CHAPTER 8: GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
8.1 FUNCTIONS
A. DEFINITION OF FUNCTIONS
1. In a relation, each input is mapped onto one or more outputs.
2. All inputs in a relation are known as domain while all outputs are known as range.
3. The relation between two sets of data can be represented in the form of
(a) an arrow diagram
(b) a graph
(c) ordered pairs
For example, given set A = {1, 2, 3, 5} and set B = {2, 4, 6, 10} which are represented by the relation
'multiply 2.
4. There are four types of relation.
5. A function is a special relation where each input has only one output. Only one-to-one relations
and many-to-one relations are functions.
EXAMPLE 1
The diagram shows a relation between set M and set N. State
(a) the type of the relation.
(b) the range of the relation.
B. REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS
1. In a function, each input is known as an object and each output is known as an image.
2. There are two types of functions, that is, one-to-one function and many-to-one function as shown
in the following tree map.
3. One-to-many and many-to-many relations are not functions because the objects have more
than one image.
4. A function can be represented in four forms.
5. The function notation f(x) can be used to write a function that maps the object x to the
corresponding image y. For example, a function f that maps x to 3x is written as f(x) = 3x.
EXAMPLE 2
Determine whether each of the following representations is a function. Justify your answer.
EXAMPLE 3
Determine the type of function for each of the following representations of functions.
8.2 GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
A. CONSTRUCTING TABLES OF VALUES AND DRAWING GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
1. We can construct the table of values of a function by substituting the values of x into the function
to obtain the corresponding values of y.
2. From the table of values constructed, we can draw the graph of a function. 3. Steps to draw the
graph of a function:
4. The straight line or curve that is drawn to represent a function is known as the graph of function.
5. A linear function is represented by a straight line.
6. A non-linear function is represented by a curve.
EXAMPLE 4
Construct the table of values for each of the following functions by using the given range of values
of x.
(a) y = 3x-5 for the values of x = 0 to x = 4
B. INTERPRETING GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
1. Every graph of function has a specific shape.
2. Based on the shape of a graph of function, we can study the trend and make predictions
regarding an investigation.
EXAMPLE 5
The graph of function shows the profits gained by a shop from the sale of a type of product.
Based on the graph of function,
(a) state a deduction about the number of products and the profits gained by the shop.
(b) predict the profits that will be gained by the shop if 80 units of the product are sold.
C. PROBLEMS INVOLVING GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE 6
A company produces two types of cosmetics, P and Q. The graph shows the production cost and the
number of cosmetics produced by the company.
Based on the graph, answer the following questions.
(a) What is the total production cost for producing 10 units of cosmetic P and 10 units of cosmetic
Q?
(b) State the number of cosmetics produced when the production costs for both types of cosmetics
are the same.
(c) What is the difference in the production cost when the number of each type of cosmetics
produced is 40 units?
(d) As a manager of the company, you need to choose one of the cosmetics to increase its
production. Which type of cosmetic will you choose? Give the reason for your answer.
