Chapter 7: Motion (Class 9 Science) - Notes with Diagrams and Definitions
1. Motion and Rest
- Motion: An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to a reference point over tim
- Rest: An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with time.
Relative Nature: Motion and rest are relative. A passenger in a bus appears moving to an observer on the r
2. Distance and Displacement
- Distance: The total path length travelled by an object during motion. It is a scalar quantity (has only magn
- Displacement: The shortest distance between the initial and final position of an object in a particular direc
3. Uniform and Non-Uniform Motion
- Uniform Motion: When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time.
- Non-uniform Motion: When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time.
4. Speed and Velocity
- Speed: The rate of change of distance with respect to time. It is a scalar quantity.
Speed = Distance / Time
- Velocity: The rate of change of displacement with respect to time. It is a vector quantity.
Velocity = Displacement / Time
- Average Speed: Total distance travelled divided by total time taken.
- Average Velocity: (Initial velocity + Final velocity) / 2 (only in case of uniform acceleration)
Units: m/s (SI unit), km/h
5. Acceleration
- Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
a = (v - u) / t
v = final velocity, u = initial velocity, t = time
- Unit: m/s^2
- Positive acceleration: Velocity increases
- Negative acceleration (deceleration): Velocity decreases
6. Graphical Representation of Motion
(a) Distance-Time Graph
- Uniform Motion: Straight line
- Non-uniform Motion: Curved line
(b) Velocity-Time Graph
- Uniform Velocity: Horizontal line
- Uniform Acceleration: Sloped straight line
- Area under velocity-time graph = Distance travelled
7. Equations of Motion (For uniform acceleration)
1. v = u + at -> Final velocity after time t
2. s = ut + 1/2 at^2 -> Distance covered in time t
3. v^2 = u^2 + 2as -> Relation between distance and velocities
8. Uniform Circular Motion
- Uniform Circular Motion: When an object moves in a circular path with constant speed.
- Even though speed is constant, direction changes continuously, hence velocity changes, and the motion i
Speed in circular motion: v = (2pir) / t
r = radius of circle, t = time taken for one round
Examples:
- Moon revolving around Earth
- Cyclist on circular track
Summary
- Motion is described by distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.
- Scalars have magnitude only; vectors have both magnitude and direction.
- Equations of motion describe motion in uniform acceleration.
- Graphs and diagrams help understand the nature of motion.
- Uniform circular motion is a special kind of accelerated motion where speed is constant but direction chan
