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Introduction Hardness

The document describes the methods for measuring the hardness of metals, including shear strength tests, elastic hardness, and indentation. The Rockwell hardness test is the most commonly used method because it provides quick results by measuring the depth of an indentation made by a controlled load using different scales and indenters.

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11 views4 pages

Introduction Hardness

The document describes the methods for measuring the hardness of metals, including shear strength tests, elastic hardness, and indentation. The Rockwell hardness test is the most commonly used method because it provides quick results by measuring the depth of an indentation made by a controlled load using different scales and indenters.

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Over the years, quantitative hardness testing techniques have been developed that

they are based on a small indenter that is forced onto a surface of the material
to test, under controlled conditions of load and application speed. In these
tests measure the depth of a resulting footprint, which is related to a
hardness number.
Hardness tests are very important, as they are used to verify the
quality of metals in heat treatments, in the acceptance of materials
during its inspection, in the evaluation of welds, failure analysis and likewise for
to be able to select a material. In such situations, it is necessary to know the
characteristics of the material and design the piece for a specific task in such a way
that any resulting deformation is not excessive and does not occur in the worst of
the cases fracture.
Mechanical Properties of Metals
The mechanical behavior of a material reflects the relationship between the force
applied and the response of the material, that is, its deformation. Some of the
the most important mechanical properties are: brittleness, elasticity, ductility
and the rigidity.

The mechanical properties of materials are determined through testing of


laboratories that replicate the service conditions. The factors that must
considering the nature of the applied load, its duration, as well as the
Environmental conditions. The load can be a tension, compression, bending or
torsion, and its magnitude can be constant over time or fluctuate.
continuously. The application time can be as short as a fraction of a second or
last for several years. The operating temperature is an important factor.
Hardness
Hardness cannot be defined in terms of any specific property of the material.
although this is known as a characteristic of local deformation,
concentrated on a small volume of its outer surface, or simply as
the resistance that a material opposes when trying to be scratched or penetrated by another.
Hardness is related to the elastic and plastic properties of a material.
Determination of Hardness
The various tests to measure the hardness of a material can be divided into three.
methods:
a. Cut or abrasion resistance.
b. Elastic hardness.
c. Resistance to indentation.
a. Shear or abrasion resistance: This test was devised by Friederich Mohs, the scale
consists of 10 standard minerals arranged in order from softest to hardest.
Table 1. Mohs scale.
b. Elastic hardness: This type of hardness is measured using a scleroscope, which is
an apparatus with a device to measure the rebound height of a small hammer
with diamond beak, after falling under its own weight from a
defined height above the surface of the test piece.
c. Indentation resistance: This hardness test measures the resistance
from the surface of a material to the penetration by a harder object.
A variety of indentation hardness tests have been invented, but
The most commonly used are the tests: Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell.
Rockwell hardness
The Rockwell hardness test is the most widely used method for measuring hardness.
because the determination of a metal's hardness is very quick, since it
it is indicated on the scale of the device itself. Different scales can be used.
that arise from the use of different combinations of indenters and
loads, which allows virtually testing any metal from the hardest
even the softest.
There are two classifications of the Rockwell test: Rockwell Hardness and the
Rockwell Superficial Hardness. The significant difference between the two tests is the
testing forces that are used. For the Rockwell Hardness test, the force of
The preliminary test is 10 kgf (98 N) and the total of the test is forces 60 kgf (589 N).
100 kgf (981 N), and 150 kgf (1471 N), depending on the scale used. For the
Rockwell superficial hardness test, the preliminary testing force is 3 kgf
(29 N) and the total of the test are forces 15 kgf (147 N), 30 kgf (294 N), and 45 kgf (441 N)
N).
The different types of scales in Rockwell hardness are shown in table 2, to
equal to their conditions of each type of scale.
Rockwell hardness scale
The hardness number obtained from the Rockwell test is always expressed with the
hardness symbol, scale symbol and indenter symbol. When
a spherical indentor is used, the designation scale is followed by the
W for tungsten carbide indenter and S for steel indenter.
The following is an example of a hardness of 70 on the Rockwell B scale.
using a tungsten carbide indentor.
Hardness Machine
The testing machine consists of an anvil or rigid support, on which
the test tube is placed. The support for the test tube must be made of tempered steel of a
hardness equal to or greater than 58 HRC. The supporting surface must be polished, it must not
present stripes or marks that affect the readings. In product testing
of thin thicknesses using scale B, the effect of the support may have
a sensible influence, due to a possible appearance of marks in the
rear side of the test tube.
Types of Indenter
a. Diamond Indenter. This type of indenter should be used in tests.
of hardness for scales A, C, and D. It consists of a diamond cone whose
The angle is 120° ± 0.5° (2.09 rad ± 0.008) and a tip with a radius of curvature of
0.2 mm ± 0.005 mm, see figure 1.
Diamond identifier fig
b. Spherical indentor made of steel or tungsten carbide.
This type of indenter should be used in hardness tests for scale B,
E, F, G, H, K, and T. It consists of a tempered and polished steel ball with a diameter
Sphere Diameter Table
The pellet must be polished and should not have surface defects. It must
to be eliminated and nullified if it presents a deformation greater than the tolerance
indicated.
The tungsten carbide indenter is used for Rockwell hardness testing.
while the steel indenter is used for the Rockwell hardness test
Superficial according to ASTM E-18 08. This standard demonstrates that
different results are obtained between a tungsten carbide indentor and
one of steel, for example, on the Rockwell B scale with a carbide indenter
tungsten results in a lower Rockwell hardness compared to
to the hardness produced by a steel indenter.

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