Ex.

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Page No.

No
1 LINEAR MEASUREMENT USING VERNIER CALPIER AND
MICROMETER
ANGULAR MEASUREMENT BY USING SINE BAR AND
2
VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR
3 MEASUREMENT OF GEAR PARAMETERS USING GEAR
TOOTH VERNIER CALIPER
4 MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS BY USING
FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER
MEASUREMENT OF DIMENSION OF GIVEN SPECIMEN
5 BY USING TOOL MAKER’S MICROSCOPE AND
PROFILE PROJECTOR
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LINEAR MEASUREMENTS USING VERNIER CALIPER AND
MICROMETER
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exp No. 1 Date:

AIM
To determine the diameter of the given specimen by using the precision measuring
instruments like Vernier caliper and Micrometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Surface plate
2. Vernier caliper
3. Micrometer

SPECIFICATION
Vernier caliper Range: L. C:
Micrometer Range: L. C:

FORMULAE
VERNIER CALIPER
Least Count = 1 Main Scale Division – Vernier Scale Division
Vernier Scale Reading = Vernier Scale Coincidence X Least Count
Total Reading = Main Scale Reading + Vernier Scale Reading

MICROMETER
Pitch Scale Reading = Pitch Scale Coincidence x Least Count
Total Reading = Head Scale Reading + Pitch Scale Reading

STUDY
SURFACE PLATE
The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement in
workshop is surface plate. It is a flat smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the
bottom.
Uses:
• It is used as a base in all measurements.
VERNIER CALIPER
The Vernier caliper has one ‗L‘ shaped frame with a fixed jaw on which Vernier scale is
attached. The principle of Vernier is that when two scale divisions slightly different in sizes can
be used to measure the length very accurately.
Least Count is the smallest length that can be measured accurately and is equal to the difference
between a main scale division and a Vernier scale division.
Uses:
• It is used to measure the external diameter, the internal diameter and the length of the
given specimen.

Fig. Vernier Caliper

MICROMETER
The micrometer has an accurate screw having about 10 to 20 threads/cm and revolves in a fixed
nut. The end of the screw is one tip and the other is constructed by a stationary anvil.

Fig. Micrometer
Uses:
• Outside micrometer is used to measure the diameter of solid cylinder.
• Inside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of hollow cylinders and
spheres.
PROCEDURE FOR CALIBRATION
1. Range of the instruments is noted down.
2. The measuring instrument is placed on the surface plate and set for zero
3. Vernier is checked for zero error
4. Work piece is clamped between the jaws and the vernier scale is tighten by screws
5. Main scale and vernier scale coincidence are noted for 5 times and tabulated
6. Micrometer is checked for zero error
7. Work piece is clamped and it‘s head scale reading and pitch scale coincidence is
noted and tabulated
8. The two averages are calculated and the difference is determined

TABULATION
VERNIER CALIPER

Least count = 0.02 mm

Main Scale
Vernier Scale Vernier Scale Reading Total Reading
Reading
S.No. Coincidence (VSR) = VSC x LC = MSR + VSR
(MSR)
(VSC) in mm in mm
in mm

MICROMETER
 Least count = 0.02 mm

Head Scale Pitch Scale Reading

Reading Pitch Scale Total Reading
(PSR)
S.No. Coincidence = HSR + PSR
(HSR) = PSC x LC
(PSC) in mm
in mm in mm

RESULT
The precision measuring instruments are studied. The diameter of work pieces are
determined by using

Vernier Caliper = _____________mm .

Micrometer = ______________ mm .
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ANGULAR MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR AND VERNIER BEVEL
PROTRACTOR
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E.No.2 Date:

AIM :
To measure the angles of the given specimen using Sine bar and Vernier Bevel Protractor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Sine Bar
2. Bevel protractor
3. Specimen
4. Surface Plate
5. Slip Gauge
6. Dial Gauge

SPECIFICATION
Sine bar: Range:

FORMULA

Where, θ = Taper
angle
h = total height (thickness) of the slip gauges in mm l =
standard length of the sine bar in mm = 200mm

STUDY
SURFACE PLATE
The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement in
workshop is surface plate. It is a flat smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the
bottom.
Uses:
• It is used as a base in all measurements.
 Fig. Surface Plate

DIAL GAUGE
The dial gauge has got 2 hands. The short hand reads in mm. One complete revolution of long
hand reads one mm. The plunger of the dial gauge has to be placed on the surface whose
dimension has to be read.
Least Count = One division of the circular scale with long hand.
Uses:
It is used as a mechanical comparator
SINEBAR
A sine bar consists of a hardened, precision ground body with two precision ground cylinders
fixed at the ends. The distance between the centers of the cylinders is precisely controlled, and
the top of the bar is parallel to a line through the centers of the two rollers. The dimension
between the two rollers is chosen to be a whole number (for ease of later calculations) and forms
the hypotenuse of a triangle when in use.
When a sine bar is placed on a level surface the top edge will be parallel to that surface. If one
roller is raised by a known distance, usually using gauge blocks, then the top edge of the bar will
be tilted by the same amount forming an angle that may be calculated by the application of the
sine rule.
Uses:
It is used for setting up work at various angles for the machining or inspection of parts

Fi
g. Sine bar
SLIP GAUGES
They are rectangular blocks hardened and carefully stabilized. The surfaces are highly
polished to enhance wringing. It is used as a reference standard for transferring the dimensions
of unit of length from primary standard. It is generally made up of high carbon, high chromium
hardened steel.
Uses:
 These are accurate and used as comparator

Fig. Set of Slip Gauges

PROCEDURE

1. The taper angle of the specimen is first found out approximately with the help of a bevel
protractor.
2. The sine bar is set at this angle on the surface plate with the help of the slip gauges as
shown in the figure.
3. The specimen is placed on the sine bar so that its top taper surface is parallel to the
surface plate.
4. The parallelism is checked and adjusted by increasing or decreasing the height level of
the slip gauges, so that there should be no deflection in the long hand of the digital gauge
when the spindle of the dial gauge is moved over the specimen surface.
5. The total height (thickness) of the slip gauges is noted down.
6. Trial readings are taken by placing the specimen at different points of the sine bar
surface.
 TABULATION

S. Sinebar length Height in

Sin θ θ
No. in mm mm

BEVEL PROTRACTOR
A bevel protractor is a graduated circular protractor with one pivoted arm; used for measuring or
marking off angles. It is attached with an acute angle attachment. The body is designed such that
its back is flat and no projection is beyond its back. The base plate is attached to the main body
and an adjustable blade is attached to the circular plate containing vernier scale. The main scale
is graduated in degrees from 0 o-90o in both the direction. The adjustable blade can be made to
rotate freely about the centre. The base plate is made flat for measuring angles and can be moved
throughtout it‘s length. Uses:
 It has wide application in architectural and mechanical drawing, although its use is
decreasing with the availability of modern drawing software or CAD.

Fig. Bevel Protractor

FORMULA
PROCEDURE
1. Initially bevel protractor is adjusted as per requirements.
2. Specimen is placed between the blades.
3. Reading noted directly from main scale and Vernier scale
4. For measuring, taper angle of sine bar, protractor is fixed to height gauge.
5. The protractor is corresponding adjusted.
6. Noted reading is tabulated.

TABULATIONS
Specimen 1:
Main Scale Total Reading
Vernier Scale Vernier Scale Reading
Reading =
S.No. Coincidence (VSR) = VSC x LC
(MSR) MSR + VSR in
(VSC) in mm
in mm mm

Specimen 2:
Main Scale Total Reading
Vernier Scale Vernier Scale Reading
Reading =
S.No. Coincidence (VSR) = VSC x LC
(MSR) MSR + VSR in
(VSC) in mm
in mm mm
RESULT:
The taper angle of the given specimen is

Using sine bar =_________________________ degrees

And angle of the given specimens was determined by using bevel protractor

Angle of the given specimen 1 = ______________

Angle of the given specimen 2 = ______________

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MEASUREMENT OF GEAR PARAMETERS USING GEAR TOOTH VERNIER
CALIPER
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Exp No.3 Date:

AIM
To measure gear parameters for the given spur gear by Gear Tooth Vernier Caliper.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1.
Gear tooth Vernier,
2.
Gear specimen.

SPECIFICATION

Gear tooth Vernier: Range: Horizontal = 0-40 mm Least count = 0.02 mm

Vertical = 0-20 mm
FORMULA

Where,
W = Chordal width of tooth in mm m = Module
of gear in mm D = Chordal addendum of gear in
mm T = No. of teeth
d = Outside diameter of gear in mm

STUDY

GEAR TOOTH VERNIER

The tooth thickness is defined as the length of the arc of the pitch circle between opposite faces
of the same tooth. Most of the time a gear vernier is used to determine the tooth thickness. As the
tooth thickness varies from top to bottom, any instrument for measuring on a single tooth must
1.
Measure the tooth thickness at a specified position on the tooth.
2.
Fix that position at which the measurement is taken.
 The gear tooth vernier, therefore, consists of a vernier caliper for making the measurement M,
combined with a vernier depth for setting the dimension h at which the measurement M is to be
affected.

Fig. Gear tooth vernier

Fig. Gear tooth thickness at pitch

TERMINOLOGY OF SPUR GEAR

Fig. Spur gear

Pitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling cylinder (cone, etc.) that the toothed gear
may be considered to replace.

Pitch circle: A right section of the pitch surface.

Addendum circle: A circle bounding the ends of the teeth, in a right section of the gear.

Root (or dedendum) circle: The circle bounding the spaces between the teeth, in a right section
of the gear.

Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle.

Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and the root circle.

Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of one gear and the addendum of the mating
gear.
Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying outside the pitch surface.

Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside the pitch surface.

Circular thickness: (also called the tooth thickness) The thickness of the tooth measured on the
pitch circle. It is the length of an arc and not the length of a straight line.

Tooth space: The distance between adjacent teeth measured on the pitch circle.

Backlash: The difference between the circle thickness of one gear and the tooth space of the
mating gear.
Circular pitch,p: The width of a tooth and a space, measured on the pitch circle.
Diametral pitch P: The number of teeth of a gear per inch of its pitch diameter. A toothed gear
must have an integral number of teeth. The circular pitch, therefore, equals the pitch
circumference divided by the number of teeth. The diametral pitch is, by definition, the number
of teeth divided by the pitch diameter.

Module m: Pitch diameter divided by number of teeth. The pitch diameter is usually specified in
inches or millimeters; in the former case the module is the inverse of diametral pitch.

Fillet : The small radius that connects the profile of a tooth to the root circle.

Pinion: The smaller of any pair of mating gears. The larger of the pair is called simply the gear.

Velocity ratio: The ratio of the number of revolutions of the driving (or input) gear to the
number of revolutions of the driven (or output) gear, in a unit of time.

Pitch point: The point of tangency of the pitch circles of a pair of mating gears.

Common tangent: The line tangent to the pitch circle at the pitch point.

Line of action: A line normal to a pair of mating tooth profiles at their point of contact.

Path of contact: The path traced by the contact point of a pair of tooth profiles.

Pressure angle : The angle between the common normal at the point of tooth contact and the
common tangent to the pitch circles. It is also the angle between the line of action and the
common tangent.

Base circle : An imaginary circle used in involute gearing to generate the involutes that form the
tooth profiles.

PROCEDURE
1.
The T, d of the given gear block are measured.
2.
The module m‘ it then calculated.
3.
Theoretical values of ‗W‘ and ‘D‘ are computed.
4.
Theoretical values of ‗W‘ are set in horizontal Vernier scale of gear tooth Vernier and
corresponding actual ‗D‘ value scale.
5.
Theoretical values of ‗D‘ is set and ‗W‘ is measured along Horizontal scale.
6.
This procedure is repeated for 5 teeth and value tabulated.
OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF GEAR

Trial Outside diameter ‘d’ mm

1
2
3
4
5

Least count = 0.02 mm

Main Scale Total Reading

Vernier Scale Vernier Scale Reading
Reading =
S.No. Coincidence (VSR) = VSC x LC
(MSR) MSR + VSR in
(VSC) in mm
in mm mm
MEASUREMENT OF ADDENDUM AND CHORDAL WIDTH

Trial Chordal addendum‘ d‘ mm Chordal width ‗w‘ mm

Actual . Theoretical Actual Theoretical
1

Result:
Thus the chordal thickness and addendum of gear are measured using gear tooth Vernier.

The actual values are W =

D=
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MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS BY USING FLOATING
CARRIAGE MICROMETER
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Exp No.4 Date:

AIM
To measure the major diameter, minor diameter & effective diameter of external screw
threads by using floating carriage micrometer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Floating carriage micrometer.
2. Specimen
3. Prism
4. Wire
5. Cylinder.

SPECIFICATIONS
1. Weight of the machine: Approx. 25kg.
2. L x W x H : Approx. 350mm x 150mmx 140mm
3. List count of micrometer : 0.001 mm
4. Standard micrometer or electronic type.
5. Electronic Micrometer has digital display and Std.
6. Dial type Fiducial Indicator with 0.01mm standard dial.
7. Admit between centre 200 mm
8. Max Diameter capacity 100mm
FORMULA
Major Diameter Measurement:
OD = D+ (RS ~ R)
Where,
D = Diameter of setting master.
RS = Micro meter reading over setting master.
R = = Micro meter reading over threaded W/P or gauges, +/ – is determined by relative
size of master & work piece.
Minor Diameter Measurement:
ID = D- (R ~ RO)
Where,
D = Diameter of setting master.
C = Core or minor diameter of work piece.
RP = Reading over master & prism R = Reading
over master & prism.

Measurement of effective diameter by using 2 wire method:

E = T+P
 T= D+ (RW ~ ROW)

Where,
D = Effective or pitch diameter.
T = Measured dimension using cylinder.
RW= Reading measured over setting master with wire.
ROW= Reading measured over work piece over wire.
P = (0.86603 * p) – W
W =Mean diameter of cylinder wire used = 1.35 mm
p = Pitch of thread = 2 mm

STUDY
FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER
In order to ensure the manufacture of screw threads to the specified limits laid down in the
appropriate standard it is essential to provide some means of inspecting the final product. For
measurement of internal threads thread plug gauge is used and to check these plug gauges
Floating Carriage Micrometer is used for measuring Major, Minor and Effective diameter.
Measuring machine shown in the figure has ―Base‖with two small and one big adjustable
support knobs provided for leveling the assembled unit. Base hastwo parallel integral ―V‖
grooves one short and other long. Long groove is for guide pegs located at the bottom of
―Intermediate Piece‖ or ―Carriage‖ (B) and smaller for a ball. One more ―V‖ pair is in the
Centre of the base, which is provided for accommodating ―Centers‖ (E) to hold work piece.
Carriage has two parallel ―V‖ grooves, one to accommodate two balls and other to
accommodate one ball. Underneath the floating top (C) there is one ―V‖ groove on one side and
flat portion on other side. Digital Micrometer is in one bracket (with less width) and dial type
fiducial on the other side lever is provided to tighten it.

Fig. Floating Carriage Micrometer

PROCEDURE
 1. The setting master is held b/w center and taken the reading at the diameter say R S
2. The master cylinder is then replaced by a threaded work piece and R is taken.
3. Take the reading on micrometer and indicator in such a way that radius portion of prism
touches master.
4. The cylinder or wire should be chosen so that when placed b/w the threads, they should
contact about halfway down the flanks.

Result:
Thus, the thread parameters of a screw thread are measured using floating carriage
micrometer.
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MEASUREMENT OF DIMENTION OF GIVEN SPECIMEN USING
TOOL MAKER’S MICROSCOPE AND PROFILE PROJECTOR
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Ex.No. 5 Date:

AIM
To measure thread parameter of a given screw thread using Too; Maker’s Microscope and
Profile Projector.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Tool makers microscope,
2. Screw thread specimen
3. Contour Projector
4. Work holding centre

TOOL-MAKER’S MICROSCOPE

SPECIFICATION
Magnification : 30x (standard)
Objective : 2x
Eyepiece : w.f.15x with cross rectile
Field of view : 8mm. (approx)
Working distance : 80mm
Observation tube : monocular inclined at 30 degree
Stand : large and heavy base provide extra overall rigidity to the Instrument
Measurement stage : 150x150. size travel up to 50mm in each direction, least count 6
minutes

STUDY
TOOL-MAKER’S MICROSCOPE
Tool makers microscope is based on the Principle of optics. The microscope consists of a heavy-
duty hallow-duty hallow base, which accommodates the illuminating unit underneath, and above
this on the top surface of the base, the work table carriage is supported on ball and controlled by
micrometer screws. Projecting up from the rear of the base is a column, which carries the
microscope unit and various interchangeable eyepieces.
Uses:
The chief applications of the tool room microscope are as follows
1. The determination of relative position of various points on work.
2. Measurement of angle by using a protractor eyepiece.
3. Comparison of thread forms with master profiles engraved in the eyepiece, measurement
of pitch and effective diameter.
CONSTRUCITON OF MICROSCOPE
Base:
The study base rest on three support two of which are adjustable for leveling the instrument. The
base has built in all electrical transformers and their control panel and transmitted illuminator
with green filter.
Arm:
The arm has a groove guide on which the microscope tube is vertically adjusted by rack and
pinion system.

Focussing Mechanism:
The course focusing movement provided in the microscope tube separately. The coarse motion
is knurled knob on both side of the tube and ha as the total travel of 200mm. Its also lock any
position by lever, this movement is characterized by its exceptionally smooth and accurate
precision. The vertical travel or measurement up to 10mm, thickness can be read by the depth
dial gauge. The thickness is being measured with the difference of two different focusing of
object. The least count of gauge is 0.01.

Fig. Tool makers microscope

Eyepiece Protractor
This unique protractor head graduated 0 to 360 degree with adjustable vernier reading to 6
minutes cross line incorporated in the protractor head rotating in the optical axis of the
microscope the cross line graticule is replaceable with many other measuring graticules.
Measuring Stage
The stage plate is of 150 X 150 mm having very smooth and precise movements in both axis
with special ball racers arrangements. The travel of the stage is 25mm. in both direction with
precise imported micrometer head, least count 0.01 or 0.005mm. The stage has two T-slots for
mounting accessories like rotary stage, center holding device attachment and V-block etc.

Rotary Stage
A rotating stage is fixed in T-slots of square plate having 360 degree graduations on its
periphery with vernier reading to6 minute, and lock screw. All types of horizontal angular
measurements can be done with this stage.

Illuminating System
Two possible range of illuminating system are provided with standard equipment to meet every
application, operated through 6 volts solid state variable light control built in transformer.
1. Sub-stage transmitted light from a bottom source providing collimated green filter
halogen light for viewing contours and transparent objects.
2. Surface incident illuminator for shadow free lighting, for high power examination of
opaque objects.

PROCEDURE
Measurement of screw thread pitch :
1. The image of the thread profile is set so that some of the profile coincides with the cross
hair as seen on the ground-glass screen.
2. The reading on thimble of the longitudinal micrometer screw is noted down.
3. Then the part is traversed by the micrometer screw until a corresponding point on the
profile of the next thread coincides with the cross hairs.
4. The reading on thimble is again noted and the difference in two readings gives the actual
pitch of the screw.

TABULATION
Pitch of the thread:

Initial micrometer Final micrometer

Pitch of the thread =
S.No. reading on thread reading on thread pitch
pitch A (mm) B-A (mm)
B (mm)
Measurement of angle of thread :
1. It is determined by rotating the screen until a line on the screen coincides with one
flank of the thread profile
2. The angle of screen rotation is noted and then the screen is further rotated till the
same line coincides with the other flank of thread.
3. The difference in two angular readings gives the actual angel of thread on the screw.

TABULATION
Flank angle of the thread:

Initial flank angle Final flank angle B Flank angle

S.No.
A (deg) (deg) = B-A (deg)

PRECAUTIONS
1. The coincidence on the component & cross hairs must be carefully matched.
2. Eyepieces are to be handled carefully.
Don‘t expose eyes directly to the light source.

PROFILE PROJECTOR

SPECIFICATION
Contour projector magnification accuracy = ±0.1%
Micrometer Head = 0-25 mm
Least Count = 0.1 mm
Colour illuminator = 150/250 W Halogen
Magnification = 10x, 20x, 50x lenses

PARTS TO BE MEASURED
 Major and Minor diameter
 Depth and pitch of thread
PROCEDURE
1. The required Magnification adapter is fixed in the center projector.
2. The flat specimen is placed on the glass plate and perfectly focused on the screen.
3. The profile of specimen is traced on a tracing paper is fixed on the screen using
pencil.
4. Then the angle between the two reference surface and dimension are measured using
table micrometer and the Rota table screen circular scale and are tabulated

STUDY
PROFILE PROJECTOR
A profile projector is also referred to as an optical comparator, or even known as a
shadowgraph, a profile projector is an optical instrument utilized for measuring. The projector
magnifies the profile of the specimen, and shows this on the built-in projection screen. From this
screen there is usually a grid that could be rotated 360 degrees therefore the X-Y axis of the
screen could be aligned correctly using a straight edge of the machined part to analyze or
measure. This projection screen shows the profile of the sample and is zoomed for better ease of
computing linear dimensions.

An edge of the sample to analyze could be aligned using the grid on the screen. After that, basic
measurements could be obtained for distances along with other points. This is being carried out
on a zoomed profile of the specimen. It could be easier and also lessen mistakes by measuring on
the magnified projection screen of a profile projector.

The conventional way of illumination is by diascopic illumination, and that is illumination from
behind. This kind of illumination is also known as transmitted illumination when the sample is
transparent and light can go through it. When the specimen is solid, then the light won‘t go
through it, but can form a profile of the sample. Measuring of the sample can be achieved on the
projection screen. A profile projector could also have episcopic illumination which happens to be
light shining from above. This is convenient in exhibiting bores or inner areas that needs to be
measured.
 Fig. Profile Projector

TABULATION

Major diameter Minor diameter

Pitch Angle Depth
S.No. D1 D2
(mm) (deg) (mm)
(mm) (mm)

RESULT:
 The pitch and flank angle of the given object is measured with toolmakers microscope are
tabulated.

AND

The thread parameter of the given screw thread was found using the profile projector.
Major diameter = _______________ mm
Minor diameter = _______________ mm
Pitch of screw = ________________ mm
Depth of thread = ________________ mm
Angle of thread = ________________ mm