University of San Carlos of Guatemala

Faculty of Humanities, Huehuetenango section

Bachelor's Degree in Pedagogy and Interculturality

Course: Research Methods

Lic. Alejandro Gudberto Camas Chávez

Members:

Setar Boznai Hitiel Cardona Jerónimo

No. Of card:

201715302

Huehuetenango March 2020

 QUESTIONNAIRE

What is the meaning of method?

It is the procedure used to address a set of problems.

2. What is the difference between method and scientific method?

A method is the procedure used to address a set of problems.

As a scientific method, it is called the set of rules by which we must

to govern ourselves to produce knowledge with rigor and scientific validity.
It is aprocesswhich aims to establish relationships between
facts, to state laws that underlie the functioning of the world, such as
such, it is a structured and systematic way of approaching research in the
field of science.

3. From a general point of view. What differentiates the scientific from what
Isn't it?

Scientific knowledge arises from a method that validates knowledge.

in a systematic and self-correcting manner. The knowledge no scientific o
common sense is based on knowledge whose validity is verified only by
through direct experience or through personal trust in what is
is saying.

Scientific knowledge is self-correcting, it is constantly changing.

Common sense tends to be traditionalist and is usually resistant to change.
(for example: superstitions).

4. How would you define scientific method?

The scientific method involves following a series of steps when

to face an unknown fact, with the intention of understanding it and giving it
explanation.

5. What are the characteristics or general traits of the method

scientific?
Its indivisible relationship with theory.
It is the means to achieve a goal.
It allows reproducing in the consciousness the object that is studied.
It is the objective in relation to the studied object.
Materialist dialectics is the universal (scientific) method of
knowledge.
 Every specific science has its own method, but this one has its
foundation in the universal scientific method.
The scientific method has its own principles, laws, and categories;
elaborate hypotheses and models.
The prediction criterion is a necessary and sufficient condition in the
hypotheses and models of the scientific method.
Dialectics is recognized as the method for knowledge and
universal transformation.
Materialist dialectics (the basis and foundation of the scientific method) is
opposite and contrary to idealist dialectics and metaphysics.

6. What relationship exists between theory and method?

The method is the substantive part for developing scientific theory. There cannot be
theory without prior method.

7. Why is it said that materialist dialectics is the universal method?

from the research?

To attain knowledge, it is necessary to go from the abstract to the concrete and

vice versa; in a permanent, interactive, and incessant manner, applying the laws
and the principle of historical materialism, which contains and integrates everything.

8. Why is it said that materialist dialectics is opposed to the

idealistic dialectic?

Because the universe is conceived as a whole material and cannot accept as

I validate any other method that contradicts its scientific foundation and that the
Materialist dialectics is the basis of scientific knowledge for sufficiency.

9. What is the importance of the scientific method in research?

Its importance lies in the fact that, for research to yield results
relevant, reach your goals, discover laws and principles, find the truth
of knowledge, it is necessary to develop it and execute it following a
planned, ordered, systematic procedure.

10. What are the general phases of the scientific method?

Inquiry or discovery phase.
Demonstrative phase, rational connection, and experimental verification.
Expository phase, in which the results are refined to serve as a basis for
new research and to communicate the knowledge acquired.
 11. What does the inquiry phase of the method consist of?

In this phase, the data collection that leads to is anticipated, planned, and executed.
discovery of evidence. It allows the discovery of new processes or aspects
new ones of the already known processes.

12. How to exemplify the 'demonstrative' phase of the scientific method?

The scientific method proposes means, techniques, and instruments that allow
obtain, organize, measure, quantify and calculate mathematically and statistically the or
the evidence that will be the means of verification.

13. How does the 'expository' phase of the scientific method manifest?

This last stage or phase suggests that the results should be disseminated, it is
to say, disclosed and exposed to society. It wouldn't make any sense, all the
effort (intellectual, material, and economic) invested in the research, if the
knowledge acquired and generated through it will remain among the four
walls of an institution or in the mind of the researcher.

14.List at least three operational processes of the scientific method

Definition of the problem
Formulation of hypotheses
Development of conclusions
15. What does the problem definition consist of?

It consists of specifying and delimiting it.

16. What is understood by 'problem' in research?

The problem is the unknown, the question, the felt need, or the dissatisfaction.
from the researcher, generated mainly by the absence or lack of a
logical and rational response regarding the conditions that dominate a fact or an
phenomenon.

17. Why is it important to correctly define the problem in a

research?

The definition (correct, concrete, and complex) of the problem is one of the
indispensable and determining conditions to achieve its solution.

18. In your words, what is a hypothesis?

It is an acceptable proposition that has been formulated through the collection of
Information and data, even if it is not confirmed, serve to respond in a way
alternative to a scientifically based problem.

19. What is necessary to formulate a scientific hypothesis?

a) The examination and classification of the available data.
b) Relate the data and draw logical inferences.
c) State the hypothesis.

20. What should the researcher do to 'test the hypothesis'?

The researcher must collect, classify, organize, and analyze all evidence that
support, verify, conform, and deny your hypothesis. You should assist yourself in this
process, executing all the logical procedures of the method.

21. What is a conclusion within the process of research?

scientific?

The conclusion is the exposition of acquired knowledge; it is the discursive form.

in which the developments of the research process are proposed; it is the solution of
intellectual problem. It is the proven assertion of the hypothesis.

22. What does it mean to apply the conclusions?

It involves subjecting the conclusions to other data (testing them against

new evidence.

23. Why is it necessary to apply the conclusions?

It is necessary and useful to exhaust and reduce the risks of a poor application.
interpretation of evidence.

24. Mention at least three logical processes of the scientific method

Observation
Analysis
Synthesis
25. What is a logical process?

The materialization of these processes corresponds to the capacity and aptitude that
the researcher possesses.

26. Describe what observation consists of.

It is the process of knowledge that uses the senses of the being.

human, it can be direct or indirect. Direct if the subject being observed is
present before the phenomenon (ordinary); or if it is involved (participates) in it.
Indirectly if it is not and only data or evidence is obtained from other people who
they were real or eyewitnesses.

27. What does it mean to analyze?

Analyzing means breaking down the whole into its integral or constitutive parts.
with the aim of studying them in all their extent, partially and in depth.

28. What is the difference between analysis and synthesis?

In that analysis means breaking down the whole into its constituent parts or
constitutive, with the aim of studying them in their entirety, partially and with
depth. The opposite happens with synthesis, which means to rebuild, to return.
to integrate the parts of the whole and gain new knowledge of the object.

29. Describe the meaning of 'Deduction'

They are forms of thought that allow the transition from statements of a character
general to particular facts.

30. Exemplify a deductive process.

Example: All trees are living beings.

The fig tree is a tree.

Then: The Ficus is a living being.

31. What is the difference between 'deduce and induce'?

Induction is the form of reasoning that starts from particular knowledge.

to formulate a general one. It is the opposite of deduction which are forms of
thoughts that allow the transition from general statements to facts
particulars.

How many types of induction do you know?

Formal induction; It is not subject to laws and starts from any species or
gender.
Scientific induction; It assumes the melodic and rational observation of the
phenomena, the verification and validation of the laws of cause and effect,
to conclude in a truth that then generalizes.

33. Provide an example of rational or scientific induction.

Example: Man is a living being that can survive without food, but
never without water.

Animals and plants are living beings, and they cannot survive without
water.

Then: A cause-effect relationship (law) is stated. Water is the

essential element for life to exist on a planet.

34. How would you define the process of abstraction?

It consists of taking the essence of the object or phenomenon of reality, separating it.
mentally disconnecting from the rest of its non-essential characteristics or
circumstantial.

35. What does the comparison consist of?

It consists of the confrontation of objects or phenomena, ideas or things that allow

confirm and validate their similarities or differences.

36. What are logical processes used for in research?

scientific?

They are used as intellectual instruments in research.

37. What is the difference between generalizing and conceptualizing?

How generalization contributes to conceptualization. It involves abstracting the

common characteristics that are repeated in the objects or phenomena under study.
While conceptualizing extracts the essential and common characteristics of
the objects or phenomena.

38. Give an example that relates the two mentioned logical processes.
in the previous question.

Example: Fruit trees are living beings that have roots, trunks, and branches.
leaves, flowers, and edible fruits.

Conifers are another species (the pine, the fir, the araucaria,
pine, the cypress, etc.) has roots, trunk, branches, leaves, flowers and
inedible fruits.

Then: All living beings, with repeated or very similar characteristics

as possessing roots, trunk, branches, leaves, and flowers are conceptualized under
a single theoretical scientific and practical term, called 'tree'.
 39. What are the features of dialectics?
The thesis of the universal concatenation of phenomena and its
uninterrupted movement.
b. The general theses of materialism in the solution of the problem
fundamentals of philosophy (being and consciousness).

40. Mention at least three principles of dialectics

a. The material unity of the world.
b. The reflection
c. The development
d. The unity of the abstract and the concrete in theoretical-scientific thinking.

41. What are the laws of dialectics?

a. Law of the unity and struggle of opposites
b. Law of the transition of quantitative and qualitative changes.
c. Law of the negation of the negation.

42. Exemplify the law of Unity and the Struggle of Opposites?

If all human beings enrich themselves with new knowledge; they study,
they investigate, they will be able to transform society into a more conscious society,
more intellectual, more scientific, more human... the change, once again will be
qualitative in a system, a better quality of life; the basis: small changes
quantitative.

43. Indicate how the transition of changes occurs.

quantitative to qualitative

The sum of small changes transforms the scenario of any phenomenon.

the nature of society or thought.

44. How is the law of 'the negation of the' manifested in the universe?
denial?

Matter is nothing but energy in perpetual vibration in some objects or

phenomena with greater intensity than in others.

45.Explain how and why ignorance denies wisdom.

The only constant is change, nothing remains static; everything moves,

develops, transforms. Everything that exists: nature, society and the
thought, even though parts of a whole change constantly.