HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑇 ≠ 𝑇𝐸𝑀𝑃𝐸𝑅𝐴𝑇𝑈𝑅𝐸
WHAT IS HEAT?
Heat is a form of energy, but it is
energy in transit. Heat is not a
property of a system. However,
the transfer of energy as heat
occurs at the molecular level due
to a temperature difference.
WHAT IS TEMPERATURE
Temperature is the measure of
hotness or coldness expressed in
terms of any of several scales,
including Fahrenheit and Celsius.
Temperature is the measure of
the thermal energy or average
heat of the molecules in a
substance.
CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE
9
Celsius to Fahrenheit: ℉= ℃ + 32
5
5
Fahrenheit to Celsius: ℃= (℉ − 32)
9
Celsius to Kelvin: 𝐾 = ℃ + 273.15
Fahrenheit to Rankine: 𝑅 = ℉ + 460
THERMAL ENERGY AND HEAT ENERGY
Thermal energy gives the total kinetic energy the system possesses. It is used to
determine the internal energy of such system. In a system it increases with increase in
temperature. Hence there would be the greater speed in molecular motion in the
system.
Heat Energy is the flow of thermal energy between two objects of different
temperature whereas the thermal energy tells about how much is the transfer of
energy due to temperature difference between two bodies.
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Law of Conservation of Energy, states that “energy can neither be created nor
destroyed, it can only be transferred or transformed from one form to another.
Energy Input must always equate to energy output.
𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑇 = 𝐶𝐻𝐴𝑁𝐺𝐸 𝐼𝑁 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑁𝐴𝐿 𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑅𝐺𝑌 + 𝑊𝑂𝑅𝐾 𝐷𝑂𝑁𝐸 𝐵𝑌 𝑇𝐻𝐸 𝑆𝑌𝑆𝑇𝐸𝑀
𝑸 = ∆𝑼 + 𝑾
States that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an
isolated system, will always increase over time. ∆𝑆 ≠ 0
The second law of thermodynamics states that as energy is
transferred or transformed, more and more of it is wasted.
The second law of thermodynamics puts restrictions upon the
direction of heat transfer and achievable efficiencies of
SECOND LAW OF heat engines.
THERMODYNAMICS
THIRD LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
The third law of
thermodynamics states
that the entropy of a
perfect crystal at a
temperature of zero
Kelvin (absolute zero) is
equal to zero.
ZEROTH LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
The zeroth law of
thermodynamics states
that if two bodies are
each in thermal
equilibrium with some
third body, then they are
also in equilibrium with
each other.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SYSTEMS IN THERMODYNAMICS
Open System – An open system can exchange both energy and matter with its
surroundings. The stovetop example would be an open system, because heat and
water vapor can be lost to the air.
Closed System – A closed system, on the other hand, can exchange only energy with
its surroundings, not matter.
Isolated System –is one that cannot exchange either matter or energy with its
surroundings.
HEAT TRANSFER
DIFFERENT MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
Conduction – transfer of heat due to surface contact.
Convection – transfer of heat between fluids due to difference in density
or movement of fluids.
Radiation – a process where heat waves are emitted that may be
absorbed, reflected, or transmitted through a colder body.
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION
𝑘
𝑄 = − 𝐴∆𝑇
𝑥
Where: Q = Heat transferred
k = thermal conductivity of material
A = Area of heat transfer
x = thickness of medium
∆𝑇 = change in temperature
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION
𝑄 = −𝐴ℎ∆𝑇
Where: Q = Heat transferred
h = coefficient of convective heat transfer
A = Area of heat transfer
∆𝑇 = change in temperature
HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION
𝑄 = 𝜎𝜀𝐴∆𝑇 4
Where: Q = Heat transferred
W
𝜎 = Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.67𝑥10−8
𝑚−𝑘 4
𝜀 = emmisivity
A = Area of heat transfer
∆𝑇 = change in temperature
THERMAL EXPANSION
Thermal expansion is the phenomenon observed in solids, liquids, and gases.
In this process, an object or body expands on the application of heat (temperature).
Thermal expansion defines the tendency of an object to change its dimension either
in length, density, area, or volume due to heat.
Gases expand much more than liquids and liquids expand much more than solids for
a given rise in temperature.
TYPES OF
THERMAL
EXPANSION
TYPES OF LINEAR EXPANSION
1. Linear expansion - It is a type of thermal expansion in which the length of the solid
increases when it is heated. This type of thermal expansion occurs in a rod or wire.
2. Area (Superficial expansion) - If the solid is in the form of a thin sheet, then its
surface area increases on heating, and this type of thermal expansion is known as
superficial expansion.
3. Volume expansion - When a solid such as a cube, sphere, cuboid, or cylinder is
heated, its volume increases and this type of thermal expansion is known as volume
expansion.
