KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, WARANGAL
(An Autonomous Institute under Kakatiya University, Warangal)
Department of Physical Sciences.
Tutorial-2
Topics : LASERS AND FIBER OPTICS - Unit-1
Class : B.Tech I-Semester, 2025-26 :
Code-Subject : U24YP102C–ENGINEERING PHYSICS (for CSE)
1. (i). Mention the active medium and active centres in the He-Ne laser. (R) [Ap] CO1
(ii). How does the energy released per pulse relate to the number of photons in the
pulse? (U)
(iii). A He-Ne laser emits light of wavelength 682.3 nm. If a laser pulse is emitted
for 1.4 ps and the energy release per pulse is 0.1J,
(a) What is the pulse width?
(b) How many photons are there in each pulse? (Ap)
(i). What is the pumping mechanism used in a ruby laser? (R) [Ap] CO1
(ii). What is the role of the chromium ions in the ruby laser? (U)
2.
(iii). A ruby laser emits light at a wavelength of 694.3 nm. Calculate the energy of
the photons emitted. (Ap)
(i). What is an optical resonator? (R) [Ap] CO1
3. (ii). How does the length of the optical resonator affect the laser's output? (U)
(iii). A 1.2 mW laser has a beam diameter of 2 mm. What is the intensity of the
light, assuming that it is uniform across the beam? (Ap)
(i). What is the fractional difference index (Δ) of the fiber? (R) [Ap] CO1
(ii). How does the wavelength of operation affect the V-number and the number of
4.
modes supported by the fiber? (U)
(iii).A step-index fiber is made with a core refractive index 1.52, a diameter of 29
μm and a fractional difference index of 0.0007. It is operated at a wavelength
of 1.3μm. find the V-number and the number of modes that the fiber will
support. (Ap)
(i). What is attenuation in an optical communication system? (R) [Ap] CO1
5 (ii). How does the fiber attenuation affect the signal quality in optical
communication systems? (U)
(iii). Optical power of 1mW is launched into an optical fiber of length 100m. if the
power emerging from another end is 0.4 mW. Calculate the fiber attenuation.
(Ap)
[Ap] CO1
6 (i), What is the purpose of the cladding in an optical fiber? (R)
(ii). How does the wavelength of light affect the propagation of signals in an
optical fiber? (U)
(iii). A fiber has a core refractive index of 1.5 and a cladding refractive index of
1.48. Calculate the numerical aperture (NA) of the fiber. (Ap)
