is minimal

15. What type of system does NOT interact with the computer directly but relies on
an operator to group jobs into batches?
A. Multi-Processing Operating System
B. Time-Sharing Operating System
C. Batch Operating System
D. Multi-Tasking Operating System

16. What is the primary function of a Network Operating System (NOS)?

A. File management B. Data management
C. Application management D. All of the above

17. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a Network Operating System?

A. Highly stable centralized servers
B. Easy integration of new technologies
C. Low server maintenance
D. Server access from different locations

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18. Which of the following is a disadvantage of a Network Operating System?
A. Servers are costly B. Better memory allocation
C. High user control D. Less maintenance required

19. Which operating system is an example of a Network Operating System?

A. Microsoft Windows Server 2003 B. Windows 98
C. Windows 7 D. Linux Mint

20. What is the characteristic feature of Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)?

A. High speed but non-essential applications
B. Strict time constraints for processing inputs
C. Limited use of hardware resources
D. Maximum multitasking capability

21. Which of the following is an example of a hard real-time system?

A. Missile systems B. Web servers
C. Video games D. Online marketplaces

22. What is a disadvantage of Real-Time Operating Systems?

A. Too few tasks run simultaneously
B. Too much focus on task shifting
C. Better system resource usage
D. Easy system maintenance

23. Which of the following is a common use of Real-Time Operating Systems?

A. Scientific experiments B. Web browsing
C. File management D. Social media networking

24. Which version of Windows was the first to introduce the Start menu and taskbar?
A. Windows 95 B. Windows 98
C. Windows 1.0 D. Windows 3.0

25. Which version of Windows had an updated graphical user interface and introduced
DVD-ROM for installation?
A. Windows Vista B. Windows XP
C. Windows 7 D. Windows 10

26. Which of the following was introduced with Windows 7?

A. Libraries in file management
B. Taskbar reorganization
C. Extended hardware support
D. All of the above

27. What key feature did Windows 8 focus on?

A. Cloud service integration B. Touch-based optimizations
C. Virtual desktop systems D. Internet Explorer improvements

28. What was the primary focus of Windows 10's design?

A. User interface improvement B. Hardware compatibility
C. Task automation D. Reducing storage issues

29. Which version of Windows had Internet Explorer included by default?

A. Windows 95 B. Windows 98
C. Windows XP D. Windows 7

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30. What groundbreaking feature was introduced with iOS 2?
A. Siri B. App Store
C. FaceTime D. Control Center

31. Which version of iOS introduced multitasking support?

A. iOS 3 B. iOS 4
C. iOS 5 D. iOS 6

32. What major change occurred with iOS 7?

A. Introduction of Siri B. Full UI overhaul
C. Cut, copy, and paste functionality D. App Store introduction

33. Which version of iOS introduced the concept of Dark Mode?

A. iOS 10 B. iOS 12
C. iOS 13 D. iOS 14

34. Which feature was added in iOS 8?

A. Apple Music B. Apple Pay
C. Focus mode D. Drag and Drop for iPad

35. Which version of iOS introduced live captions for accessibility in FaceTime?
A. iOS 16 B. iOS 17
C. iOS 10 D. iOS 12

36. What feature was introduced in iOS 15 to help manage distractions?

A. Focus mode B. Handoff support
C. Live Text D. Screen Time

37. What was the major design overhaul in iOS 7?

A. From dark mode to light mode
B. A flatter and cleaner interface
C. Introduction of widgets
D. App Library for better organization

38. What new technology did iOS 6 introduce?

A. Siri B. AirPlay
C. iCloud D. Maps app

39. What did Windows 95 combine to become the first complete operating system?
A. MS-DOS and Windows products
B. Windows 3.0 and Windows 98
C. MS-DOS and UNIX
D. Windows 98 and Windows 7

40. What is the significance of the App Store in iOS 2?

A. It allowed developers to create apps for iPhones
B. It introduced Siri
C. It improved security features
D. It enhanced multitasking abilities

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 LESSON 3 WINDOWS APPLICATION
Objectives:
1. Understanding Windows Applications
• Define what a Windows application is and how it operates under different
versions of Windows (32-bit and 64-bit).
• Recognize the compatibility differences between Windows 7, Windows 10,
and Windows 11 regarding hardware and software requirements.
2. Overview of Windows 7 and Windows 11
• Compare the timelines and features of Windows 7 and Windows 11.
3. User Interface (UI) Design
• Understand the role of UI design in software development.
• Compare the UI design elements of Windows 7 and Windows 11
4. Performance and System Requirements
• Define the concept of performance requirements and how they relate to
system requirements.
• Compare the hardware and security requirements of Windows 7 and
Windows 11.
5. Start Menu and Taskbar Design
• Compare the design and functionality of the Start Menu and taskbar in
Windows 7 and Windows 11.
• Identify the differences in how taskbar icons and search functions are
organizeD.
6. Widgets and Virtual Desktops
• Recognize the difference between Windows 7 gadgets and Windows 11
widgets.
• Learn about the introduction of virtual desktops in Windows 11 and their
benefits for multitasking.
7. Security Features
• Compare the security features of Windows 7 and Windows 11, including
updates, encryption, and advanced security features like Windows Hello
and TPM 2.0.
8. File Management and Organization
• Understand the concept and importance of file management systems for
organizing and retrieving files efficiently.
• Learn how File Explorer has evolved from Windows 7 to Windows 11,
including its features and improvements for file navigation and
management.
9. File Explorer Functionality
• Identify the core functions of File Explorer and how it helps users manage
files and folders.
• Understand the role of File Explorer in system navigation, including
managing drives, folders, and files.

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What is Window Application?

A program that is written to run under the Microsoft Windows operating

system, also called a "Windows app." All 32-bit Windows applications run in the
32-bit and 64-bit versions of Windows. All 64-bit applications require 64-bit
Windows, which is the standard on new Windows computers and tablets.

Older 16-bit Windows applications can run in the 32-bit versions of Windows,
including Windows 95, 98, XP, Vista, 7, 8 and 10. However, 16-bit applications do
not run natively in the 64-bit versions of Windows (see Windows XP
Mode and NTVDM). See also Windows App.

Overview of Windows 7 and Windows 11

Windows 7 is a major release of the Windows NT operating
system developed by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on July 22,
2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009. It is the
successor to Windows Vista, released nearly three years earlier.
Windows 7's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the
same time. It was succeeded by Windows 8 in October 2012.

Windows 11 is the latest major release of Microsoft's Windows

NT operating system, released on October 5, 2021. It succeeded Windows
10 (2015), and is available for free for any Windows 10 devices that meet the
new Windows 11 system requirements.

Windows 11 features major changes to the Windows shell influenced by the

canceled Windows 10X, including a redesigned Start menu, the replacement of
its "live tiles" with a separate "Widgets" panel on the taskbar, the ability to create
tiled sets of windows that can be minimized and restored from the taskbar as a
group, and new gaming technologies inherited from Xbox Series X and Series S
such as Auto HDR and DirectStorage on compatible hardware. Internet Explorer
(IE) has been replaced by the Chromium-based Microsoft Edge as the default
web browser, like its predecessor, Windows 10, and Microsoft Teams is
integrated into the Windows shell. Microsoft also announced plans to allow more
flexibility in software that can be distributed via the Microsoft Store
and to support Android apps on Windows 11 (including a partnership with
Amazon to make its app store available for the function).

Page | 53
A. Key Differences

1. User Interface (UI) Design

What is User Interface (UI) Design?

User interface (UI) design is the process designers use to build interfaces
in software or computerized devices, focusing on looks or style. Designers aim to
create interfaces which users find easy to use and pleasurable. UI design refers
to graphical user interfaces and other forms—e.g., voice-controlled interfaces.

• Windows 7: Aero glass effects, taskbar with application icons.

• Windows 11: Centered Start Menu, rounded corners, more
streamlined UI.

2. Performance and System Requirements:

Performance requirements describe how well the product or system must

perform a function. Performance requirements complement the functional
requirements, and these are sometimes combined into single requirements.
Interface requirements specify how the system will interact or interoperate with an
adjacent system.

• Windows 7: Lower system requirements but outdated

hardware compatibility.
• Windows 11: Requires newer hardware (e.g., TPM 2.0 chip) for
better security and performance.

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Start Menu and Taskbar:

• Windows 7: Classic Start Menu on the left, search bar within the
Start Menu.
• Windows 11: Start Menu in the center, cleaner design, and
separate search icon.

Widgets:

• Windows 7: Gadgets (weather, clock, etC.) on the desktop.

• Windows 11: Widgets available from the taskbar, more
dynamic, connected to Microsoft services.

Virtual Desktops:

• Windows 7: No virtual desktop support.

• Windows 11: Virtual desktops for multitasking and organizing workspaces.

Security:

• Windows 7: Limited modern security features, lacks updates.

• Windows 11: Built-in advanced security features like Windows Hello, TPM
2.0 for encryption.

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B. Desktop Components

Desktop Icons

• Standard Icons: My Computer/This PC, Recycle Bin, Network, etC.

• Customizing Icons: Right-click desktop > Personalize > Change Desktop
Icons.

Taskbar

• Elements: Contains Start Menu, pinned applications, running tasks,

notification areA.
• Customizing Taskbar: Right-click taskbar > Taskbar settings (lock
taskbar, icon size, etC.).
• In Windows 11: Taskbar icons are centered, but can be moved back to
the left if preferreD.

Start Menu

• Windows 7: Two-column design with pinned programs, recent documents,

and search bar.
• Windows 11: Simplified, pinned apps, recent documents, user profile, and
system settings.

File Explorer

• Windows 7: Accessed through the Start Menu or taskbar, used for

managing files.
• Windows 11: New icons and visual improvements, quick access to recent files.

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C. Parts of Windows

Start Menu

• Windows 7: Traditional two-column layout.

Control Panel vs. Settings

Windows provides a variety of configuration tools tailored to meet the needs of

different users. These built-in tools facilitate your device's customization and
monitoring, allowing you to change Windows' configuration to suit your
preferences and requirements with precision.

• Windows 7: Primarily uses Control Panel for system changes.

• Windows 11: Settings app is more prominent and modern, with Control
Panel still accessible for advanced settings.

File Explorer:

Microsoft Windows File Explorer is a graphical file management utility for the
Windows operating system (OS). Windows Explorer was introduced with
Windows 95 and later renamed File Explorer. Each time a computer user
accesses a disk or opens a folder containing files, they are using the Windows
File Explorer utility.

Windows Explorer took on the File Explorer name in 2012 with the release of
Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. The file manager application's
graphical user interface includes a toolbar and a file operation dialog that
displays more detailed options.

• Key Functions: Viewing files, managing folders, organizing datA.

• Features: New ribbon interface in Windows 11 for common tasks like
renaming or copying files.

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Action Center vs. Notification Area

• Windows 7 (Notification AreA.: Displays system icons like network,

battery, and notifications.
• Windows 11 (Action Center): Combines notifications and quick settings
(Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etC.).

Search

• Windows 7: Search from the Start Menu.

• Windows 11: Search from a dedicated search icon on the taskbar,
includes results from both local files and the web

Lesson 4: File Management and Organization

A file management system is a method a company can use to improve its

efficiency and organization. It is the process of creating a system that allows a
company to save its files in an organized and logical way, which can improve the
overall function of the business workflow. It can also help you retrieve important
data quickly and it provides a searchable database for stored files. In this article,
we discuss what file management is, why it's important and the benefits and
features of an effective filing system.

File Explorer Overview

Windows Explorer was first included with Windows 95 as a replacement

for File Manager, which came with all versions of Windows 3.x operating
systems. Explorer could be accessed by double-clicking the new My Computer
desktop icon or launched from the new Start Menu that replaced the earlier
Program Manager. There is also a shortcut key combination: Windows key+E.
Successive versions of Windows (and in some cases, Internet Explorer)
introduced new features and capabilities, removed other features, and generally
progressed from being a simple file system navigation tool into a task-based file
management system.

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 While "Windows Explorer" or "File Explorer" is a term most commonly
used to describe the file management aspect of the operating system, the
Explorer process also houses the operating system's search functionality and File
Type associations (based on filename extensions), and is responsible for
displaying the desktop icons, the Start Menu, the Taskbar, and the Control Panel.
Collectively, these features are known as the Windows shell.

File Explorer is the default user interface for accessing and managing the
file systems, but it is possible to perform such tasks on Windows without File
Explorer. For example, the File ▸ Run menu option in Task Manager on
Windows NT or later functions independently of File Explorer, as do commands
run within a command prompt window.

After a user logs in, the explorer process is created by the userinit process.
Userinit performs some initialization of the user environment (such as running the
login script and applying group policies) and then looks in the registry at the Shell
value and creates a process to run the system-defined shell – by default,
Explorer.exe. Then Userinit exits. This is why Explorer.exe is shown by various
process explorers with no parent – its parent has exiteD.

• Purpose: View, access, and organize files on the computer.

• Basic Navigation: Side pane shows drives and folders; main pane shows
contents of the selected folder.
•

Creating and Managing Folders

How to create a folder?

1. Click New folder above the files in the document library. The Create
folder pop-up window will appear.

2. Type the folder name in the New folder fielD.

3. Click Create folder. The new folder will appear.

To create a new folder within another folder, click on the folder title to expand
the folder contents. Then click New folder. To create a new top level folder, click
the folder image on the left of file navigation breadcrumb to return to the top
level of the document library.

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Lesson 5: Google Classroom Platform and Benefits

Introduction to Google Classroom

Google Classroom is a free blended learning platform developed by Google for

educational institutions that aims to simplify creating, distributing, and grading
assignments. The primary purpose of Google Classroom is to streamline the
process of sharing files between teachers and students. [3] As of 2021,
approximately 150 million users use Google Classroom.[4]

Google Classroom uses a variety of proprietary user applications (Google

Applications for Education) with the goal of managing student and teacher
communication. Students can be invited to join a class through a private code or
be imported automatically from a school domain. Each class creates a separate
folder in the respective user's Google Drive, where the student can submit work
to be graded by a teacher. Teachers can monitor each student's progress by
reviewing the revision history of a document, and, after being graded, teachers
can return work along with comments and grades.

Features and Functions:

Google Classroom integrates several Google Applications for Education, such as

Google Drive, Google Docs, Google Sheets, Google Slides, Google Forms,
Google Sites, and Gmail. A Google Calendar integration was later added to the
platform. Students can be invited to classrooms through the institution's
database, through a private code that can then be added in the student's user
interface, or automatically imported from a school domain. Each class created
with Google Classroom creates a separate folder in the respective user's Google
Drive, where the student can submit work to be graded by a teacher for Students:

Google Hangouts, another product of G Suite for Education enables chatting,

video conferencing, and video broadcasting. It makes remote learning possible;
teachers can invite students to a conference call on Hangouts if they need extra
tutoring. Teachers can also record live sessions for up to 8 hours. These
recordings can be downloaded and shared on YouTube for future reference.
Similar to video conferencing tools like Skype and Zoom, Hangouts allows screen
share too.

Google Drive Integration:

1. Benefits: Automatically saves documents, offers real-time collaboration

on assignments.
2. Classroom and Drive: Each class gets its own Google Drive
folder, organized by assignments.

Benefits of Google Classroom:

1. Easy to use and accessible from all devices.

Even if you are not a Google user, using Google Classroom is a piece of
cake. Apart from being delivered through the Chrome browser, which
makes it accessible from all computers, mobile phones, and tablets, it
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 makes it really easy for you to add as many learners as you like, create
Google documents to manage assignments and announcements,
post YouTube videos, add links, or attach files from Google Drive.
Learners will find it equally easy to log in, as well as receive and turn in
assignments.
2. Effective communication and sharing.
One of the greatest advantages of Google Classroom is Google Docs;
these documents are saved online and shared with a limitless number of
people, so when you create an announcement or assignment using a
Google doc, your learners can access it immediately through their Google
Drive, as long as you have shared it with them. Furthermore, Google Docs
are easily organized and personalized in Google Drive folders. In other
words, you no longer need emails to share information; you just create a
document, share it with as many learners as you want, and voila!
3. Speeds up the assignment process.
How about creating an assignment and distributing it with just a click of a
button? And how about learners turning in the completed assignment in a
matter of seconds? Assignment process has never been quicker and more
effective, as in Google Classroom you can easily check who has submitted
their assignment and who is still working on it, as well as offer
your feedback immediately.
4. Effective feedback.
Speaking of feedback, Google Classroom gives you the opportunity to
offer your online support to your learners right away; this means that
feedback becomes more effective, as fresh comments and remarks have
bigger impact on learners’ minds.
5. No need for paper.
There might be a day that grading papers would be impossible to imagine;
Google Classroom is certainly interested in getting there as soon as
possible. By centralizing eLearning materials in one cloud-based location,
you have the ability to go paperless and stop worrying about printing,
handing out, or even losing your learners’ work!
6. Clean and user-friendly interface.
Staying loyal to clean Google layout standards, Google Classroom invites
you to an environment where every single design detail is simple,
intuitive, and user-friendly. Needless to say, Google users will feel right at
home.
7. Great commenting system.
Learners can comment on specific locations within pictures for a variety of
online courses. Furthermore, you can create URLs for interesting
comments and using them for further online discussion.

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 ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is a Windows application?
A. A program that runs only on macOS
B. A program written for Microsoft Windows operating systems
C. A hardware component for Microsoft devices
D. A game exclusively developed for Xbox

2. Which version of Windows does not support 16-bit applications natively?

A. 32-bit Windows XP B. 64-bit Windows 7
C. 32-bit Windows Vista D. 16-bit Windows 95

3. When was Windows 7 released to manufacturing?

A. October 22, 2009 B. July 22, 2009
C. October 5, 2021 D. January 1, 2008

4. What feature is unique to Windows 11 compared to Windows 7?

A. Gadgets on the desktop B. Virtual desktops
C. Classic Start Menu D. Aero glass effects

5. What is a key hardware requirement for Windows 11?

A. TPM 2.0 chip B. 16-bit compatibility
C. Aero glass effects D. Lower system specifications

6. What replaced Internet Explorer in Windows 11?

A. Google Chrome B. Microsoft Edge
C. Firefox D. Safari

7. What is a feature of the Start Menu in Windows 11?

A. Two-column design B. Live tiles
C. Centered design D. Gadgets

8. What does UI design focus on?

A. System requirements and security B. Functionality and performance
C. Appearance and user interaction D. Encryption and virtualization

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9. What is a difference in File Explorer between Windows 7 and Windows 11?
A. Windows 11 has fewer icons
B. Windows 11 includes new icons and visual improvements
C. Windows 7 offers more customization options
D. Windows 7 has integrated widgets

10. What security feature is emphasized in Windows 11?

A. Antivirus support only
B. Basic firewall
C. Advanced features like Windows Hello and TPM 2.0
D. No security features

11. What is the primary difference in system configuration between Windows

7 and Windows 11?
A. Windows 7 uses the Settings app exclusively
B. Windows 11 removes the Control Panel entirely
C. Windows 7 relies on the Control Panel, while Windows 11
emphasizes the Settings app
D. Both rely solely on the Control Panel
12. What is a key function of File Explorer?
A. Editing images
B. Viewing and managing files and folders
C. Running applications
D. Configuring system updates
13. What replaced the Notification Area in Windows 11?
A. Action Center B. Control Panel
C. Task Manager D. Widgets
14. Where is the search bar located in Windows 11?
A. In the Control Panel
B. On the desktop
C. On the Start Menu
D. As a dedicated search icon on the taskbar
15. What shortcut opens File Explorer?
A. Ctrl + F B. Alt + E
C. Windows Key + E D. Shift + F
16. What is the main purpose of File Explorer?
A. Configure device settings
B. Manage files and system navigation
C. Create animations
D. Monitor network activity

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17. What feature in Windows 11 is used to manage notifications and
quick settings?
A. Control Panel B. Start Menu
C. Widgets D. Action Center
18. What is the default user interface for managing files in Windows?
A. Task Manager B. File Explorer
C. Widgets D. Internet Explorer
19. What key process creates Explorer.exe during login?
A. Shell Manager B. Userinit
C. File Explorer D. Desktop Manager
20. What happens when you create a new folder?
A. The computer restarts
B. The folder appears at the current level of the file directory
C. A default file is placed inside it
D. The Control Panel opens
21. What is the primary purpose of Google Classroom?
A. To serve as an alternative to Microsoft Office
B. To simplify creating, distributing, and grading assignments
C. To replace traditional email communication
D. To integrate Google Meet with schools

22. How can students join a Google Classroom?

A. By invitation from Gmail only
B. Through a private code or auto-import from a school domain
C. Using their social media accounts
D. Through a subscription plan

23. What tool is integrated into Google Classroom for saving documents?
A. Google Forms B. Google Sheets
C. Google Drive D. Google Slides

24. What feature of Google Hangouts is beneficial for remote learning?

A. File editing tools
B. Screen sharing and video conferencing
C. Animated presentations
D. Offline file synchronization

25. How does Google Classroom speed up the assignment process?

A. By printing hard copies of assignments automatically
B. By eliminating the need for deadlines
C. By enabling assignments to be distributed and submitted quickly
D. By allowing teachers to skip grading

26. What is one major benefit of Google Classroom's feedback system?

A. It eliminates the need for written remarks
B. It allows immediate feedback on assignments

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 C. It automatically grades essays
D. It sends weekly performance summaries

27. How does Google Classroom reduce paper usage?

A. By requiring all students to use tablets
B. By centralizing documents on a cloud-based system
C. By printing assignments in bulk
D. By storing assignments on local devices

28. What is one feature of Google Drive integration with Google Classroom?
A. Shared drives for students and parents
B. Each class gets its own Google Drive folder
C. Automatic deletion of old files
D. Encrypted private drives for teachers only

29. What feature makes Google Classroom accessible from all devices?
A. Google Hangouts
B. Mobile optimization and Chrome browser access
C. Limited platform compatibility
D. Text-only features

30. Which feature in Google Classroom helps with online discussions?

A. Integrated file editors
B. Commenting system with link generation
C. Auto-graded quizzes
D. Real-time translations

31. What integration enables Google Classroom to function as a

blended learning platform?
A. Microsoft Excel support
B. Google Applications for Education
C. Adobe Creative Suite integration
D. Video editing tools

32. What makes Google Classroom's user interface unique?

A. Its complex navigation options
B. Its clean, intuitive, and user-friendly design
C. Its emphasis on graphic-intensive features
D. Its reliance on text-only options

33. How does Google Classroom assist teachers with monitoring

student progress?
A. By providing detailed paper-based logs
B. By tracking revision histories and providing grades
C. By limiting students to one assignment at a time
D. By automating all grading processes

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34. How does Google Hangouts help during live sessions?
A. By restricting video streaming
B. By allowing up to 8-hour session recordings
C. By disabling chat features
D. By limiting participants to five

35. What unique feature does Google Classroom offer educators?

A. Separate accounts for research and teaching
B. Ability to create a classroom for professional development
C. Automatic integration with all video platforms
D. Real-time physical classroom management

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 LESSON 4 MICROSOFT WORD

OBJECTIVES:

• Recall the steps to open Microsoft Word from the desktop or Start Menu.
• Identify the purpose of key elements such as the Title Bar, Ribbon Menu,
and Quick Access Toolbar.
• Distinguish between the functions of the Backspace and Delete keys for
editing text.
• Describe the process for creating and saving a new document in Microsoft
WorD.
• Recognize and use basic formatting tools (e.g., font size, color, and text
alignment) on the Home Tab Toolbar.
• Explain how to use the Undo and Redo functions to correct or restore
changes in a document.
• Identify the purpose of the Title Bar, including the information it displays
and its control buttons.
• Explain the function of the Ribbon Bar and its role in organizing tools and
commands.
• Recognize the Quick Access Toolbar as a customizable tool for frequently
used commands like Save, Undo, and Redo.
• Describe the Document Area as the workspace for typing and editing text.
• Understand the function of the Status Bar in providing document
information (e.g., word count, page number).
• Explain the use of the Navigation Pane for accessing document headings,
pages, and search results.
• Identify the role of the Scroll Bar in navigating a document both vertically
and horizontally.

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USING MICROSOFT WORD

A word processor is a computer program used to create and print text

documents that might otherwise be prepared on a typewriter. The key advantage
of a word processor is its ability to make changes easily, such as correcting
spelling, adding, deleting formatting and relocating text.

Once created, the document can be printed quickly and accurately saved for
later modifications. In fact, the document that you are reading now was created
using only a small amount of the many features available in Microsoft Word!

Opening Microsoft Word:

Before you get started with Microsoft Word (commonly referred to as MS WorD.,
you will need to locate and open it on the computer. It may be on your desktop.

From the computer desktop:

1. Double-click on the MS Word icon →

Go to the Start Menu if the MS Word icon is not on the desktop:

1. Click → Start → Programs

→ Microsoft Word*
* Occasionally, Microsoft
Word will be in a folder
called "Microsoft Office" or
something similar – this will
make one more step
between "Programs" and
"Microsoft Word" in the
diagram above.

MS Word will open a blank

page called "Document 1."
This is an image of the
upper- left corner of MS
WorD.
Page | 68
This box features two important bits of information: which file you are currently
working on (in this case, "Document 1" since we have not yet renamed it) and
which program you are using (in this case, "Microsoft WorD.")

This box shows a blinking cursor, ready for your commands.

The Title Bar

This is a close-up view of the Title Bar, where file information is locateD. Notice
the three buttons on the right side, controlling program features.

The Ribbon Menu System

The tabbed Ribbon menu system is how you navigate through Word
and access the various Word commands. If you have used previous versions of
Word, the Ribbon system replaces the traditional menus. Above the Ribbon in
the upper- left corner is the Microsoft Office Button. From here, you can
access important options such as New, Save, Save As, and Print. By default
the Quick Access

Toolbar is pinned next to the Microsoft Office Button, and includes commands
such as Undo and Redo.
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The Microsoft Office Button
The Microsoft Office Button appears at the top of the Word window. When you
click the button, a menu appears. From this menu you can create a new
document, open existing files, save files in a variety of ways, and print. You can
also add security features, send, publish, and close files.

Home Tab Toolbar

Toolbars provide "shortcuts" to commands also found in the Menu Bar. Toolbars
are usually located just below the Menu Bar and exist to offer another way to perform
the same task.

The most commonly used commands in MS Word are also the most accessible.
Some of these commands are:

Paste | Cut | Copy | Font

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Font Style | Font Size | Font Color | Text Alignment

The Home Tab Toolbar offers options that can change the font, size, color, alignment,
organization and style of the text in the document. For example, (starting from the left
side of the Toolbar) the "Calibri" indicates the FONT of your text, the "11" indicates the
SIZE of your text; and so on.

The Ruler

The ruler is found below the Ribbon. The ruler tells you where you are on the page,
along with the dimensions of the overall document. Just like a real-world piece of paper,
the default setting is 8.5 x 11 inches, and margins have been incorporated for you.
Similar to most options in MS Word, this is entirely customizable and the user can create
document of any dimension.

The Keyboard

In order to use MS Word effectively, you must input commands using both the mouse
and the keyboarD. The above image of a keyboard may closely resemble (if it is not
identical to) the keyboard in front of you; learning just a few certain keys will help to
improve your efficiency in typing as well as present you with more options within the
program.

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The following is a list of commonly used keys that have special functions in MS Word
(key functions can change depending on which program you are using):

1. Backspace: This key deletes backwards as you type.

2. Delete: This key deletes forwards as you type.
3. Shift: This key, when pressed WITH another key, will perform a
secondary function.
4. Spacebar: This key enters a space between words as you type.
5. Tab: This key will force the cursor to indent, or jump forward 10 spaces.
6. Caps Lock: This key will present the capitalized version of each letter key.
7. Control (Ctrl): This key, when pressed WITH another key, performs as shortcut.
8. Enter: This key executes a command (pressed in MS Word, it begins a new line).
9. Number keypad: This is a redundant keypad existing only for user preference.
10. Arrow keys: Like the mouse, these keys are used to navigate through the
document.

SIMPLE TASKS IN MICROSOFT WORD

Typing Text
To enter text, type just as you would if you were using a typewriter.

To capitalize a letter, hold down the SHIFT key while typing the

letter.

Or, press the CAPS LOCK key on the left-hand side of your keyboarD. You will have to
press the CAPS LOCK key again—once you are done capitalizing—to remove the lock.

You do not need to press ENTER to start a new line—Microsoft Word will automatically
wrap your sentence at the end of the line.

To move the cursor from its position at the end of the your sentence to anywhere else
on the page, use the mouse or the arrow keys to move the cursor where you want the
letters or spaces to be (left-click the mouse to place the cursor) and then type what you
want to add—the text will adjust to include it.

Press ENTER to start a new paragraph (this is sometimes called a “carriage return”).

PRACTICE - Type the following text in your document:

Dear Diary,

Today was a good day. I got a promotion at work. My boss says it is because I’m a
SUPER salesperson! The whole office went out to lunch to celebrate.

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Deleting Text

While typing a document, sometimes you will make a mistake. Unlike a typewriter, MS
Word can delete text on the screen and leave no trace—it is as if you never typed on the
page in the first place.

There are two different buttons on the keyboard that will allow you to erase text. They
are the
“Delete” key and the “Backspace” key (#s 1 and 2 on the keyboard map on page 7). The
“Backspace” key deletes words to the LEFT of the cursor, and the “Delete” key deletes
words to the RIGHT of the cursor.

This is my area | five sentence.

BACKSPACE ↔ DELETE

Let’s assume that the vertical line dissecting the word “creative” in the example above is
our cursor. Pressing the “Backspace” key will erase “a,” “e,” “r,” “c,” and so on, moving
LEFT. The “Delete” key will erase “t,” “i,” “v,” “e,” and so on, moving RIGHT.

To delete a whole chunk of text at once, left-click with your mouse and drag to highlight
a section of text. Then simply press “Backspace” or “Delete” and all of the highlighted
text will disappear!

PRACTICE
Delete the following sentence from the text you typed earlier: My boss says it’s because
I’m a SUPER salesperson!

Undoing and Redoing

The UNDO and REDO features of Microsoft Windows applications are great tools to rely
on (especially in MS WorD.. The program will keep a list of the last 25 commands that
you have performed, and it allows for taking "one step" backwards in order to erase
what you have just done.

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 PARTS OF THE MICROSOFT WORD SCREEN/INTERFACE

The TITLE BAR

This is a close-up view of the Title Bar, where file information is locateD. Notice the
three buttons on the right side, controlling program features.

The RIBBON BAR

The main toolbar, which contains various tabs like Home, Insert, Design, etC., each
providing different tools and options.

The QUICK ACCSESS TOOLBAR

A customizable toolbar for quick access to frequently used commands such as Save,

Undo, and Redo.

The DOCUMENT AREA

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The main workspace where you type and edit your document.

The STATUS BAR

The main workspace where you type and edit your document.

The NAVIGATION PANE

Allows you to navigate through your document’s structure, such as headings, pages, and
search results.

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The SCROLL BAR

Helps you navigate vertically and horizontally through your document.

MICROSOFT WORD TABS

Home Tab
This is your main tab for basic formatting and editing tasks.

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Features: Clipboard (Cut, Copy, Paste), Font (Bold, Italic, Underline), Paragraph
(Bullets, Numbering, Alignment), Styles, and Editing (Find, Replace).

Insert Tab
Use this tab to insert various elements into your document.
Features: Pages (Cover Page, Blank Page), Tables, Illustrations (Pictures, Shapes),
Links (Hyperlink, Bookmark), Header & Footer, Text (Text Box, WordArt), and Symbols.

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Design Tab

Allows you to design your document's appearance.

Features: Document Formatting (Themes, Colors, Fonts), Page Background
(Watermark, Page Color).

Layout Tab
Manage the layout of your document.

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Features: Page Setup (Margins, Orientation, Size), Paragraph (Indent, Spacing), and
Arrange (Position, Wrap Text, Align).

References Tab
Used for creating mail merge documents.
Features: Table of Contents, Footnotes, Citations & Bibliography, Captions, Index, and
Table of Authorities.

Mailings Tab
Used for creating mail merge documents.
Features: Create (Envelopes, Labels), Start Mail Merge, Write & Insert Fields, Preview
Results, and Finish.

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Review Tab
Useful for reviewing and proofreading your document.
Features: Proofing (Spelling & Grammar, Thesaurus), Comments, Tracking (Track
Changes), Changes (Accept, Reject), Compare, and Protect.

View Tab
Control how you view your document.
Features: Views (Read Mode, Print Layout), Show (Ruler, Gridlines), Zoom, Window
(New Window, Split), and Macros.

Each tab offers a wealth of tools to enhance your document creation process. Explore
and play around with them to become a Word wizard! If you need more in-depth info on
any of these, I'm here to help.

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 Commands in Microsoft Word
There are many shortcuts for common functions in Microsoft WorD. These shortcuts or
commands can come in handy when typing a report or term paper, or even a letter. It is a
good idea to try some of these functions before you actually begin a project. Once you
become familiar with the way they work, you may become hooked on shortcuts.

Executing Shortcuts

Before you can use shortcuts commands, it's important to understand a few
requirements. If the shortcut involves a section of text (words you have typeD., you will
need to highlight the text before typing the commanD. For instance, to bold a word or
words, you must highlight them first.

For other commands, you may only need to place the cursor at a specific place. For
instance, if you want to insert a footnote, place the cursor in the relevant position. The
commands below are sectioned into groups by alphabetical order to make it easier to
find the ones you neeD.

Bold Through Italics

Boldfacing a word or group of words is one of the handiest shortcut commands in

Microsoft WorD. Other commands, such as centering text, creating a hanging indent, or
even calling for help can be useful shortcuts to know. The latter command—calling for
help by pressing the F1 key—brings up a printed helpfile to the right of your document,
which even includes its own search function. (The last section of this article contains
instructions for the search commanD.)

Function Shortcut
Justify a paragraph CTRL + J
Left-align a paragraph CTRL + L
Mark a table of contents entry ALT + SHIFT + O
Mark an index entry ALT + SHIFT + X
Page Break CTRL + ENTER
Print CTRL + P
Remove a paragraph indent from the leftCTRL + SHIFT + M
Remove paragraph formatting CTRL + Q
Right-align a paragraph CTRL + R
Save CTRL + S
Search CTRL = F

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Select All CTRL + A
Shrink Font One Point CTRL + [
Single-space lines CTRL + 1
Subscripts Through Undo

If you're writing a science paper, you might need to place certain letters or numbers in
subscript, such as in H20, the chemical formula for water. The subscript shortcut makes it
easy to do this, but you can also create a superscript with a shortcut commanD. And, if
you make a mistake, correcting it is only a CTRL = Z away.

Function Shortcut
To type a Subscript CTRL + =
To type a Superscript CTRL + SHIFT + =
Thesaurus SHIFT + F7
Remove Hanging Indent CTRL + SHIFT + T
Remove Indent CTRL + SHIFT + M
Underline CTRL + U
Undo CTRL + Z

Application Procedures on how to Create Open and Save

Documents in MS Word

Creating, Opening, and Saving Documents

Every Word project you create—whether it’s a personal letter, a TV sitcom script, or a
thesis in microbiology—begins and ends the same way. You start by creating a
document, and you end by saving your work. Sounds simple, but to manage your Word
documents effectively, you need to know these basics and beyonD. This chapter shows
you all the different ways to create a new Word document—like starting from an existing
document or adding text to a predesigned template—and how to choose the best one for
your particular project.

You’ll also learn how to work faster and smarter by changing your view of your
document. If you want, you can use Word’s Outline view when you’re brainstorming, and
then switch to Print view when you’re ready for hard copy. This chapter gets you up and
running with these fundamental tools so you can focus on the important stuff—your
words.

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Tip

If you’ve used Word before, then you’re probably familiar with opening and saving
documents. Still, you may want to skim this chapter to catch up on the differences
between this version of Word and the ghosts of Word past. You’ll grasp some of the
big changes just by examining the figures. For more detail, check out the gray boxes
and the notes and tips—like this one!

Launching Word
The first time you launch Word after installation, the program asks you to confirm your
name and initials. This isn’t Microsoft’s nefarious plan to pin you down: Word uses this
information to identify documents that you create and modify. Word uses your initials to
mark your edits when you review and add comments to Word documents that other
people send to you (Section16.3). You have three primary ways to fire up Word, so use
whichever method you find quickest:

Start menu. The Start button in the lower-left corner of your screen gives you access to
all programs on your PC—Word includeD. To start Word, choose Start → All Programs
→ Microsoft Office → Microsoft Office WorD.

Quick Launch toolbar. The Quick Launch toolbar at the bottom of your screen (just
to the right of the Start menu) is a great place to start programs you use frequently.
Microsoft
modestly assumes that you’ll be using Word a lot, so it usually installs the Word icon in
the Quick Launch toolbar. To start using Word, just click the W icon, and voilá !

Tip

When you don’t see the Quick Launch toolbar, here’s how to display it: On the bar at
the bottom of your screen, right-click an empty spot. From the menu that pops up,
choose Toolbars → Quick Launch. When you’re done, icons for some of your
programs appear in the bottom bar. A single click fires up the program.

So, what happens once you’ve got Word’s motor running? If you’re a newcomer, you’re
probably just staring with curiosity. If you’re familiar with previous versions of Word,
though, you may be doing a double take (Figure 1-1). In Word 2007, Microsoft combined

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all the old menus and toolbars into a new feature called the ribbon. Click one of the tabs

Page | 84
above the ribbon, and you see the command buttons change below. The ribbon
commands are organized into groups, with the name of each group listed at the bottom.
(See Figure 1-1 for more detail on the ribbon.)

Creating a New Document

When you start Word without opening an existing document, the program gives you an
empty one to work in. If you’re eager to put words to page, then type away. Sooner or
later, though, you’ll want to start another new document. Word gives you three ways to

do so:

Figure 1-1. When you start Word 2007 for the first time, it may look a little top-heavy. The
ribbon takes up more real estate than the old menus and toolbars. This change may not
matter if you have a nice big monitor. But if you want to reclaim some of that space, you
can hide the ribbon by double-clicking the active taB. Later, when you need to see the
ribbon commands, just click a taB.

Creating a new blank document

When you’re preparing a simple document—like a two-page essay, a note for the
babysitter, or a press release—a plain, unadorned page is fine. Or, when you’re just

Page | 85
brainstorming and you’re not sure what you want the final document to look like, you
probably want to start with a blank slate or use one of Word’s templates (more on that in
a moment) to provide structure for your text.

Creating a document from an existing document.

For letters, resumes, and other documents that require more formatting, why reinvent the
wheel? You can save time by using an existing document as a starting point (Section
1.2.2). When you have a letter format that you like, you can use it over and over by
editing the contents.

Creating a document from a template (Section 1.2.3).

Use a template when you need a professional design for a complex document, like a
newsletter, a contract, or meeting minutes. Templates are a lot like forms—the margins,
formatting, and graphics are already in place. All you do is fill in your text.

Tip

Microsoft provides a mind-boggling number of templates with Word, but they’re not the
only source. You can find loads more on the Internet, as described in Section 5.2.1. Your
employer may even provide official templates for company documents.

To start your document in any of the above ways, click the Windows logo in the upper-
left corner of the screen. That’s Office 2007’s new Office button. Click it, and a drop-
down menu opens, revealing commands for creating, opening, and saving documents.
Next to these commands, you see a list of your Word documents. This list includes
documents that are open, as well as those that you’ve recently openeD.

The Office button is also where you go to print and email your documents (Figure 1-2).

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Figure 1-2. The phrase most frequently uttered by experienced Word fans the first time
they start Word 2007 is, “Okay, where’s my File menu?” Never fear, the equivalent of
the File menu is still there—it’s just camouflaged a bit. Clicking the Office button (the
one that looks like a Windows logo) reveals the commands you use to create, open, and
save Word documents.

Creating a New Blank Document

Say you want a new blank document, just like the one Word shows you when you start
the program. No problem—here are the steps:

Choose Office button → New. The New Document dialog box appears.

In the upper-left corner of the large “Create a new Word document” panel, click
“Blank document” (Figure 1-3).

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 The New Document box presents a seemingly endless number of options, but
don’t paniC. The “Blank document” option you want is on the left side of the first
line.

At the bottom of the New Document dialog box, click Create.

The dialog box disappears, and you’re gazing at the blank page of a new Word
document.

Better get to work.

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 ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is the primary function of a word processor?
A. Create presentations
B. Edit text documents
C. Design graphics
D. Send emails

2. What is the key advantage of using a word processor?

A. Creating animations
B. Correcting spelling and editing text easily
C. Running software updates
D. Accessing the internet

3. Where do you locate MS Word if its icon is not on the desktop?

A. Recycle Bin
B. Start Menu → Programs → Microsoft Word
C. Control Panel → System Settings
D. My Computer → Documents

4. What is the default name of a new document in MS Word?

A. Untitled Document
B. New Document
C. Document 1
D. Blank Page

5. What is the Title Bar used for?

A. Changing font size
B. Accessing the Menu Bar
C. Displaying file information and program name
D. Navigating through headings

6. What feature replaces the traditional menu in newer versions of MS Word?

A. Quick Access Toolbar
B. Ribbon Menu System
C. File Explorer
D. Context Menu

7. Where is the Microsoft Office Button located?

A. Bottom-right corner of the window
B. Top-right corner of the window
C. Top-left corner of the Word window
D. Center of the Ribbon

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8. What is NOT a function accessible from the Microsoft Office Button?
A. Creating a new document B. Opening existing files
C. Formatting text alignment D. Printing documents

9. What does the Home Tab Toolbar primarily control?

A. Inserting images B. Formatting text properties
C. Navigating between pages D. Viewing comments

10. Which of the following is NOT part of the Home Tab Toolbar?
A. Font Style B. Font Size
C. Text Alignment D. Page Break

11. What does the ruler in MS Word display?

A. Document file size
B. Dimensions and margins of the page
C. Number of words in the document
D. Time spent editing

12. What is the default page size in MS Word?

A. 5 x 7 inches B. 8 x 10 inches
C. 8.5 x 11 inches D. 10 x 12 inches

13. What tool provides "shortcuts" to commands also found in the Menu Bar?
A. Navigation Pane B. Toolbars
C. Ruler D. Quick Access Toolbar

14. What information does the blinking cursor provide?

A. Current position for typing commands
B. Number of pages in the document
C. Suggested text corrections
D. Page formatting details

15. How can you customize the dimensions of a document in MS Word?

A. Use the Ruler tool
B. Use the Home Tab Toolbar
C. Access the Microsoft Office Button
D. Open the Navigation Panel

16. What key deletes text to the left of the cursor?

A. Enter B. Spacebar
C. Backspace D. Delete

17. What key deletes text to the right of the cursor?

A. Enter B. Delete
C. Shift D. Backspace
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18. To indent or jump forward 10 spaces, which key is used?
A. Enter B. Tab
C. Caps Lock D. Control

19. What happens when you press the Caps Lock key?
A. Turns all letters into lowercase
B. Allows typing without using the Shift key for uppercase letters
C. Erases the last command
D. Locks the document from editing

20. What does the Title Bar display?

A. The document's status B. File information and program name
C. Formatting tools D. Page numbers

21. How can you access tools like "Save," "Undo," and "Redo" quickly?
A. Title Bar B. Quick Access Toolbar
C. Navigation Panel D. Ribbon Bar

22. Which tab allows you to add images, tables, or headers to your document?
A. Home Tab B. Insert Tab
C. Layout Tab D. Review Tab

23. Where would you go to adjust margins and page orientation?

A. Layout Tab B. View Tab
C. Home Tab D. Design Tab

24. What shortcut saves a document?

A. CTRL + P B. CTRL + S
C. CTRL + A D. CTRL + Z

25. Which key combination centers text?

A. CTRL + C B. CTRL + E
C. CTRL + J D. CTRL + L

26. What does CTRL + Z do?

A. Redo the last action B. Undo the last action
C. Save the document D. Open a new document

27. To start a new paragraph in MS Word, which key should you press?
A. Tab B. Enter
C. Shift D. Spacebar

28. How do you delete multiple words at once?

A. Use the Delete key repeatedly
B. Highlight the text and press Backspace
C. Use the Spacebar and Backspace together
D. Place the cursor at the beginning and press Tab

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29. What feature lets you go back to the last 25 commands in MS Word?
A. Title Bar B. Undo
c. Navigation Panel d. Clipboard

30. What shortcut key combination removes paragraph formatting?

A. CTRL + P B. CTRL + Q
C. CTRL + M D. CTRL + R

31. In which part of the Word screen can you find the page count and
word count?
A. Ribbon Bar B. Quick Access Toolbar
C. Status Bar D. Navigation Panel

32. To insert a page break, what shortcut should you use?

A. CTRL + P B. CTRL + N
C. CTRL + ENTER D. ALT + ENTER

33. What function is found under the Review Tab?

a. Insert pictures
b. Adjust margins
c. Spell Check
d. Change page orientation

34. Which key combination creates a subscript?

a. CTRL + SHIFT + =
b. CTRL + =
c. ALT + SHIFT + S
d. CTRL + SHIFT + T

35. What is the first step to create a new blank document?

a. Press CTRL + O
b. Click Office button → New
c. Open the Navigation Pane
d. Use the Insert Tab

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LESSON 5 MICROSOFT EXCEL

OBJECTIVES:
• Identify the key parts of the Excel interface: Recognize and understand the
purpose of elements such as the Quick Access Toolbar, Ribbon, Formula
Bar, Spreadsheet Grid, and Status Bar.
• Navigate and interact with Excel's interface: Demonstrate the ability to
move between worksheets, use navigation buttons, and access different
ribbons and menus to perform tasks.
• Understand and apply formula syntax: Recognize the structure of
formulas, including the use of the equal sign, operands, and operators,
and calculate values based on operator precedence.
• Analyze the impact of operator precedence in Excel formulas: Explain how
Excel calculates formulas based on operator precedence and how to use
parentheses to change the order of operations.
• Identify and format different data types in Excel: Recognize the various
data types in Excel (e.g., number, text, date, time) and apply the
appropriate formatting options to cells.
• Identify common Excel error messages
• Apply logical functions in Excel: Demonstrate the ability to use logical
functions such as IF(), AND(), OR(), and NOT() to evaluate conditions and
return specific results based on logical tests.
• Understand the Importance of Formatting in Excel
• Identify how to apply basic formatting tools such as bold, italics, font color,
and borders to improve the readability and organization of a worksheet,
including the use of keyboard shortcuts.
• Apply Advanced Cell Alignment Techniques: Illustrate how to use features
like Wrap Text, Merge & Center, and custom cell alignment to manage
multi- line text and title positioning within Excel.
• Identify and Use Formulas in Excel: Create and apply formulas in Excel,
including basic arithmetic operations and using built-in functions like SUM,
to automate calculations and manage data efficiently.
• Navigate and Modify Worksheets: Demonstrate the ability to rename,
move, insert, and delete worksheets within an Excel workbook, including
precautions to take when deleting sheets and how to use the "Undo"
function appropriately.

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GETTING STARTED
Now a days, any job requires basic Excel skills. These basic Excel skills are –
familiarity with Excel ribbons & UI, ability to enter and format data, calculate totals &
summaries thru formulas, highlight data that meets certain conditions, creating simple
reports & charts, understanding the importance of keyboard shortcuts & productivity
tricks. Based on my experience of training more than 5,000 students in various online &
physical training programs, the following 6 areas form the core of basic Excel skills.

Excel is a massive application with 1000s of features and 100s of ribbon (menu)
commands. It is very easy to get lost once you open Excel. So one of the basic survival
skills is to understand how to navigate Excel and access the features you are looking for.
When you open Excel, this is how it looks.

There are 5 important areas in the screen:

1. Quick Access Toolbar: This is a place where all the important tools can be placed.
When you start Excel for the very first time, it has only 3 icons (Save, Undo, Redo).
But you can add any feature of Excel to to Quick Access Toolbar so that you can
easily access it from anywhere (hence the name).

2. Ribbon: Ribbon is like an expanded menu. It depicts all the features of Excel in easy-
to-understand form. Since Excel has 1000s of features, they are grouped into several
ribbons. The most important ribbons are – Home, Insert, Formulas, Page Layout & Data.

3. Formula Bar: This is where any calculations or formulas you write will appear. You
will understand the relevance of it once you start building formulas.
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4. Spreadsheet Grid: This is where all your numbers, data, charts & drawings will go.
Each Excel file can contain several sheets. But the spreadsheet grid shows few rows &
columns of active spreadsheet. To see more rows or columns you can use the scroll
bars to the left or at bottom. If you want to access other sheets, just click on the sheet
name (or use the shortcut CTRL+ Page Up or CTRL+ Page Down).

5. Status bar: This tells us what is going on with Excel at any time. You can tell if Excel
is busy calculating a formula, creating a pivot report or recording a macro by just
looking at the status bar. The status bar also shows quick summaries of selected cells
(count, sum, average, minimum or maximum values). You can change this by right
clicking on it and choosing which summaries to show.

PARTS OF EXCEL SCREEN E.G. GROUPS AND TABS

ADDITIONAL BUTTONS AND COMMANDS ETC

IDENTIFYING BASIC PARTS OF THE EXCEL WINDOW

Introduction

Microsoft Excel XP is a spreadsheet application in the Microsoft Office suite. A

spreadsheet is an accounting program for the computer. Spreadsheets are primarily
used to work with numbers and text. Spreadsheets can help organize information, such
as alphabetizing a list of names or ordering records and calculate and analyze
information using mathematical formulas.

The Excel Window

Many items you see on the Excel XP screen are standard in most other
Microsoft software programs like Word, PowerPoint, and previous versions of Excel,
while some

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elements are specific to Excel XP.

Workbook
Also called a spreadsheet, the workbook is a unique file created by Excel XP.

Title Bar

The title bar displays both the name of the application and the name of the spreadsheet.

Menu Bar

The menu bar displays all the menus available for use in Excel XP. The contents of any
menu can be displayed by left-clicking the menu name.

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Tool Bar

Some commands in the menus have pictures or icons associated with them. These
pictures may also appear as shortcuts in the toolbar.

Column Headings

Each Excel spreadsheet contains 256 columns. Each column is named by a letter or
combination of letters.
Row Headings

Each spreadsheet contains 65,536 rows. Each row is named by a number.

Name Box

This shows the address of the current selection or active cell.

Formula Bar

The formula bar displays information entered—or being entered as you type—in the
current or active cell. The contents of a cell can also be edited in the formula bar.

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Cell

A cell is an intersection of a column and row. Each cell has a unique cell address.
In the picture above, the cell address of the selected cell is B3. The heavy border around
the selected cell is called the cell pointer.

Navigation buttons and sheet tabs

Navigation buttons allow you to move to another worksheet in an Excel workbook. They
are used to display the first, previous, next, and last worksheets in the workbook.

Sheet tabs separate a workbook into specific worksheets. A workbook defaults to three
worksheets. A workbook must contain at least one worksheet.

Workbooks and worksheets

A workbook automatically shows in the workspace when you open Microsoft Excel XP.
Each workbook contains three worksheets. A worksheet is a grid of cells consisting of
65,536 rows by 256 columns. Spreadsheet information—text, numbers, or mathematical
formulas—is entered into different cells.

Column headings are referenced by alphabetic characters in the gray boxes that run
across the Excel screen, beginning with column A and ending with column IV.

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Rows are referenced by numbers that appear on the left and then run down the Excel
screen. The first row is named row 1, while the last row is named 65536.

Important terms
• A workbook is made up of three worksheets.
• The worksheets are labeled Sheet1, Sheet2, and Sheet3.
• Each Excel worksheet is made up of columns and rows.
• In order to access a worksheet, click the tab that says Sheet#.

The cell
An Excel worksheet is made up of columns and rows. Where these columns and rows
intersect, they form little boxes called cells. The active cell—or the cell that can be acted
upon—reveals a dark border. All other cells reveal a light gray border. Each cell has a
name. Its name is comprised of two parts: the column letter and the row number.

In the following picture, the cell C3—formed by the intersection of column C and row 3—
contains the dark
border. It is the active
cell.

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Important terms
• Each cell has a unique cell address composed of a cell's column
and row.
• The active cell is the cell that receives the data or command you
give it.

• A darkened border, called the cell pointer, identifies it.

Moving around the worksheet

You can move around the spreadsheet in several ways.

To move the cell pointer:

• To activate any cell, point to a cell with the mouse and click.
• To move the pointer one cell to the left, right, up, or down, use
the keyboard arrow keys.

To scroll through the worksheet:

The vertical scroll bar located along the right edge of the screen is used to move up or
down the spreadsheet. The horizontal scroll bar located at the bottom of the screen is
used to move left or right across the spreadsheet.

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100
The Page Up and Page Down keys on the keyboard are used to move the cursor up or
down one screen at a time. Other keys that move the active cell are Home, which moves
to the first column on the current row, and Ctrl+ Home, which moves the cursor to the
top-left corner of the spreadsheet, or cell A1.

To move between worksheets:

As mentioned, each workbook defaults to three worksheets. These worksheets are
represented by tabs—named Sheet1, Sheet2 and Sheet3—that appear at the bottom of
the Excel window.

To move from one worksheet to another:

• Click the sheet tab—Sheet1, Sheet2 or Sheet 3—you want to
display.

FORMULA AND ORDER OF PRIORITY IN EXCEL

COMPUTATION
The order in which Excel performs operations in formulas
In some cases, the order in which a calculation is performed can affect the return value
of the formula, so it's important to understand how the order is determined and how you
can change the order to obtain the results you want.

Calculation order

Formulas calculate values in a specific order. A formula in Excel always begins with an
equal sign (=). Excel interprets the characters that follow the equal sign as a formulA.
Following the equal sign are the elements to be calculated (the operands), such as
constants or cell references. These are separated by calculation operators. Excel
calculates the formula from left to right, according to a specific order for each operator in
the formulA.

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101
 Operator precedence in Excel formulas

If you combine several operators in a single formula, Excel performs the operations in
the order shown in the following table. If a formula contains operators with the same
precedence—for example, if a formula contains both a multiplication and division
operator—Excel evaluates the operators from left to right.

Operator Description
: (colon) Reference operators

(single space)

, (commA.
– Negation (as in –1)
% Percent
^ Exponentiation
* and / Multiplication and division
+ and – Addition and subtraction
& Connects two strings of text (concatenation)
= Comparison
<>
<=
>=
<>

Using parentheses in Excel formulas

To change the order of evaluation, enclose in parentheses the part of the formula to be
calculated first. For example, the following formula produces 11 because Excel performs
multiplication before addition. The formula multiplies 2 by 3 and then adds 5 to the result.

=5+2*3

In contrast, if you use parentheses to change the syntax, Excel adds 5 and 2 together
and then multiplies the result by 3 to produce 21.

=(5+2)*3

In the following example, the parentheses that enclose the first part of the formula force
Excel to calculate B4+25 first and then divide the result by the sum of the values in cells
D5, E5, and F5.

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=(B4+25)/SUM(D5:F5)

DATA TYPES
Data types in Excel and Their Uses
Learn to identify and format all types of data in Excel, then explore valuable tips on converting

between data types to make your spreadsheet more functional.

If you work with data, it’s important to understand the different data types in Excel. This
will help you input data correctly and perform the appropriate operations. In this article,
we will explore data types such as Number, Text, Dates, and more—explaining how you
can identify them and convert them to support your spreadsheet's functionality.

Whether your work involves figures or operations, these data types will help you format
your spreadsheet correctly and increase the efficiency of your data operations.

How to Identify Data Types in Excel?

To determine the data type in Excel, right-click on any cell or a range of cells and
choose Format Cells. The Number tab here will display the available data types, such
as Number, Date, or Text.

Selecting the Format Cell option.

Source: Image by author

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103
 List of data types in Excel. Source: Image by author

Alternatively, you can go to the Number group from the Home tab and see the data

types.

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 Different data types as displayed in the Home TaB. Source: Image by
author

Different Data Types in Excel

Data types help you insert data into the document correctly. If there are incorrect data
types within the dataset, the data can be misrepresented and cause calculation errors.
So, knowing what data types are suitable for datasets is important.

Let’s take a look at some common data types in Excel:

Number data
Number data can be any value, including large numbers, small fractions, or qualitative
datA. In this section, we will take a look at examples including currency amounts, whole
numbers, percentages, decimals, dates, times, and telephone numbers. As we will see,
in order to ensure that Excel interprets your numeric data accurately, we have to define
them using proper symbols and formats.
Keep in mind, there are subtle differences. For example, in a case where one cell has
financial data and another has a date, Excel registers them both as Numeric, yet they
are not identical.

Currency

You will be familiar with the Currency data type if you work with financial datA. It formats
monetary values and ensures that financial data is accurately represented by appropriate
currency symbols and decimal places. Here’s how you can apply the currency data type.
Here we will convert numbers into currency.

• Select the range of cells you want to change.

• Right-click.
• Select the Format cell option, and a dialog box will appear.
• Go to the Number taB.
• Select the Currency data type and format your values.

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10101
 Converting numbers into Currency Format. Source: Image by
author

Numbers converted to Currency values. Source: Image by

author

All the selected columns have been converted to the currency data type. You can modify
the currency symbol and decimal placement according to your preferences.

Date and Time

Date and Time data types store dates and times in different formats. These formats help
with chronological data analysis, scheduling, and time-sensitive calculations. Let's take a
look at the example of how to convert a Text into a Date. For time formatting, follow
these steps and select the Time data type insteaD.

• First, select the cell you want to change.

• Right-click on the cell.
• Select the Format cells option.
• Go to the Number taB.

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 • Select the Date data type and format your values.

Changing the text to the Date and Time data types. Source: Image by
author

Values converted to Date and Time format. Source: Image by author

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 Changing Date format to Text data type. Source: Image by author

Percentage

The Percentage data type converts numbers into percentages, making it easier to read
and interpret ratio data and proportional values.

Here’s how you can convert numbers to percentages:

• Select the range of cells you want to change.

• Right-click on it.

• Select the Format cell option, and a dialog box will appear.

• Go to the Number taB.

• Select the Percentage data type and format your values.

• Adjust the decimal places.

Converting
numbers into
percentages.
Source: Image
by author

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 Numbers converted into percentages. Source: Image by author

Fractions

You can use the Fraction data type to display your value in fractions instead of decimals.

Let's see how you can convert decimal numbers to fractions.

• Select the range of cells you want to change.

• Right-click on it.
• Select the Format cell option, and a dialog box will appear.
• Go to the Number taB.
• Select the Fraction data type and format your values.
• Adjust your fractional type.

Converting decimal values to Fractions. Source: Image by author

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 Decimal values converted to Fractions. Source: Image by author

Scientific

The Scientific data type displays a number in exponential notation, using E + n to

represent that the number preceding E is multiplied by 10 to the nth power. Let's take a
look at how to convert the number data type to the scientific data type:

• Select the range of cells you want to change.

• Right-click on it.

• Select the Format cell option, and a dialog box will appear.

• Go to the Number taB.

• Select the Scientific data type and format your values

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 Changing to scientific data type. Source: Image by author

Numbers converted to scientific Numbers. Source: Image by author

Special

Excel's Special data type includes formatting for zip codes, phone numbers, and Social
Security numbers (SSNs). These formats keep the leading zeros in the case of zip codes
and correctly format phone numbers and SSNs using the appropriate separators.

Let's take a look at how to convert Values to Special data types:

• Select the cell you want to change.

• Right-click on it.

• Select the Format cell option, and a dialog box will appear.

• Go to the Number taB.

• Select the Special data type and format your values

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 The dialog box of Special cells. Source: Image by author

Values converted to a special data type. Source: Image by author

Custom

As the name suggests, Custom data type allows you to customize the formatting
according to your needs. It provides various formatting suggestions that can help you
customize your values.

Let's look at an example of how you can customize a date.

• Select the cell you want to change.

• Right-click on it.
• Select the Format cell option, and a dialog box will appear.
• Go to the Number taB.

• Select the Custom data type and format your values.

• For this example, we choose d-mmm-yy as our date format.

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 Selecting the Custom data type. Source: Image by author

Text data

Text data is the basic type that allows you to input characters, including alphabetical,
numerical, and special symbols.

Unlike number data, symbols inputted as Text do not support calculations. That’s why
you can manually manage Text and Number data according to your needs.

However, by default, Excel interprets figures it does not understand as text datA.

To convert Numbers to Text, here’s what you have to do:

• Highlight the cells or columns with text data you wish to change.

• Right-click on the selected cells.

• Click Format cells.

• Go to the Number taB.

• Select the Text data type.

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 Converting numbers into Text Format. Source: Image by author

Numbers converted to Text. Source: Image by author

Verifying whether the data has been changed or not. Source: Image by author

Boolean data

Excel's Boolean data type represents logical values that perform logical operations. It
only has two possible values: TRUE and FALSE. These values are used in functions and
formulas to test conditions and return logical results.

Take a look at how we test whether the two given values are equal or not using
the Boolean data type: =value1=value2.

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110
 Applying a boolean operator on unequal values. Source: Image by author

Applying a boolean operator on equal values. Source: Image by author

In the rest of this section, we will take a closer look at how Boolen data types are used in
logical function. You can also find some logical functions by heading over
to Formulas > Logical.

Lists of all the logical operators in Excel. Source: Image by author

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1111
Logical functions help users perform complex decision-making processes within their
spreadsheets. Logical functions such as IF(), AND(), OR(), and NOT() allow users to test
conditions and return specific values based on whether the conditions are met.

IF() function

IF() determines if the value in one cell is greater than the other. If the condition is true, it
returns TRUE. Otherwise, it returns FALSE.

Using the IF operator. Source: Image by author

AND() function

AND() tests conditions to see if all the conditions are true.

Using AND operator. Source: Image by author

OR() function

OR() tests values or logical statements—checks if any values meet the arguments.

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 Using OR operator. Source:
Image by author

XOR() function

XOR() tests if exactly one argument is true or false.

Using XOR
operator. Source:
Image by author

NOT() function

NOT() reverses the argument's value. If the argument is valid, then the NOT() function
will return FALSE. Conversely, if the argument is false, then the NOT() function will
return TRUE. This function can also be used to find duplicates in Excel.

Using the NOT operator. Source: Image by author

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Error data

Excel can generate error values whenever it recognizes an error or if data is missing as
the entry is being processeD. This indicates where things go wrong so you can correct
the problem and get the result you are looking for.

All error values begin with a #. Here are the common error values that you must look out
for:

1. #NAME?: This error occurs when any value is not written within quotes in a
formula or when a quote is missing.
2. #DIV/0!: This indicates you have divided the number by zero, but the divisor
is not equal to zero.
3. #REF!: This occurs when you have an invalid cell reference or when you
delete or paste stuff in place of a formula reference.
4. #NUM!: This occurs when you input an invalid formula or function or when the
calculation outcome is too large for Excel to display.
5. #N/A: Excel displays this error for empty or unreadable cells.
6. #VALUE!: This occurs when there is no valid argument or operator in
the function.
7. #NULL!: This error condition is raised if you reference the intersection of a range
of cells that don't intersect or if a range of cells in a function doesn't have
separating commas.

Verifying Data Types in Excel

In this section, we will review two examples of how to verify data types in Excel. In the
first example, we can check if a cell is empty by applying the ISBLANK() function.

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 Checking if the cell is empty. Source: Image by author

Next, we check if a cell contains data using the ISNUMBER() function.

Checking if a cell contains a number. Source: Image by author

What Are Linked Data Types in Excel?

Linked data types in Excel connect your worksheet to rich data from the
web, which means you can bring in data related to companies, currencies,
cities, foods, stocks, and more.

This way, you can manage your currency conversion, stock market analysis,
recipe nutritional summaries, and fitness tracking tasks with much less time.

Here are some key features:

1. Rich Data Integration: Linked data types bring live connected data directly into
your spreadsheet.
2. Automatic Data Updates: Data linked from the web is updated automatically.
3. Data Cards: When you click on a cell containing a Linked data type, a data card
showing detailed information about that data pops up.
4. Easy Data Extraction: You can extract specific fields from the Linked data type
into your worksheet.

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Summary table

Let's take everything we know now about data types into a table for easy comparison
and reference.

Data Type Description Example How to Verify

Values
including
large
100, 0.25,
Number numbers, ISNUMBER()
1000.50
small
fractions,
and more.

Monetary
values with
currency $100.00, Verify by checking currency symbols and decimal
Currency
symbols and €200.00 placement.
decimal
places.

Stores dates
and times for
Date and 01/01/2024,
chronological ISDATE() (custom function), check date/time format.
Time 12:00 PM
analysis and
calculations.

Converts
numbers into
percentages Verify by checking for percentage symbol and correct
Percentage 50%, 75%
for ratio and decimal placement.
proportional
values.

Displays Verify by checking if numbers are displayed as

Fraction 1/2, 3/4
values as fractions.
fractions

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 Data Type Description Example How to Verify

instead of
decimals.

Displays
numbers in
exponential
Scientific 1.23E+04 Verify by checking for exponential notation (E+n).
notation
using E+n
format.

Formats
values for zip
codes, 12345,
phone (123) 456- Verify by checking the special format (e.g., zip code,
Special
numbers, 7890, 123- phone number, SSN).
and Social 45-6789
Security
numbers.

Allows
customized
d-mmm-yy,
Custom formatting Verify by checking the custom format applieD.
0.00 "units"
according to
user needs.

Basic type
for
characters
including "Hello",
Text ISTEXT()
alphabetical, "123abc"
numerical,
and special
symbols.

Data Type Description Example How to Verify

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 Represents
logical
values
(TRUE or TRUE,
Boolean Verify by using logical tests (e.g., =A1=B1).
FALSE) used FALSE
in functions
and
formulas.

Indicates
#NAME?,
errors or
#DIV/0!,
missing data
#REF!,
Error with specific Verify by identifying error messages starting with #.
#NUM!,
error values
#N/A,
starting with
#VALUE!
#.

Connects
worksheet to
live data
Linked data
from the web
Linked fields with Verify by checking data cards and updates from the
for
Data real-time weB.
companies,
updates
currencies,
cities, foods,
stocks, etC.

Final Thoughts

Excel data types help users identify, manage, and convert data types as needed to
prevent errors. With its robust features, Excel can handle a wide range of data types,
including Number, Text, Dates, Boolean, and more. The differences between these types
are more subtle than they seem, and in order to make the most of Excel, it's a good idea
to take our Data Analysis in Excel course. Also, check out our Data Preparation in
Excel and Data Visualization in Excel courses to really accelerate your journey

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 CREATING AND FORMATTING EXCEL WORKSHEET

FORMATTING AND CELLS

Enhancing the visual appearance of a worksheet is a critical step in creating a valuable

tool for you or your coworkers when making key decisions. There are accepted
professional formatting standards when spreadsheets contain only currency datA. For
this course, we will use the following Excel Guidelines for Formatting. The first figure
displays how to use accounting number format when ALL figures are currency. Only the
first row of data and the totals should be formatted with the accounting format. The other
data should be formatted with Comma style. There also needs to be a Top Border
above the numbers in the total row. If any of the numbers have cents, you need to

format all of the data with two decimal places.

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Often, your Excel spreadsheet will contain values that are both currency
and non-currency in nature. When that is the case, you’ll want to use the
guidelines in the following figure:

The following steps demonstrate several fundamental formatting skills that will be
applied to the workbook that we are developing for this chapter. Several of these
formatting skills are identical to ones that you may have already used in other Microsoft
applications such as Microsoft® Word® or Microsoft® PowerPoint®.

Highlight the range A2:D2 in the Sheet1 worksheet by placing the mouse pointer over
cell A2 and left clicking and dragging to cell D2. Click the Bold button in the Font group
of commands in the Home tab of the ribbon.

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120
 Click the Border button in the Font group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon
(see Figure 1.32). Select the Bottom Border option from the list to achieve the goal of a
border on the bottom of row 2 below the column headings.

Keyboard Shortcuts
Bold Format

• Hold the CTRL key while pressing the letter B on your keyboarD.

Italics Format

• Hold the CTRL key while pressing the letter I on your keyboarD.

Underline Format

• Hold the CTRL key while pressing the letter U on your keyboarD.

Format Column Headings and Totals

Applying formatting enhancements to the column headings and column totals in a

worksheet is a very important technique, especially if you are sharing a workbook with
other people. These formatting techniques allow users of the worksheet to clearly see
the column headings that define the datA. In addition, the column totals usually contain

Page |
1211
the most important data on a worksheet with respect to making decisions, and formatting
techniques allow users to quickly see this information.

1. Highlight the range B3:B14 by placing the mouse pointer over cell B3 and
left clicking and dragging down to cell B14.
2. Click the Comma Style button in the Number group of commands in the Home
tab of the Ribbon. This feature adds a comma as well as two decimal places.
(see Figure 1.33).

Since the figures in this range do not include cents, click the Decrease Decimal
button in
3. The numbers will also be reduced to zero decimal places.
4. Highlight the range C3:C14 by placing the mouse pointer over cell C3 and left
clicking and dragging down to cell C14.
5. Click the Accounting Number Format button in the Number group of
commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon (see Figure 1.33). This will add the
US currency symbol and two decimal places to the values. This format is
common when working with pricing datA. As discussed above in the
Formatting Data and Cells section, you will want to use Accounting format on
all values in this range since the worksheet contains non-currency as well as
currency datA.
6. Highlight the range D3:D14 by placing the mouse pointer over cell D3 and left
clicking and dragging down to cell D14.
7. Again, select the Accounting Number Format; this will add the US
currency symbol to the values as well as two decimal places.

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8. Click the Decrease Decimal button in the Number group of commands in the
Home tab of the Ribbon.
9. This will add the US currency symbol to the values and reduce the
decimal places to zero since there are no cents in these figures.
10. Highlight the range A1:D1 by placing the mouse pointer over cell A1 and
left clicking and dragging over to cell D1.
11. Click the down arrow next to the Fill Color button in the Font group of
commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon (see Figure 1.34). This will
prepare the range for a worksheet title.

1. Click the Blue, Accent 1, Darker 25% color from the palette (see Figure
1.34). Notice that as you move the mouse pointer over the color palette, you
will see a preview of how the color will appear in the highlighted cells.
Experiment with this feature.
2. Click on A1 and enter the worksheet title: General Merchandise World and
click on the check mark in the formula bar to enter this information.
3. Since the black font is difficult to read on the blue background, you’ll
change the font color to be more visible. Click the down arrow next to the
Font Color button in the Font group of commands in the Home tab of the
Ribbon; select White as the font color for this range (see Figure 1.32).

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 4. Highlight the range A1:D1 by placing the mouse pointer over cell A1 and
and dragging across to cell D1.
5. Click the drop-down arrow on the right side of the Font button in the Home tab
of the Ribbon; select Arial as the font for this range. (see Figure 1.32).
6. Notice that as you move the mouse pointer over the font style options, you can
see the font change in the highlighted cells.
7. Expand the column width of Column D to 14 characters.

Pound Signs (####) Appear in Columns

When a column is too narrow for a long number, Excel will automatically convert the
number to a series of pound signs (####). In the case of words or text data, Excel
will only show the characters that fit in the column. However, this is not the case with
numeric data because it can give the appearance of a number that is much smaller
than what is actually in the cell. To remove the pound signs, increase the width of the
column.

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DATA ALIGNMENT (WRAP TEXT, MERGE CELLS, AND CENTER)

The skills presented in this segment show how data are aligned within cell locations. For
example, text and numbers can be centered in a cell location, left justified, right justified,
and so on. In some cases you may want to stack multiword text entries vertically in a cell
instead of expanding the width of a column. This is referred to as wrapping text. These
skills are demonstrated in the following steps:

1. Highlight the range B2:D2 by placing the mouse pointer over cell B2 and left
clicking and dragging over to cell D2.

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 2. Click the Center button in the Alignment group of commands in the Home tab
of the Ribbon (see Figure 1.36). This will center the column headings in
each cell location.

Keyboard Shortcuts
Wrap Text

• Press the ALT key and then the letters H and W one at a time.

Wrap Text
The benefit of using the Wrap Text command is that it significantly reduces the need to
expand the column width to accommodate multiword column headings. The problem with
increasing the column width is that you may reduce the amount of data that can fit on a
piece of paper or one screen. This makes it cumbersome to analyze the data in the
worksheet and could increase the time it takes to make a decision.

1. Highlight the range A1:D1 by placing the mouse pointer over cell A1 and
left clicking and dragging over to cell D1.
2. Click the down arrow on the right side of the Merge & Center button in the
Alignment group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon.

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 3. Left click the Merge & Center option (see Figure 1.37). This will create one
large cell location running across the top of the data set.

Keyboard Shortcuts
Merge Commands

• Merge & Center: Press the ALT key and then the letters H, M, and C one at
a time.
• Merge Cells: Press the ALT key and then the letters H, M, and M one at a time.
• Unmerge Cells: Press the ALT key and then the letters H, M, and U one at a time.

Merge & Center

One of the most common reasons the Merge & Center command is used is to center the
title of a worksheet directly above the columns of datA. Once the cells above the column
headings are merged, a title can be centered above the columns of datA. It is very
difficult to center the title over the columns of data if the cells are not mergeD.

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Skill Refresher
Wrap Text

1. Activate the cell or range of cells that contain text datA.

2. Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.

3. Click the Wrap Text button.

Merge Cells

1. Highlight a range of cells that will be mergeD.

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 2. Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.

3. Click the down arrow next to the Merge & Center button.

4. Select an option from the Merge & Center list.

ENTERING MULTIPLE LINES OF TEXT

In the Sheet1 worksheet, the cells in the range A1:D1 were merged for the purposes of
adding a title to the worksheet. This worksheet will contain both a title and a subtitle. The
following steps explain how you can enter text into a cell and determine where you want
the second line of text to begin:

1. Activate cell A1 in the Sheet1 worksheet by placing the mouse pointer over
cell A1 and clicking the left mouse button. Since the cells were merged,
clicking cell A1 will automatically activate the range A1:D1. Position your
mouse to the end of the title, directly after the “d” in the word “World” and
double-click to get a cursor (flashing I-beam).
2. Hold down the ALT key and press the ENTER key. This will start a new line
of text in this cell location.
3. Type the text Retail Sales (in millions) and press the ENTER key.
4. Select cell A1. Then click the Italics and Bold buttons in the Font group
of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon.
5. Increase the height of Row 1 to 30 points. Once the row height is increased,
all the text typed into the cell will be visible (see Figure 1.39).

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Skill Refresher
Entering Multiple Lines of Text

1. Activate a cell location.

2. Type the first line of text.

3. Hold down the ALT key and press the ENTER key.

4. Type the second line of text and press the ENTER key.

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BORDERS (ADDING LINES TO A WORKSHEET)

In Excel, adding custom lines to a worksheet is known as adding borders. Borders are
different from the grid lines that appear on a worksheet and that define the perimeter of
the cell locations. The Borders command lets you add a variety of line styles to a
worksheet that can make reading the worksheet much easier. The following steps
illustrate methods for adding preset borders and custom borders to a worksheet:

1. Click the down arrow to the right of the Borders button in the Font group of
commands in the Home page of the Ribbon to view border options.
(see Figure 1.40).Figure 1.40 Borders Drop-Down Menu

2. Highlight the range A1:D15. Left click the All Borders option from the Borders drop-
down menu (see Figure 1.40). This will add vertical and horizontal lines to the range
A1:D15.

3. Highlight the range A2:D2 by placing the mouse pointer over cell A2 and left clicking
and dragging over to cell D2.

4. Click the down arrow to the right of the Borders button.

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5. Left click the Thick Bottom Border option from the Borders drop-down menu.
6. Highlight the range A14:D14 and apply a Thick Bottom Border from the
drop- down menu. The thick border will help maintain the Excel Formatting
Guidelines.
7. Highlight the range A1:D15.
8. Click the down arrow to the right of the Borders button.
9. Click More Borders… at the bottom of the List.
10. This will open the Format Cells dialog box (see Figure 1.41). You can
access all formatting commands in Excel through this dialog box.
11. In the Style section of the Borders tab, left click the thickest line style
(see Figure 1.41).
12. Left click the Outline button in the Presets section (see Figure 1.41).
13. Click the OK button at the bottom of the dialog box (see Figure 1.41).

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Skill Refresher
Preset Borders

1. Highlight a range of cells that require borders.

2. Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.

3. Click the down arrow next to the Borders button.

4. Select an option from the preset borders list.

Custom Borders

1. Highlight a range of cells that require borders.

2. Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.

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 3. Click the down arrow next to the Borders button.

4. Select the More Borders option at the bottom of the options list.

5. Select a line style and line color.

6. Select a placement option.

7. Click the OK button on the dialog box.

AUTOSUM

You will see at the bottom of Figure 1.42 that Row 15 is intended to show the totals for
the data in this worksheet. Applying mathematical computations to a range of cells is
accomplished through functions in Excel. Chapter 2 “Mathematical Computations” will
review mathematical formulas and functions in detail. However, the following steps will
demonstrate how you can quickly sum the values in a column of data using the AutoSum
command:

1. Activate cell B15 in the Sheet1 worksheet.

2. Click the Formulas tab of the Ribbon.
3. Click the down arrow below the AutoSum button in the Function Library
group of commands (see Figure 1.43). Note that the AutoSum button can
also be found in the Editing group of commands in the Home tab of the
Ribbon.

4. Click the Sum option from the AutoSum drop-down menu. The first click will
display a flashing marquee around the range. Click the check mark next to
the Formula bar to complete the function.
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5. Excel will provide a total for the values in the Unit Sales column.

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 6. Activate cell D15. It would not make sense to total the averages in column C
so C15 will be left blank.
7. Repeat steps 3 through 5 to sum the values in the Sales Dollars column
(see Figure 1.44).

Skill Refresher
AutoSum

1. Highlight a cell location below or to the right of a range of cells that

contain numeric values.

2. Click the Formulas tab of the Ribbon.

3. Click the down arrow below the AutoSum button.

4. Select a mathematical function from the list.

MOVING, RENAMING, INSERTING, AND DELETING WORKSHEETS

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The default names for the worksheet tabs at the bottom of workbook are Sheet1, Sheet2,
and so on. However, you can change the worksheet tab names to identify the data you
are using in a workbook. Additionally, you can change the order in which the worksheet
tabs appear in the workbook. The following steps explain how to rename and move the
worksheets in a workbook:

1. With the left mouse button, double click the Sheet1 worksheet tab at the
bottom of the workbook (see Figure 1.45). Type the name Sales by
Month.
2. Press the ENTER key on your keyboarD.
3. With the left mouse button, double click the Sheet2 worksheet tab at the
bottom of the workbook.
4. Type the name Unit Sales Rank to prepare the worksheet for future use.
5. Press the ENTER key on your keyboarD.

Figure 1.45 Renaming a Worksheet Tab

6. Click the Sheet3 worksheet taB.

7. Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.
8. Click the down arrow on the Delete button in the Cells group of commands.
9. Click the Delete Sheet option from the drop-down list. This removes
the unneeded worksheet.
10. Click the Delete button on the Delete warning box (if a warning box appears).
11. Complete the steps above to delete the newly named Unit Sales Rank
worksheet since it’s decided that worksheet is also unnecessary so that
you are left with just one worksheet.

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 12. Save the changes to your workbook by clicking either the Save button on the
Home ribbon; or by selecting the Save option from the File menu.

Integrity Check

Deleting Worksheets

Be very cautious when deleting worksheets that contain datA. Once a worksheet is
deleted, you cannot use the Undo command to bring the sheet back. Deleting a
worksheet is a permanent commanD.

Keyboard Shortcuts
Inserting New Worksheets

• Press the SHIFT key and then the F11 key on your keyboarD.

Skill Refresher
Renaming Worksheets

1. Double click the worksheet taB.

2. Type the new name.

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 3. Press the ENTER key.

Moving Worksheets

1. Left click the worksheet taB.

2. Drag it to the desired position.

Deleting Worksheets

1. Open the worksheet to be deleteD.

2. Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.

3. Click the down arrow on the Delete button.

4. Select the Delete Sheet option.

5. Click Delete on the warning box.

Key Takeaways
• Formatting skills are critical for creating worksheets that are easy to read and
have a professional appearance.

• A series of pound signs (####) in a cell location indicates that the column is
too narrow to display the number entereD.

• Using the Wrap Text command allows you to stack multiword column
headings vertically in a cell location, reducing the need to expand column
widths.

• Use the Merge & Center command to center the title of a worksheet directly over
the columns that contain datA.

• Adding borders or lines will make your worksheet easier to read and helps to
separate the data in each column and row.

• You cannot use the Undo command to bring back a worksheet that has
been deleteD.

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 USING FORMULA IN COMPUTING EXCEL PROBLEMS

Create a formula that refers to values in other cells

1. Select a cell.
2. Type the equal sign =.
Note: Formulas in Excel always begin with the equal sign.
3. Select a cell or type its address in the selected cell.

4. Enter an operator. For example, – for subtraction.

5. Select the next cell, or type its address in the selected cell.

6. Press Enter. The result of the calculation appears in the cell with the formulA.

See a formula
When a formula is entered into a cell, it also appears in the Formula bar.

▪ To see a formula in the formula bar, select a cell.

Enter a formula that contains a built-in function

1. Select an empty cell.

2. Type an equal sign = and then type a function. For example, =SUM for
getting the total sales.
3. Type an opening parenthesis (.
4. Select the range of cells, and then type a closing parenthesis).

5. Press Enter to get the result.

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 ASSESSMENT

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which part of the Excel screen contains quick access to tools like
Save, Undo, and Redo?
A. Status Bar B. Ribbon
C. Quick Access Toolbar D. Formula Bar

2. What does the formula bar display in Excel?

A. Current worksheet name
B. Information entered or being entered in the active cell
C. Data summary
D. A list of active formulas
3. Which of the following is NOT a common type of data used in Excel?
A. Number B. Currency
C. Formula D. Color

4. What is the purpose of the 'Status Bar' in Excel?

A. To display the contents of the active cell
B. To provide quick access to commonly used features
C. To provide summaries of selected data (e.g., count, sum, average)
D. To change the format of the selected data

5. In Excel, what is the default number of worksheets in a workbook

when opened?
A. 1 B. 3
C. 5 D. 10

6. Which of the following represents a valid cell reference in Excel?

A. A1 B. Column1
C. Row1 D. Cell1

7. What is the primary function of the formula bar in Excel?

A. To display the current worksheet

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140
 B. To input and edit data or formulas
C. To apply formatting to cells
D. To navigate between different worksheets

8. What key combination moves the active cell to the top-left corner of
the worksheet?
A. Ctrl + Page Up B. Ctrl + Home
C. Home + Page Down D. Ctrl + Alt + Delete

9. What data type in Excel would you use to store financial values
with appropriate currency symbols?
A. Percentage B. Scientific
C. Currency D. Fraction

10. Which of the following Excel operators has the highest precedence?
A. + B. /
C. ^ D. &

11. What happens when you use parentheses in an Excel formula?

A. It increases the formula’s precedence
B. It multiplies all the values
C. It changes the order of evaluation
D. It removes the formula

12. How can you convert a decimal number into a fraction in Excel?
A. Right-click, select Format Cells, choose Fraction
B. Right-click, select Format Cells, choose Percentage
C. Type the fraction manually
D. Use the Scientific data type

13. Which of the following represents a correct use of the IF() function in Excel?
A. =IF(A1 > B1, TRUE, FALSE) B. =IF(A1 = B1, SUM(C1:C10), TRUE)
C. =IF(SUM(A1:A5), TRUE, FALSE) D. =IF(A1 + B1 > 10, "Yes", "No")

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14. What data type would you use to input a phone number in Excel?
A. Text B. Special
C. Date D. Number

15. Which of the following error types occurs when a division by zero is
attempted in Excel?
A. #NAME? B. #DIV/0!
C. #VALUE! D. #REF!

16. How can you add a new worksheet to an Excel workbook?

A. Right-click on an existing worksheet tab and select 'Add Sheet'
B. Click the ‘Insert’ tab and select 'Worksheet'
C. Press Ctrl + N
D. Select the ‘New’ option from the File menu

17. Which function would you use in Excel to test if multiple conditions are true?
A. IF() B. AND()
C. OR() D. NOT()

18. In Excel, how do you change a date to a text format?

A. Right-click the cell and select Format Cells, then choose Text
B. Enter the date in a different format
C. Use the CONCATENATE function
D. Change the date type to 'Custom'

19. What is the correct formula to calculate the sum of cells A1 to A5 in Excel?
A. =SUM(A1:A5) B. =A1+A5
C. =ADD(A1:A5) D. =A1+A2+A3+A4+A5

20. What key combination will allow you to move between worksheets in Excel?
A. Ctrl + Page Up/Page Down B. Shift + Tab
C. Ctrl + Tab D. Alt + Shift + Tab

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21. What is the keyboard shortcut to bold text in Excel?
A. Ctrl + U B. Ctrl + I
C. Ctrl + B D. Ctrl + E

22. Which format is commonly used for non-currency numbers in a worksheet?

A. Accounting Format B. General Format
C. Comma Style D. Percentage Format

23. What is the purpose of the "Merge & Center" command?

A. To delete unnecessary rows
B. To wrap text within a cell
C. To center a title across multiple columns
D. To split a cell into two

24. Which command is used to reduce the decimal places displayed for
numeric data?
A. Increase Decimal B. Decrease Decimal
C. Format Cells D. Accounting Format

25. What should you do if pound signs (####) appear in a cell?

A. Reformat the cell as General B. Delete the content in the cell
C. Increase the column width D. Change the font color

26. How can you apply a thick bottom border to a cell range?
A. Select "Thick Bottom Border" from the Font Color menu
B. Use the Format Painter tool
C. Select "Thick Bottom Border" from the Borders drop-down menu
D. Click the Alignment group and choose "Borders"

27. What happens when you click the Wrap Text button in Excel?
A. The column width automatically adjusts to fit the text
B. The text stacks vertically within the cell
C. The text is deleted from the cell
D. The text becomes bold

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28. Which keyboard shortcut creates a new line of text within a cell?
A. Alt + Tab B. Ctrl + Enter
C. Alt + Enter D. Shift + Enter

29. To apply the Accounting Number Format, you should:

A. Click the Home tab, then select Accounting Number Format from the
Font menu
B. Click the Home tab, then choose Accounting from the Number group
C. Right-click the cell and choose Format Cells > Font > Accounting
D. Use the Format Painter to apply the style

30. What is the shortcut for inserting a new worksheet in Excel?

A. Shift + Enter B. Shift + F11
C. Ctrl + N D. Alt + F11

31. What does the AutoSum feature do?

A. Automatically adjusts the width of columns
B. Creates a sum of a range of values
C. Formats cells to display totals
D. Deletes extra rows in a worksheet

32. How do you rename a worksheet?

A. Double-click the worksheet tab and type a new name
B. Right-click the tab, select Delete, and reinsert it
C. Highlight the worksheet and click Rename on the Home tab
D. Press Shift + F11 to rename the worksheet

33. What is the first step in creating a formula in Excel?

A. Enter an operator B. Press Enter
C. Type the equal sign (=) D. Select a range of cells

34. Which of the following is true about deleting worksheets?

A. The deleted worksheet can be recovered using Undo
B. Deleting a worksheet is a permanent action

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C. It automatically saves a backup copy
D. You can delete only blank worksheets

35. To select a specific line style for borders, you would:

A. Click the Font Color drop-down menu
B. Use the Format Cells dialog box
C. Apply the Wrap Text feature
D. Choose Alignment options

36. The keyboard shortcut to unmerge cells is:

A. Alt + H, M, U B. Alt + H, M, M
C. Alt + H, M, C D. Ctrl + Shift + U

37. If a column heading is too long, you can make it more readable by:
A. Merging all the cells in the column
B. Using the Wrap Text command
C. Increasing the font size
D. Changing the column alignment

38. What does the Decrease Decimal button do?

A. Changes the number format to General
B. Reduces the number of displayed decimal places
C. Converts numbers to percentages
D. Changes the font size

39. How can you sum values in a column using AutoSum?

A. Highlight the cells, click AutoSum, then press Enter
B. Select the column, right-click, and choose Sum
C. Type "=SUM" in a cell, then drag to select the range
D. Click AutoSum and choose Multiply

40. Which Excel feature helps in centering a title across multiple columns?
A. Center Text B. Merge & Center
C. Format Painter D. Alignment

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 LESSON 6 DIGITAL MEDIA
OBJECTIVES:

• Define digital media and its characteristics.

• Identify its key features, such as interactivity, shareability, and its ability to
be processed and distributed via electronic devices.
• Differentiate between traditional and digital media.
• Classify the various types of digital media.
• Analyze the importance of digital media in marketing and business.
• Illustrate the applications and examples of digital media.

What I Need to Know?

What is Digital Media?

Digital media is any kind of media which can be processed, analyzed,

stored and distributed by electronic digital machines or devices. Digital media is a
type of media which covers content & promotions delivered through digital
platforms including electronic media, mobile phones, computers, podcasts,
applications etc. Companies & people use digital media for various purposes
including information source, entertainment, games, business etc. It provides a
very useful platform from the business perspective. Majority of the customers are
now using digital media extensively. In some industry sectors, this number is very
high hence from business perspective, understanding and use of digital media
becomes very important.

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 Digital Media is similar to traditional media in terms of its ability to deliver
content and value to audience or potential customers but it differs in the fact that
it is totally digital in nature, its effectiveness can be measures easily and it is
highly interactive and shareable.

Importance of Digital Media

With growing technology and dependence on machines our interaction

with machines is increasing and hence the role of digital media is also increasing
in everyone’s life. Every minute there is addition of something new over the digital
sources and the user base to explore this information is also on the rise. Through
the last decade there has been a significant rise of businesses based on digital
platforms such as upcoming radio stations, e retail websites, logistic companies,
search engines etc. and so is the use of marketing in digital platforms increasing.

Digital Media Types

As a reason for its variety of offerings, digital media is proving to be the

pioneer in marketing platforms as it is highly cost effective and the turnover ratio
of customers is relatively high compared to other platforms. It is also highly
effective because in today’s times the buying behavior of customers is highly
dependent on internet and multimedia sources over various platforms. A decent
digital media marketing approach starts from a very smaller yet largely impactful
perspective of a user’s life. The different digital media channels are:

1. TV & Radio

Generally the primary advertisements are either aired over TV or radio, shown
through search engine advertisement, in-video campaigns, in-application
campaigns etc., where the content delivered by the marketer is rather small and
contains a link for the detailed description of the offering.

2. Websites & Social Media

The second most important part of digital media marketing which is the website.

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Websites can be interactive, loaded with content and user friendly. This helps in
making the visitor or the user comfortable with the content, easily understandable
and the value addition the offering can give. A decent pricing content is also
made available with the differentiating points, if any, to the visitor.

3. Email & SMS

Digital media marketing includes the email and the SMS services. Often to either
attract or to remind people about the website they visited for a purchase or
actually made a purchase from, marketers use the platform of email and SMS
services. Emails and SMS can be highly customizable, cost effective and
informative.

Emails tend to contain multimedia messages as well which the SMS cannot
deliver but the rate of content delivery is higher in case of an SMS than an email.

4. Blogs

The fourth type of digital media marketing is the interactive blogs or review
panels. Generally before making a buying decision any customer wishes to get a
review from the current user of the product or service.

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5. Mobile Apps

With the growing presence of smartphones, mobile apps have become an

important digital media option for businesses to work. Interactive apps help build
a strong connect with its customers offering ease of use and instant updates.

6. Modern Formats (AR, 3D)

There are newer types of digital media coming up in the ecosystem like
Augmented Reality, 3D (three dimensional), Podcasts, Stories which can help
customers connect even better with a company and at the same time experience
the product or service at much detailed and interactive levels.

Digital media has been proven to provide a very effective means of

communication for the businesses and the customers. With the coming future the
dependency of human on machines is definitely going to increase and the usage
of digital media will rise by many folds. Marketers can harness this opportunity
and can reap benefits if the strategies are used properly.

Advantages of Digital Media

There are several advantages of digital media in marketing:

1. Digital media helps companies connect with its target audience.

2. Use digital and big data, the accurate target customers can be targeted.
3. It helps increase sales & business.
4. Using digital media helps establish the brand using all the channels that
customers use.

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Examples of Digital Media

A podcast is a good example of digital media. Using podcasts companies

can talk about anything related to a topic, trend or a product. Audience or
Customers can access them whenever they want and if they like it, they can
share it as well with others expanding the reach. Also videos are another
example of digital media. There are upcoming digital media formats as well like
3D, Augmented reality through which potential customers can not only see the
product but can also interact and perceive it well.

Another example is Augmented Reality. Imagine a car company using a AR 3D

model of a car for displaying the overall car and its features. Similarly phone
companies are using similar technologies to show smartphones to customers
before they can buy given a lot of customers are going online to buy products.
Digital Media is replacing traditional media pretty quickly given its nature,
flexibility, interactivity and nature.

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150
 ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is digital media?

A. Media processed through mechanical devices
B. Media that covers content delivered through digital platforms
C. Media limited to traditional forms like newspapers
D. Media that excludes mobile and electronic devices

2. Which of the following is NOT a use of digital media?

A. Entertainment B. Business
C. Print-based advertisements D. Games

3. How does digital media differ from traditional media?

A. It is not shareable
B. It is totally digital, measurable, and interactive
C. It has no value to potential customers
D. It is not used for marketing

4. Why is understanding digital media important for businesses?

A. Customers avoid digital platforms
B. Traditional platforms are preferred by users
C. Customers extensively use digital media
D. Businesses only use TV for marketing

5. What does the rise of digital platforms lead to?

A. Decline in new radio stations
B. Growth of businesses based on digital platforms
C. Reduction in e-retail websites
D. Lower interaction with machines

6. Which of these is a type of digital media?

A. Print ads
B. TV and radio
C. Billboards
D. Flyers

7. What is the advantage of websites in digital media marketing?

A. They cannot be user-friendly
B. They are interactive and content-rich
C. They are only for entertainment
D. They avoid delivering detailed descriptions

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8. How are emails used in digital media marketing?
A. To promote SMS usage
B. To provide non-customizable content
C. To deliver multimedia messages and reminders
D. To replace websites

9. Why are blogs useful in digital media marketing?

A. They promote SMS services
B. They provide reviews for buying decisions
C. They replace TV advertisements
D. They limit customer interaction

10. What is an example of modern digital media formats?

A. TV ads B. Flyers
C. Augmented Reality (AR) D. Brochures

11. How do mobile apps benefit businesses in digital media?

A. They are not interactive
B. They connect businesses with customers instantly
C. They focus only on SMS marketing
D. They have no role in updates

12. What is an advantage of using big data in digital media?

A. It reduces customer targeting
B. It improves the accuracy of targeting customers
C. It avoids using digital channels
D. It replaces interactive formats

13. Which of the following helps establish a brand using digital media?
A. Ignoring customer channels
B. Utilizing all customer-used channels
C. Avoiding interactive strategies
D. Limiting content to SMS

14. What is a podcast?

A. A written advertisement B. A flexible, shareable audio medium
C. A form of TV advertisement D. An SMS-based service

15. How can augmented reality (AR) be used in digital marketing?

A. To reduce interactivity with products
B. To provide 3D interactive experiences
C. To limit product visualization
D. To replace traditional print media

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16. What has digital media replaced quickly?
A. Radio-based marketing B. Traditional media formats
C. Television advertisements D. SMS marketing

17. Which of the following is NOT a channel of digital media marketing?

A. Websites B. Social media
C. Handwritten letters D. Mobile apps

18. What helps improve customer turnover ratios in digital media?

A. Print ads
B. Cost-effective platforms
C. Avoiding customer interaction
D. Limited user engagement

19. Why is digital media important in the future?

A. Dependency on machines is decreasing
B. Interaction with machines is likely to rise
C. It has no impact on customer behavior
D. It avoids using digital strategies

20. What is a key feature of modern digital media formats?

A. They avoid interactivity
B. They enhance customer experiences
C. They limit the sharing of information
D. They focus only on traditional methods

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 LESSON 7 HTML
OBJECTIVES:

• Identify HTML Basics

• Understand HTML Structure
• Explain HTML Elements and Tags
• Apply Attributes in HTML Elements
• Interpret Browser Functions

What is HTML?

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is not a

programming language it only describes the structure of a Web page that gives
meaning by defining that content as, for example, headings, paragraphs and
images or simply HTML is the content of a webpage. Notepad, notepad++,
sublime or TextEdit are all application can be use in writing your HTML
documents. HTML documents are files that end with a .html or .htm extension.
You can view the output using any web browser like Google Chrome, Safari and
Mozilla Firefox. The browser is not displaying the HTML tags, but it is use to
determine how to display the document.

HTML basic elements and tags An element is a set of opening and

closing tags therefor tags are element names that surrounded by angle brackets.
Tags tags usually come in pairs the start tag or also known as beginning tag and
the end tag also called as closing tag. The end tag is written like the start tag, but
with a forward slash inserted before the tag name.

Example: <tag> </tag>

HTML structure

<tag attribute = “value>..........................</end>

Attributes is an additional characteristics or properties of the element. It consists

of name/value pairs like AttributeName="AttributeValue". Values should always
be enclosed in quotation marks.

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The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5
document.

The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page

The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page

The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the
browser's title bar or in the page's tab)

The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the
visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists,
etc.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Page Title</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>

</html>

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The <h1> element defines a large heading

The <p> element defines a paragraph

What is an HTML Element?

An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag:

<tagname> Content goes here... </tagname>

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Start tag Element content End tag

<h1> My First Heading </h1>

<p> My first paragraph. </p>

<br> none none

Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the <br> element). These
elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!

Web Browsers

The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML
documents and display them correctly.

A browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how to
display the document:

HTML Basic Examples

In this chapter we will show some basic HTML examples.
Don't worry if we use tags you have not learned about yet.

HTML Documents
All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: <!DOCTYPE

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html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration represents the document type, and helps
browsers to display web pages correctly.

It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML tags).

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration is not case sensitive.

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration for HTML5 is:

<!DOCTYPE html>
HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.

<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important
heading:

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Example
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:

Example
<a href="https://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
The link's destination is specified in the href attribute.

Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.

You will learn more about attributes in a later chapter.

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as

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attributes:
Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104" height="142">
Result:

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 ASSESSMENT
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

Multiple Choice Test on HTML Basics

1. What does HTML stand for?
A. Hyperlink Markup Language
B. Hyper Text Markup Language
C. Hyper Transfer Markup Language
D. Hyper Test Markup Language
2. What is the purpose of the <!DOCTYPE html> declaration?
A. To start the body of the document
B. To link external files
C. To define the document type and version
D. To add metadata to the document
3. Which of the following is an HTML tag?
A. [tag]
B. {tag}
C. <tag>
D. (tag)
4. How do you write an HTML comment?
A. /* Comment */
B. <!-- Comment -->
C. // Comment
D. # Comment
5. Which HTML tag is used to define the most important heading?
A. <h6>
B. <title>
C. <h1>
D. <head>
6. What is the purpose of the <head> tag?
A. To define the visible content of the webpage
B. To store metadata and links to resources
C. To display images
D. To define paragraphs
7. Which of the following is an example of an empty HTML element?
A. <h1></h1>
B. <p></p>
C. <br>
D. <div></div>
8. Which attribute specifies a link's destination in an <a> tag?
A. src
B. href

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160
C. alt
D. value
9. What is the correct format for an HTML attribute?
A. AttributeName-Value
B. AttributeName=Value
C. AttributeName:"Value"
D. AttributeName="Value"
10. Which tag is used to define a paragraph in HTML?
A. <p>
B. <div>
C. <h1>
D. <span>
11. How should an image be displayed in an HTML document?
A. <image>
B. <img>
C. <src>
D. <alt>
12. Which tag is used to define a hyperlink?
A. <link>
B. <a>
C. <href>
D. <nav>
13. How many heading levels does HTML support?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
14. What file extension is used for HTML documents?
A. .ht
B. .html
C. .txt
D. .doc
15. Where does the visible content of an HTML page go?
A. Between <html> and </html>
B. Between <head> and </head>
C. Between <body> and </body>
D. Between <title> and </title>
16. What is the correct syntax for creating a line break in HTML?
A. <break>
B. <lb>
C. <br>
D. <line>
17. Which of the following tags is used to create a list?
A. <list>

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1611
B. <ul>
C. <p>
D. <div>
18. What is the purpose of the <title> tag?
A. To define the main heading of the document
B. To add an image title
C. To set the browser tab's text
D. To create a clickable link
19. Which HTML tag defines the document's root?
A. <body>
B. <head>
C. <html>
D. <root>
20. How should attributes be enclosed in HTML?
A. In single quotes (' ')
B. In double quotes (" ")
C. In parentheses ()
D. In brackets []

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 ANSWER KEYS FOR THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE TEST

I. BASIC COMPUTER 15. C 29. B

COMPONENTS 16. D 30. B
1. B 17. C 31. B
2. D 18. A 32. B
3. B 19. A 33. B
4. B 20. B 34. B
5. C 21. A 35. B
6. B 22. A
7. B 23. A IV. Microsoft
8. B 24. A Word
9. B 25. A 1. B
10. B 26. D 2. B
11. B 27. B 3. B
12. C 28. D 4. C
13. B 29. A
5. C
14. B 30. B
6. B
15. C 31. B
7. C
16. B 32. B
17. B 33. C 8. C
18. C 34. B 9. B
19. B 35. A 10. D
20. B 36. A 11. B
21. C 37. B 12. C
22. B 38. D 13. B
23. B 39. A 14. A
24. B 40. A 15. A
25. C 16. C
26. C 17. B
27. B II I. WINDOWS 18. B
28. C APPLICATION 19. B
29. B 1. B 20. B
30. A 2. B 21. B
31. B 3. B 22. B
32. C 4. B 23. A
33. B 5. A 24. B
34. B 6. B 25. B
35. C 7. C 26. B
36. C 8. C 27. B
37. C
9. B 28. B
10. C 29. B
38. C
11. C 30. B
39. C
12. B 31. C
40. B
13. A 32. C
II. OPERATING 14. D 33. C
SYSTEMS 15. C 34. B
1. D 16. B 35. B
17. D
2. D
18. B
3. B
4. B 19. B V. Microsoft Excel
5. B 20. B
6. B 21. B 1. C
7. B 22. B 2. B
8. B 23. C 3. D
9. A 24. B 4. C
10. A 25. C 5. B
11. B 26. B 6. A
12. A 27. B 7. B
13. B 8. B
28. B
14. B

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9. C
10. C
11. C
12. A
13. A
14. B
15. B
16. B
17. B
18. A
19. A
20. A
21. C
22. C
23. C
24. B
25. C
26. C
27. B
28. C
29. B
30. B
31. B
32. A
33. C
34. B
35. B
36. A
37. B
38. B
39. A
40. B

VI. Digital Media

1. B 11. B
2. C 12. B
3. B 13. B
4. C 14. B
5. B 15. B
6. B 16. B
7. B 17. C
8. C 18. B
9. B 19. B
10. C 20. B

VII. HTML 11. B

1. B 12. B
2. C 13. D
3. C 14. B
4. B 15. C
5. C 16. C
6. B 17. B
7. C 18. C
8. B 19. C
9. D 20. B
10. A

Page | 164
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