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Matrices Math

Matrices are rectangular arrays used in mathematics to represent and solve linear equations, and they are essential in various fields like physics and engineering. They can be categorized into types such as row, column, square, and identity matrices, and can undergo operations like addition, multiplication, and finding inverses. Applications of matrices include solving equations, computer graphics, quantum mechanics, and engineering analysis.

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10 views1 page

Matrices Math

Matrices are rectangular arrays used in mathematics to represent and solve linear equations, and they are essential in various fields like physics and engineering. They can be categorized into types such as row, column, square, and identity matrices, and can undergo operations like addition, multiplication, and finding inverses. Applications of matrices include solving equations, computer graphics, quantum mechanics, and engineering analysis.

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Matrices in Mathematics

Matrices are rectangular arrays of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and
columns. They are fundamental objects in mathematics and are used to represent and solve
systems of linear equations, describe linear transformations, and appear in nearly all branches of
applied mathematics, physics, and engineering.

Matrix Notation
A matrix is usually denoted by a capital letter (e.g., A, B, M). An m×n matrix has m rows and n
columns. For example, a 2×3 matrix looks like:

a■■ a■■ a■■

a■■ a■■ a■■

Types of Matrices
1. **Row Matrix**: Only one row.
2. **Column Matrix**: Only one column.
3. **Square Matrix**: Same number of rows and columns.
4. **Diagonal Matrix**: Non-diagonal elements are zero.
5. **Identity Matrix**: Diagonal matrix with 1s on the diagonal.
6. **Zero Matrix**: All entries are zero.
7. **Symmetric Matrix**: A = A■.
8. **Skew-Symmetric Matrix**: A = -A■.

Matrix Operations
1. **Addition & Subtraction**: Two matrices of the same order can be added/subtracted
element-wise.
2. **Scalar Multiplication**: Each element is multiplied by a scalar.
3. **Matrix Multiplication**: If A is m×n and B is n×p, then AB is m×p. Defined by dot product of rows
and columns.
4. **Transpose (A■)**: Flip rows and columns.
5. **Determinant**: A scalar value that can be computed from a square matrix, important in solving
equations.
6. **Inverse**: For non-singular square matrices, A■¹ exists such that A·A■¹ = I.

Applications of Matrices
- **Solving Systems of Equations**: Using matrix methods like Gaussian elimination.
- **Computer Graphics**: Matrices represent transformations such as rotation, scaling, translation.
- **Quantum Mechanics**: State vectors and operators use matrices.
- **Economics & Statistics**: Input-output models, regression analysis.
- **Engineering**: Control theory, electrical circuits, structural analysis.

Example Problem
Let A = [[1,2],[3,4]] and B = [[2,0],[1,2]].
Compute AB and BA.
Solution:
AB = [[1*2+2*1, 1*0+2*2],[3*2+4*1, 3*0+4*2]] = [[4,4],[10,8]]
BA = [[2*1+0*3, 2*2+0*4],[1*1+2*3, 1*2+2*4]] = [[2,4],[7,10]]

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