CHAPTER 6

Impulse Hydraulic Turbine

6.1 Hydraulic Turbine
Hydraulic turbines are Machines which convert hydraulic energy in to
mechanical energy. Use the potential energy and kinetic energy of water and rotate the
rotor by dynamic action of water.
Hydraulic Turbines have a row of blades fitted to the rotating shaft or a rotating
plate. Flowing liquid, mostly water, when pass through the Hydraulic Turbine it strikes
the blades of the turbine and makes the shaft rotate. While flowing through the
Hydraulic Turbine the velocity and pressure of the liquid reduce, these result in the
development of torque and rotation of the turbine shaft. There are different forms of
Hydraulic Turbines in use depending on the operational requirements. For every
specific use a particular type of Hydraulic Turbine provides the optimum output.
6.2 Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
Turbines are classified in number of ways as follows:
(1) According to flow path
Water can pass through the Hydraulic Turbines in different flow paths. Based on
the flow path of the liquid Hydraulic Turbines can be categorized into three types.
1. Axial Flow Hydraulic Turbines: This category of Hydraulic Turbines has the
flow path of the liquid mainly parallel to the axis of rotation. Kaplan Turbines
has liquid flow mainly in axial direction.
2. Radial Flow Hydraulic Turbines: Such Hydraulic Turbines has the liquid
flowing mainly in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
3. Mixed Flow Hydraulic Turbines: For most of the Hydraulic Turbines used there
is a significant component of both axial and radial flows. Such types of
Hydraulic Turbines are called as Mixed Flow Turbines. Francis Turbine is an
example of mixed flow type, in Francis Turbine water enters in radial direction
and exits in axial direction.
(2) According to the head under which turbine works
1. High head, impulse turbine. e.g. : Pelton turbine H  300 m 

301
 2. Medium head, reaction turbine. e.g. : Francis turbine 30 m  H  400 m 
3. Low head, reaction turbine. e.g. : Kaplan turbine 2 m  H  40 m 

Fig.(6.1): Head of Hydraulic Turbine

(3) According to the specific speed of the turbine

Specific speed is the speed of a geometrically similar turbine which would
develop unit power when working under unit head.
It is denoted by N s and it is given by the following expression.

Ns 
Power coefficient 1 2
Head coefficient 5 4
C P 1 2
Ns 
5 4

P1 2 N 5 2 D5 2
Ns  
 1 2 N 3 2 D 5 2 gH 5 4

P1 2 N5 2
Ns  
 1 2 N 3 2 gH 5 4

N P
Ns 
 gH 5 4
Where: N  The rotational speed , rev/s .
P  The turbine output power , Watt .
H  The turbine required head, meter.
302
The specific speed, along with some fundamental formulas can be used to reliably scale
an existing design of known performance to a new size with corresponding
performance.
1. Low specific speed, impulse turbine. e.g : Pelton wheel N s  1
2. Medium specific speed, reaction turbine. e.g : Francis wheel 1  N s  4 
3. High specific speed, reaction turbine. e.g : Kaplan turbine 2  N s  6

Fig. (6.2): Specific speed for different types of Hydraulic Turbine

(4) According to pressure change

One more important criterion for classification of Hydraulic Turbines is whether
the pressure of liquid changes or not while it flows through the rotor of the Hydraulic
Turbines. Based on the pressure change Hydraulic Turbines can be classified as of two
types.
303
 1. Impulse Turbine: The pressure of liquid does not change while flowing through
the rotor of the machine. In Impulse Turbines pressure change occur only in the
nozzles of the machine. One such example of impulse turbine is Pelton Wheel.
2. Reaction Turbine: The pressure of liquid changes while it flows through the rotor
of the machine. The change in fluid velocity and reduction in its pressure causes a
reaction on the turbine blades; this is where from the name Reaction Turbine may
have been derived. Francis and Kaplan Turbines fall in the category of Reaction
Turbines.
The capital costs of a hydroelectric power scheme (i.e. reservoir, pipelines, turbines,
etc.) are higher than thermal stations but they have many advantages, some of
which are:
1. High efficiency
2. Operational flexibility
3. Ease of maintenance
4. Low wear and tear
5. Potentially inexhaustible supply of energy
6. No atmospheric pollution

304
6.3 Impulse Turbine (Pelton Wheel)
An impulse turbine is a turbine which runs by the impulse of water. In an
impulse turbine, the water from a dam is made to flow through a pipe line, and then
through guide mechanism and finally through the nozzle. In such a process, the entire
available energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy, by passing it through
nozzles; which impinges on the buckets, fixed to the outer periphery of the wheel.
The jet of water impinges on the buckets with a high velocity, and after flowing
over the vanes, leaves with low velocity; thus imparting energy to the runner. The
pressure of water, both at entering and leaving the vanes, is atmospheric. The common
example of an impulsive turbine is Pelton wheel.
6.3.1 Description of Pelton Wheel
Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine as there is no pressure drop across the
buckets. The flow is axial, i.e., there is no change in peripheral velocity and water
enters and leaves the buckets at the same radius.
Water supplied is from a high head through a long conduit called penstock. The
water is accelerated in the nozzle and the head is converted into velocity and discharges
at high speed in the form of a jet at atmospheric pressure. The jet strikes deflecting
buckets attached to the rim of a rotating wheel (runner) as shown in Figure (6.3).
The kinetic energy of the jet is lost to the buckets and water discharged at
relatively low speed falls into lower reservoir or tail race. The tail race is set to avoid
submerging the wheel during folded conditions. When large amount of water is
available the power can be obtained by connecting two wheels to a single shaft or by
arranging two or more jets to a single wheel.
The buckets are double hemispherical in shape. The water strikes the bucket in
the centre and flows, out at both sides making a U turn. The surface inside the buckets
is polished and smooth to reduce hydraulic losses. A costly material like bronze or
stainless steel is generally used for the buckets. The buckets are detachable. When the
load is removed the water is suddenly cut off from the nozzle but it is directed to
deflector plate. The deflector plate that comes into operation cuts off water supply to
the wheel. The water from deflector plate goes to the tail race. The nozzle spear moving

305
inside the nozzle controls water to the turbine. Its operation is explained in the
regulation of turbine.

Fig. (6.3): Elements of a Pelton wheel turbine

306
 Fig. (6.4): Principle of Pelton wheel

A diagram of a Pelton wheel hydroelectric installation is shown in Figure (6.5).

The water supply is from a constant – head reservoir at elevation H 0 above the centre-
line of the jet. A shallow-slope pressure tunnel extends from the reservoir to a point
almost vertically above the location of the turbine. A pipe of almost vertical slope
called the penstock joins the end of the pressure tunnel to the nozzle, while a surge tank
is installed at the upper end of the penstock to damp out flow control pressure and
velocity transients.
It is emphasized that, compared with the penstock, the pressure tunnel could be
extremely long, its slope is extremely shallow and it should undergo no large pressure
fluctuations caused by inlet valve flow control. The penstock must be protected against
the large pressure fluctuations that could occur between the nozzle and surge tank, and
is usually a single steel-lined concrete pipe or a steel-lined excavated tunnel. At the
307
turbine end of the penstock is the nozzle, which converts the total head at inlet to the
nozzle into a water jet with velocity C1 at atmospheric pressure.

Fig. (6.5): Pelton wheel hydroelectric installation

The velocity triangles for the flow of fluid onto and off a single bucket are shown
in Figure (6.6).

Fig. (6.6): Velocity triangles for a Pelton wheel

308
 U  The bucket speed
C1  The jet velocity

W  The relative velocity

  The outlet angle of the Bucket
If the bucket is brought to rest, then subtracting the bucket speed U1 from the jet
velocity C1 gives the relative fluid velocity W1 onto the bucket. The angle turned
through by the jet in the horizontal plane during its passage over the bucket surface is
and the relative exit velocity is W2 . If the bucket speed vector U 2 is added to W2 in the
appropriate direction, the absolute velocity at exit, C 2 , results. It should be realized that
the component Cu 2 of C 2 can be in the positive or negative x direction depending on
the magnitude of U .
(1) U1  U 2  U
(2) Cu1  C1  W1  U
(3) Cu 2  W2 cos180     U
Cu 2  W2 cos   U

309
6.3.2 The total Theoretical Head
From Euler's turbine equation:
gH 0  U1Cu1  U 2Cu 2

H 0  The theoretical overall turbine head

and since in this case Cu 2 is in the negative x direction,

gH 0  U  C1  U 2   Cu 2 
gH 0  U C1  Cu 2 

gH 0  U U  W1    W2 cos   U 

gH 0  U W1  W2 cos  

Therefore
 W 
gH 0  U W1 1  2 cos  
 W1 

 W 
gH 0  U C1  U 1  2 cos  
 W1 

U  
H0  C1  U 1  W2 cos  
g  W1 
U
H0  C1  U 1  k cos   (6.1)
g

where k  the relative velocity ratio, k  W2 W1

6.3.3 The work done by Pelton wheel
Work Done  g. H 0

Work Done  U C1  U 1  k cos   (6.2)

For maximum work done:
The overall head is given by the equation:
U
H0  C1  U 1  k cos  
g
Assuming no loss of relative velocity due to friction across the bucket surface W1  W2  ,
So, k  1 ,
U
H0  C1  U 1  cos   (6.3)
g

310
Equation (6.3) can be optimized by differentiating with respect to U . Thus
dH 0 1
 C1  2U 1  cos    0
dU g
or a maximum, and then
C1
C1  2U Or U
2
Substituting back into Eq. (6.1) gives
C12
H 0 max  1  cos   (6.4)
4g
Maximum Work Done  g.H 0 max

C12
Maximum Work Done  g. 1  cos  
4g

C12
Maximum Work Done  1  cos   (6.5)
4
6.3.4 The power delivered from pelton wheel
(a) Power available from turbine  gQH a
H a  The available (actual) turbine head

(b) Hydraulic Power obtained from pelton wheel

Hydraulic Power = PHy  gQH 0

6.3.5 The Volume flow rate from Pelton wheel

The flow rate from pelton wheel is given by the relation:
Q  C1 A


Where: (1) A  the nozzle area or jet area, A  d2
4
d  the nozzle diameter or jet diameter
(2) C1  The flow velocity exit form the nozzle (jet velocity)

C1  Cv 2 gH a (6.6)
Cv  The nozzle discharge coefficient

311
6.3.6 Wheel Tangential Velocity
The ratio D d varies and there is no upper limit, but usually in practice the ratio
is varying between 6  12 . and the tangential velocity of the wheel is expressed by:
N
U  D
60
D  Wheel Diameter
N  Rotational speed of the wheel rev min

6.3.7 Specific Speed

The specific speed for pelton wheel can be expressed by:
N Pshaft
Ns  (6.7)
 gH a 5 4

Where: Pshaft  The power delivered by the shaft,

H a  The actual head at turbine entry

N  The rotational speed in rev/s.

6.3.8 Pressure Coefficient  
The Pressure Coefficient for pelton wheel can be expressed by the relation
U
 (6.8)
2 gH a

6.3.9 Speed ratio  

The speed ratio is the ratio of the bucket speed U  of the wheel at to the velocity
of the jet C1  .
U
 (6.9)
C1

In practice the value of the speed ratio is between 0.44 and 0.46.

312
Example (6.1)
A generator is to be driven by a Pelton wheel with a head of 250 m . The velocity of
wheel is 18 m s . If the outlet tip angle of the bucket is 1600 , find out the overall Head.
Solution
H a  250 m U  18 m s   1600

C1  C v 2 gH a  1 2  9.8  250  70 m s

U
H0  C1  U 1  k cos  
g

18
H0  70  181  cos160 H 0  185.26 m
9. 8
Example (6.2)
A Pelton wheel runs at 625 rpm and deliver a volume flow rate of 4.1 m 3 s under a
head of 580 m . Find: (1) Diameter of the wheel
(2) Diameter of the nozzle
Assume Cv  0.98 , and ratio of bucket speed to jet speed  0.46.
Solution
H a  580 m N  625 rpm Q  4.1 m 3 s

Cv  0.98 U C1  0.46

C1  C v 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.8  580  104.49 m s

U  0.46C1  0.46  104.49  48.065 m s

(1) Diameter of the wheel

N
U  D
60
625
48.065  D D  1.47 m
60
(2) Diameter of the nozzle
Q  C1 A jet


Q  C1 d2
4

4.1  104.49  d2 d  0.2235 m
4

313
6.3.10 Efficiencies of a Pelton Wheel
In general, the term efficiency may be defined as the ratio of work done to the
energy supplied. An impulse turbine has the following four types of efficiencies:
1. Nozzle efficiency
2. Hydraulic Efficiency
3. Mechanical Efficiency
4. Overall Efficiency

(1) Nozzle efficiency

Kinetic Energy at nozzle outlet
Nozzle efficiency 
Available Power from Pelton Wheel
1  2
m C1
Nozzle efficiency  2
ρgQH a

QC12
N 
2 ρgQH a

C12
N 
2 gH a

N 
C v 2 gH a 
2

2 gH a

Cv2  2 gH a
N 
2 gH a

Therefore the nozzle efficiency becomes

 N  Cv2 (6.10)
(2) Hydraulic Efficiency
The hydraulic efficiency of pelton wheel can be defied as the ratio between the
power delivered by the pelton wheel and the kinetic energy exit from the nozzle
Hydraulic Power deliverd by Pelton Wheel
H 
Kinetic Energy from Nozzle

314
 gQH 0 gQH 0
H  
1  1
m C12 QC12
2 2
gH 0 2 gH 0
H  
1 2
C1 C12
2
2 gH 0 H
H  2
 20
Cv 2 gH a Cv H a

Maximum hydraulic efficiency:

Maximum Power from pelton Wheel
 H max 
Kinetic energy

gQ H 0 max gQ H 0 max

 H max  
1  1
m C12 QC12
2 2
g H 0 max 2 g
 H max   2 .H 0 max
1 2 C1
C1
2

2 g C12
 H max  1  cos  
C12 4 g

1  cos 
 H max 
2
(3) Mechanical Efficiency
Shaft Power
m 
Hydraulic Power deliverd by Pelton Wheel

Pshaft
m 
ρ g Q H0

Pshaft   m ρ g Q H 0 (6.11)
(4) Overall Efficiency
Shaft Power
0 
Avaialable Power from Pelton Wheel
Pshaft
0 
ρ g Q Ha

Pshaft  0 ρ g Q H a (6.12)

315
(5) Relation between Efficiencies
Pshaft
0 
ρ g Q Ha

Pshaft H0
0  
ρ g Q Ha H0

Pshaft H 0 C v2
0   
ρ g Q H0 H a C v2

H0
0   m  2
 Cv2
Cv H a

0   m   H   N

0   m  H  N (6.13)

Example (6.3)
A generator is to be driven by a Pelton wheel with a head of 220 m and discharge rate of
145 L s with mechanical efficiency of 90% . The mean peripheral velocity of wheel

is 14 m s . If the outlet tip angle of the bucket is 1600 , find out the power developed
Solution
H a  220 m Q  145 L s  m  0.9

U  14 m s   1730

C1  C v 2 gH a  1 2  9.81  220  65.7 m s

U
H0  C1  U 1  k cos  
g

14
H0  65.7  141  cos160 H 0  143.26 m
9.8
Pshaft   m gQH 0

Pshaft  0.9  1000  9.8  0.145  143.26

Pshaft  183215.2 W Pshaft  183.215 k W

316
Example (6.4)
A Pelton wheel develops 2000 kW under a head of 100 m and with an overall efficiency
of 85%. Find the diameter of the nozzle, if the coefficient of velocity for the nozzle is
0.98.
Solution
Pshaft  2000 kW H a  100 m  0  0.85 C v  0.98

C1  C v 2 gH  0.98 2  9.81  100  43.41 m s

Pshaft  0  gQH a

2000  10 3  0.85  1000  9.81  Q  100 Q  2.4 m 3 s

Q  C1 . A


Q  C1 . d2
4

2.4  43.41  d2 d  0.265 m  265 mm
4
Example (6.5)
A Pelton wheel is revolving at a speed of 200 rpm and develops 5886 kW when working
under a head of 200 m with an overall efficiency of 80% . The speed ratio for the
turbine is given as 0.48 and the velocity coefficient is 0.98 . Determine:
(a) The turbine discharge
(b) The wheel diameter
(c) The nozzle diameter
Solution
N  200 rpm Pshaft  5886 kW H a  200 m

0  0.80 U  0.48 C1 Cv  0.98

C1  Cv 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.8  200  61.36 m s

(a) The turbine discharge

Pshaft  0 gQH a

5886  103  0.8  1000  9.8  Q  200 Q  3.75 m 3 s

(b) The wheel diameter

U  0.48C1  0.48  61.36  29.45 m s
317
  DN
U
60
  D  200
29.45  D  2.81 m
60
(c) The nozzle diameter
Q  C1 A jet


Q  C1 d2
4

3.75  61.36  d2 d  0.28 m
4
Example (6.6)
A Pelton wheel develops 740 kW under a head of 310 m . Find the jet diameter if the
pelton wheel overall efficiency is 86% and Cv  0.98.
Solution
H a  310 m Pshaft  740 kW 0  0.86 Cv  0.98

C1  Cv 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.81  310  76.43 m s

Pshaft   0  gQH a

740  103  0.86  103  9.81  Q  310 Q  0.283 m 3 s

Q  C1 A jet


Q  C1 d2
4

0.283  76.43  d2 d  0.069 m
4
Example (6.7)
A Pelton wheel develops 12900 kW at 425 rpm under a head of 505 m . The overall
efficiency is 84% and mechanical efficiency is 90%. Find:
(1) Discharge of the turbine
(2) Diameter of the wheel
(3) Diameter of the nozzle
(4) Hydraulic efficiency of pelton wheel
Assume Cv  0.98 , and ratio of bucket speed to jet speed  0.46.

318
Solution
H a  505 m N  425 rpm 0  0.84
Pshaft  12900 kW Cv  0.98  m  0.90

U C1  0.46

C1  Cv 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.81  505  97.55 m s

U  0.46C1  0.46  97.55  44.87 m s

(1) Discharge of the turbine

Pshaft   0  gQH a

12900  1000  0.80  1000  9.8  Q  505 Q  3.258 m 3 s

(2) Diameter of the wheel

N
U  D
60
425
44.87  D D  2.02 m
60
(3) Diameter of the nozzle
Q  C1 A jet


Q  C1 d2
4

3.258  97.55  d2 d  0.206 m
4
(4) Hydraulic efficiency of pelton wheel
 N  Cv2  0.982  0.96

0  m  H  N

0.80  0.9   H  0.96  H  0.926

Example (6.8)
A Pelton wheel of power station develops 22753 kW under a head of 1750 m while
running at 760 rpm with overall efficiency of 84% and mechanical efficiency of 94% .
Assume Cv  0.98 , and ratio of bucket speed to jet speed  0.46. . Calculate
(1) The mean diameter of the runner
(2) The jet diameter
(3) Hydraulic efficiency of pelton wheel

319
Solution
H a  1750 m Pshaft  22753 kW N  760 rpm
0  0.84  m  0.94 Cv  0.98
U C1  0.46

C1  C v 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.81  1750  181.6 m s

U  0.46C1  0.46  181.6  83.54 m s

(1) The mean diameter of the runner

N
U  D
60
760
83.54  D D  2.1 m
60
(2) The jet diameter
Pshaft   0  gQH a

22753  103  0.84  1000  9.81  Q  1750 Q  1.58 m 3 s

Q  C1 A jet


1.58  181.6 d2 d  0.105 m
4
(3) Hydraulic efficiency of pelton wheel
 N  Cv2  0.982  0.96

0  m  H  N

0.84  0.94   H  0.96  H  0.931

Example (6.9)
A Pelton wheel has a wheel diameter of 1.2 m is running at 1000 rpm with a head of
840 m . If the outlet tip angle of the bucket is 1650 and discharge flow rate through the

nozzle is 120 L s. If the mechanical efficiency is 90% , determine:

(a) The power from the turbine
(b) The hydraulic efficiency of pelton wheel
Solution
H a  840 m D  1.2 m N  1000 rpm
0 3
  165 Q  0.12 m s  m  0.90

320
 C1  C v 2 gH a  2  9.8  840  128.3 m s

N 1000
U  D    1.2   62.83 m s
60 60
U
H0  C1  U 1  k cos  
g

62.83
H0  128.3  62.831  cos165 H 0  825.18 m
9.8
(a) The power from the turbine
Pshaft   m gQH 0

Pshaft  0.9  1000  9.8  0.12  825.18

Pshaft  873370.5 W Pshaft  873.37 k W

(b) Hydraulic efficiency of pelton wheel

H0
H 
C v2 H a

825.18
H   H  0.982
12  840
Example (6.10)
A generator is to be driven by a small Pelton wheel with a head of 91.5 m at inlet to
the nozzle and discharge of 0.04 m 3 s . The wheel rotates at 720 rpm and the velocity
coefficient of the nozzle is 0.98 . If the overall efficiency of the wheel is 80 per cent
and the ratio of bucket speed to jet speed is 0.46 , determine the wheel-to-jet-diameter
ratio at the centre-line of the buckets, and the speed of the wheel. What is the
dimensionless specific speed of the wheel?
Solution
H a  91.5 m Q  0.04 m 3 s N  720 rpm
Cv  0.98 U C1  0.46 0  0.8

Pshaft  0  gQH a

Pshaft  0.8  1000  9.81  0.04  91.5  28723.7 W Pshaft  28.72 kW

C1  C v 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.81  91.5  41.52 m s

U  0.46C1  0.46  41.52  19.1 m s

321
 (a) The wheel to jet diameter ratio
N
U  D
60
720
19.1  D D  0.507 m
60
Q  C1 A jet


Q  C1 d2
4

0.04  41.52  d2 d  0.035 m
4
D 0.507
Diameter ratio    14.5
d 0.035
(b) Specific speed
N Pshaft
Ns 
 gH a 5 4

720
28720
Ns  60  0.0131 rev
1000 9.81  91.55 4

Example (6.11)
A Pelton wheel has a head of 60 m. The main bucket speed is 12 m s and the nozzle
discharge is 1.0 m 3 s . If the bucket has an angle of 1650 at the outlet and the mechanical
efficiency is 90% . The nozzle coefficient is 0.98, find:
(a) The overall Head
(b) The power of Pelton wheel
(c) The hydraulic efficiency.
Solution
H a  60 m U  12 m s Q  1.0 m 3 s
  1650  m  0.90 C v  0.98

(a) The overall Head

C1  C v 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.81  60  33.62 m s

U
H0  C1  U 1  k cos  
g

322
 12
H0  33.62  121  1  cos165 H 0  52 m
9.81
(b) Power of Pelton wheel
C1  C v 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.81  60  33.62 m s

Pshaft   m gQH 0

Pshaft  0.9  1000  9.8  1.0  52

Pshaft  458640 W

Pshaft  458.64 k W

(c) Hydraulic efficiency

H0
H 
C v2 H a

52
H   H  0.903
0.982  60
Example (6.12)
A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 35 m s with a jet of water flowing at the rate

of 1 m 3 s under a head of 270 m . The buckets deflect the jet through an angle of 1700 .
The coefficient of velocity is 0.98 and the mechanical efficiency is 0.90 . Calculate:
(a) The turbine overall Head
(b) The power developed by the turbine.
(c) The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
Solution
U  35 m s Q  1.0 m 3 s H a  270 m
  1700  m  0.90 C v  0.98

C1  Cv 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.8  270  71.3 m s

(a) The turbine overall Head

U
H0  C1  U 1  k cos  
g
35
H0  71.3  351  1  cos170 H 0  257.3 m
9.8

323
 (b) Power of Pelton wheel
Pshaft   m gQH 0

Pshaft  0.9  1000  9.8  1.0  257.3

Pshaft  2269386 W Pshaft  2269.4 k W

(c) The hydraulic efficiency

H0
H 
Cv2 H a
257.3
H  H  0.99
0.982  270
Example (6.13)
A single jet Pelton wheel turbine runs at 305 rpm rpm against a head of 515 m . The jet
diameter is 200 mm , its deflection inside the bucket is 1650 and its relative velocity is
reduced by 12% due to friction. The velocity coefficient of the nozzle is 0.98 and the
ratio of bucket speed to jet speed is 0.46 . if the mechanical losses are 4% of power
supplied , Find: (1) Shaft power.
(2) Overall efficiency.
(3) Nozzle efficiency.
(4) Hydraulic efficiency.
(5) Resultant force on the bucket
Solution
H a  515 m d  200 mm N  305 rpm

k  0.88   1650 Cv  0.98

 m  1  0.04  0.96

C1  C v 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.8  515  98.5 m s

U  0.46C1  0.46  98.5  45.31 m s

Q  C1 A jet


Q  C1 d2
4

Q  98.5  0.2 2 Q  3.1 m 3 s
4

324
 U
H0  C1  U 1  k cos  
g

45.31
H0  98.5  45.311  cos165 H 0  483.46 m
9.8
(1) Shaft power
Pshaft   m gQH 0

Pshaft  0.96  1000  9.8  3.1  483.46

Pshaft  14100014 W Pshaft  14100 k W

(2) Overall efficiency

Pshaft  0 gQH a

14100  0  1000  9.8  3.1  515 0  0.90

(3) Nozzle efficiency

 N  Cv2  0.982  0.96

(4) Hydraulic efficiency

0  m  H  N

0.90  0.96   H  0.96  H  0.976

(4) Resultant force on the bucket


F  m Cu1  Cu 2  Cu1  C1

F  Q C1   Cu 2 

F  Q C1  Cu 2 

Cu 2  W2 cos180     U

Cu 2  W2 cos   U

Cu 2  kW1 cos   U

F  Q C1  Cu 2 

F  Q C1  kW1 cos   U 

F  Q C1  k C1  U  cos   U 

F  Q C1  U 1  k cos  

F  1000  3.198.5  45.311  0.88 cos165 F  305047 N

325
6.4 Design of Pelton Wheel
A pelton wheel is generally designed for a given head of water, power to be developed
and speed of the runner. In modern design orifices, a Pelton wheel is designed to find
out the following data:
1. Diameter of Wheel
2. Diameter of the jet
3. Number of jets (nozzles)
4. Number of the buckets
5. Size (width and depth) of the buckets
While designing a pelton wheel, if sufficient data is not available, then the following
assumptions are made, which are meant for the best results:
(i) Overall efficiency between 80% and 87% (preferably 85% ).
(ii) Coefficient of velocity 0.99 (preferably 0.985 ).
(iii) Ratio of peripheral velocity to the jet velocity as 0.46.
(1) Diameter of Wheel
The diameter of the wheel can be obtained from the tangential velocity of the
wheel which can be expressed as:
N
U  D (6.12)
60
D  Wheel Diameter

N  Rotational speed of the wheel rev min

(2) Diameter of the jet

The ratio D d varies and there is no upper limit, but usually in practice the ratio
is varying between 6  12 .
(3) Number of jets (nozzles)
Pelton wheels are single jet. When large power is required the flow rate required
also increases and then number of jets required is also more than one jet. The jet should
have sufficient spacing so that jet strikes one bucket at a time. Ordinarily not more than
four jets are provided for horizontal turbine.

326
 Fig.(6.8): Number of Jets

The total volume flow rate from pelton when is given by the relation:
Q  C1 A. n (6.13)
Where: (1) A  the nozzle area or jet area and

A d 2 : d is the nozzle diameter or jet diameter
4
(2) C1  The flow velocity exit form the nozzle (jet velocity)

C1  Cv 2 gH a

C v  The nozzle discharge coefficient

(3) n  The number of jets (The number of nozzles)

327
(4) Number of the buckets
The number of buckets, on the periphery of a Pelton wheel, is decided mainly on
the following two principles:
1. The number of buckets should be as few as possible, so that there may be as little
loss, due to friction, as possible.
2. The jet of water must be fully utilised, so that no water from the jet should go waste.
The number of buckets of a Pelton wheel cab be obtained by many empirical
formula. One of such formula, which widely used is:
D
No. of buckets =  15  (6.14)
 2d 
Where: D = diameter of wheel,
d = jet diameter.
(5) Size of the buckets
In general, the buckets of a Pelton wheel have the following dimensions:

Fig. (6.9): Dimensions of Bucket

(1) Radial length of the bucket L  3d

(2) Axial Width of the bucket B  5d
(3) Depth of the bucket T  1.2 d
Where: d  the nozzle diameter or jet diameter

328
Example (6.14)
Two jets strike the buckets of a Pelton wheel, which is having shaft power as
15450 kW . The diameter of each jet is given as 200 mm . If the turbine head is
400 m and the velocity coefficient is 0.98 . Find the turbine overall efficiency.
Solution
Pshaft  15450 kW d  200 mm H a  400 m Cv  0.98

C1  Cv 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.8  400  86.77 m/s


Q  C1  d 2 .n
4

Q  86.77  0.22  2 Q  5.45 m3 s
4
Pshaft   0 gQH a

15450  103  0  1000  9.8  5.45  400 0  0.723

Example (6.15)
The three-jet Pelton turbine is required to generate 10000 kW working under a head of
400 m with rotational speed of 500 rpm . If the turbine overall efficiency is 80% , the
velocity coefficient is 0.98 and the speed ratio is 0.46 . Determine:
(a) The total flow rate
(b) The diameter of the jet
(c) The wheel diameter
Solution
n  3 jets Pshaft  10000 kW H a  400 m
N  500 rpm 0  0.80 Cv  0.98

U  0.46 C1

C1  Cv 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.8  400  86.77 m s

(a) The total flow rate

Pshaft   0 gQH a

10000  1000  0.8  1000  9.8  Q  400 Q  3.188 m 3 s

329
(b) The diameter of the jet

Q  C1  d 2 .n
4

3.188  86.77  d2 3 d  0.125 m
4
(c) The wheel diameter
U  0.46 C1  0.46  86.77  39.91 m s

DN
U
60
  D  500
39.91  D  1.524 m
60
Example (6.16)
The following data is related to the Pelton wheel:
The turbine head 110 m
Diameter of the jet 7.5 cm
Discharge from the nozzle 200 L s
Shaft power 191.3 kW
Mechanical power losses 3.7 kW
Velocity coefficient 0.975
Determine:
(a) Power lost in Nozzle
(b) Hydraulic power losses in the runner
Solution
H a  110 m d  7.5 cm Q  0.2 m 3 s
Mechanical Power Losses  3.7 kW Pshaft  191.3 kW

C1  Cv 2 gH a  0.975 2  9.8  110  45.27 m s

(1) Pshaft  191.3 kW

(2) PHy  Pshaft  Mechanical Power Losses

PHy  191.3  3.7 PHy  195 kW

330
 (3) Pav  gQH a
Pav  1000  9.8  0.2  110
Pav  215600 W Pav  215.6 kW

1  1
(4) K . E  m C12  QC12
2 2
1 2
K .E   1000  0.2  45.27 
2
K . E  204937.3 W K . E  204.94 KW
(a) Power lost in Nozzle
Nozzle Losses  Pav  K . E

Nozzle Losses  215.6  204.94

Nozzle Losses  10.66 kW
(b) Hydraulic power losses in the runner
Hydraulic Power Losses in runner  K .E  PHy

Hydraulic Power Losses in runner  204.94  195

Hydraulic Power Losses in runner  9.94 kW

Example (6.17)
Calculate how many jets would be required for a Pelton wheel, which is to develop
9000 kW under 264 m head at a speed of 500 rpm . Assuming that the jet diameter is

not to exceed 1 9 wheel diameter, state also the diameter of the jets, the diameter of the
wheel and the quantity of water required, taking the overall efficiency as 87 % . Assume
pressure coefficient   0.45 and discharge coefficient Cv  0.98 .
Solution
Pshaft  9000 kW H a  264 m N  500 rpm
0  0.87   0.45 Cv  0.98
1
d D
9
(a) Number of Jets
Pshaft  0 gQH a

9000  103  0.87  1000  9.81  Q  264 Q  4 m3 s

331
 C1  Cv 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.81  264  70.53 m/s

U   2 gH a  0.45 2  9.81  264  32.4 m/s

N
U   D.
60
500
32.4  D D  1.24 m
60
D = Wheel diameter = 1.24 m
d 1

D 9
1 1
d D   1.24  0.1378 m
9 9
Q  C1 A jet .n


Q  C1  d 2 .n
4
 2
4  70.53   0.1378  n n  3.8
4
Hence, the number of jets  4
(b) Diameter of Jet

Q  C1  d 2 .n
4

4  70.53  d2 4 d  0.134 m
4
d 0.134 1
The actual ratio   which is about the same.
D 1.24 9.25

332
Example (6.18)
A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications:
Power 9560 kW
Head 350 m
Speed 750 rpm
Overall Efficiency 85%
Jet Diameter No to exceed 1 6 of the wheel diameter
Determine:
(a) Pelton wheel diameter
(b) Diameter of jet
(c) The required number of jets
Take Cv  0.985 and speed ratio  0.45
Solution
Pshaft  9560 kW H a  350 m N  750 rpm
0  0.85 U  0.45C1 Cv  0.985
1
d D
6
(a) Pelton wheel diameter
C1  Cv 2 gH a

C1  0.985 2  9.8  350  81.58 m s

U  0.45C1  0.45  81.58  36.71 m s

N
U   .D
60
750
36.71   .D D  0.935 m
60
(b) Diameter of jet
1 1
d D   0.935  0.1558 m
6 6
(c) The required number of jets
Pshaft  0 gQH a

9560  1000  0.85  1000  9.8  Q  350 Q  3.28 m 3 s

Q  C1 A jet .n

333
 
Q  C1  d 2 .n
4
 2
3.28  81.58   0.1558  n n  2. 1
4
Assume number of jets = 3 jet

Q  C1  d 2 .n
4

3.28  81.58  d2 3 d  0.131 m
4
Then, take : D  0.935 m
d  0.131 m
No. of jets  3
Example (6.19)
A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications. Power  735.75 kW ,
Head  200 m , Rotational speed  800 rpm , Overall efficiency  0.86 and the jet diameter
is not exceed one-tenth the wheel diameter. Determine:
(a) The wheel diameter
(b) The diameter of the jet
(c) The number of jets required
Take The speed ratio  0.45 and The velocity coefficien t  0.98
Solution
Pshaft  735.75 kW H a  200 m N  800 rpm
0  0.86 U  0.45C1 Cv  0.98
1
d D
10
(a) The wheel diameter
C1  C v 2 gH a

C1  0.98 2  9.8  200  61.36 m s

U  0.45C1  0.45  61.36  27.61 m s

N
U   .D
60

334
 800
27.61   .D D  0.66 m
60
(b) Diameter of jet
1 1
d D   0.66  0.066 m
10 10
(c) The required number of jets
Pshaft  0 gQH a

735.75  1000  0.86  1000  9.8  Q  200 Q  0.4365 m 3 s

Q  C1 A jet .n


Q  C1  d 2 .n
4
 2
0.4365  61.36   0.066  n n  2. 1
4
Assume number of jets = 3 jet

Q  C1  d 2 .n
4

0.4365  61.36  d2 3 d  0.055 m
4
Then, take : D  0.66 m
d  0.055 m
No. of jets  3
Example (6.20)
A Pelton wheel develops 8000 kW under a head 130 m at a speed of 200 rpm . Assuming
the coefficient of velocity for the nozzle 0.98 , the hydraulic efficiency 0.87 , speed
ratio 0.46 , the mechanical efficiency is 0.85 and the jet diameter to wheel diameter
1
ratio is . Determine:
9
(a) The required discharge
(b) The wheel diameter
(c) The number of jets required
(d) The diameter of the jet

335
Solution
Pshaft  8000 kW H a  130 m N  200 rpm
Cv  0.98  H  0.87 U  0.46C1
1
m  0.85 d D
9
C1  Cv 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.8  130  49.47 m s

(a) The required discharge

 N  Cv2  0.982  0.9604
0  mH N
0  0.85  0.87  0.9604  0.71
Pshaft  0 gQH a

8000  1000  0.71  1000  9.8  Q  130 Q  8.84 m 3 s

(a) The wheel diameter

U  0.46C1  0.46  49.47  22.76 m s
N
U   .D
60
200
22.76   .D D  2.17 m
60
(b) Diameter of jet
1 1
d D   2.17 d  0.241 m
9 9
(c) The required number of jet
Q  C1 A jet .n


Q  C1  d 2 .n
4
 2
8.84  49.47   0.241  n n  3. 9
4
Assume number of jets = 4 jet

Q  C1  d 2 .n
4

8.84  49.47  d2 4 d  0.238 m
4

336
 Then, take : D  2.17 m
d  0.238 m
No. of jets  4
Example (6.21)
The buckets of a Pelton wheel deflect the jet through an angle of 1700 , while the
relative velocity of the water is reduced by 12% due to bucket friction. Calculate the
theoretical hydraulic efficiency from the velocity triangles for a bucket/jet speed ratio
of 0.47 . Under a head of 552 m the wheel develops 1250 kW . The bucket circle
diameter of the wheel is 900 mm and there are two jets. The nozzle velocity
coefficient is 0.98 and the mechanical efficiency is 0.95 . Find the speed of rotation of
the wheel and the diameter of the nozzles.
Solution
H a  552 m Pshaft  1250 kW Cv  0.98
U C1  0.47 k  0.88   1700
D  900 mm m  95%

(a) The speed of rotation of the wheel

C1  Cv 2 gH a  0.98 2  9.8  552  102 m s

U  0.47C1  0.47  102  47.94 m s

N
U  D
60
N
47.94    0.9 N  1017 rpm
60
(b) The diameter of the nozzles
U
H0  C1  U 1  k cos β 
g
47.94
H0  102  47.941  0.88  cos170 H 0  493.13 m
9.81
H0 493.13
H    0.93
Cv H a 0.982  552
2

 N  Cv2  0.982  0.96

0  m H N

337
 0  0.95  0.93  0.96 0  0.848
Pshaft  0 gQH a

1250  1000  0.848  1000  9.8  Q  552 Q  0.2725 m 3 s

Q  C1 A jet  n


Q  C1 d2 n
4

0.2725  102  d2 2 d  0.041 m
4
Example (6.22)
A Pelton wheel nozzle for which Cv  0.97 working under head of 376 m with jet
diameter is 80 mm . The buckets of a Pelton wheel deflect the jet through an angle of
1650 and they run at 0.48 times of jet speed with rotational speed 200 rpm , while the
relative velocity of the water is reduced by 15% through the bucket due to bucket
friction. Mechanical efficiency is 90% . Determine
(a) The flow rate
(b) The wheel diameter
(c) The hydraulic efficiency
(d) The overall efficiency
(e) The shaft power output from the turbine
Solution
H a  376 m N  200 rpm U  0.48 C1
k  1  0.15  0.85 Cv  0.97  m  0.9
  1650 d  80 mm

C1  Cv 2 gH a

C1  0.97 2  9.8  376  83.3 m s

(b) The wheel diameter

U  0.48 C1  0.48  83.3 U  40 m s
N
U  D
60

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 200
40   D D  3.82 m
60
(c) The hydraulic efficiency
U
H0  C1  U 1  k cos β 
g
40
H0  83.3  401  0.85  cos165 H 0  321.84 m
9.8
H0 321.84
H    H  0.91
Cv H a 0.97 2  376.1
2

(d) The overall efficiency

 N  Cv2  0.97 2  0.941
0  m H N
0  0.9  0.91  0.941 0  0.771
(e) The shaft power output from the turbine
Pshaft  0 gQH a

Pshaft  0.771  1000  9.8  0.419  376.1

Pshaft  1190687.5 W Pshaft  1190.7 kW

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 Problems
6.1 The speed ratio in a Pelton turbine is 0.46 . The head available is 300 m . The flow
rate available is 2.5 m 3 s . The coefficient of velocity is 0.98 . The diameter should
not exceed 3 m . The jet is deflected by 167 0 . The blade friction coefficient is 0.1 .
Determine the hydraulic efficiency. Also determine the speed and power delivered.
Mechanical efficiency is 87% .
6.2 A Pelton turbine is to deliver 12 MW . The mechanical and generator efficiencies are
0.85 and 0.95 . The head available is 700 m . coefficient of velocity for nozzle is
0.98 . Blade speed ratio is 0.46 . The jet is deflected by 1650 . Blade friction reduces
the relative velocity by 12%. Determine the overall efficiency, flow rate and jet
diameter. If the speed is 180 rpm , determine the wheel diameter.
6.3 A Pelton turbine delivers 14.25 MW when running at 600 rpm under a head of
900 m and the overall efficiency of 89.2% . Determine the jet diameter and the wheel

diameter. If the coefficient of velocity for the nozzle is 0.98 and the ratio of bucket
speed of jet velocity is 0.46 .
6.4 A Pelton wheel has a bucket speed of 20 m s and jet speed of 42 m s . The flow rate
is 450 kg s . The jet is deflected by 1650 and the relative velocity is reduced by
12% by friction. Determine the power generated. What is the overall efficiency of
the turbine?
6.5 A Pelton wheel develops 13000 kW at 430 rpm under a head of 500 m . The overall
efficiency of the turbine is 85%. Find
(1) Discharge of the turbine,
(2) Diameter of the wheel
(3) Diameter of the nozzle.
(4) Hydraulic efficiency of pelton wheel
Assume Cv  0.98 , and ratio of bucket speed to jet speed  0.46.
6.6 A Pelton wheel develops 3750 kW under a head of 400 m . Find the total flow and
size of the jet. Assume the overall efficiency of the turbine is 80%, coefficient of

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 velocity 0.97, speed ratio 0.46. If the wheel diameter to the nozzle diameter is 10,
Find the mean diameter of wheel.
6.7 The speed of Pelton turbine is 14 m s . The water is supplied at the rate of 820 L s
against a head of 45 m . If the jet is deflected by the buckets at an angle of 1600 , find
the power and the efficiency of the turbine.
6.8 A Pelton wheel is supplied with 0.035 m 3 s of water under a head of 92 m . The
wheel rotates at 725 rpm and the velocity coefficient of the nozzle is 0.95 . The
efficiency of the wheel is 82% and the ratio of bucket speed to jet speed is 0.45 .
Determine the following: (a) Speed of the wheel
(b) Wheel to jet diameter ratio
(c) Dimensionless specific speed of the wheel
6.9 A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 15 m s with a jet of water impinging
with a velocity of 40 m s and discharging 450 L s . If the buckets deflect the jet
through an angle of 1650 , find the power generated by the wheel.
6.10 A Pelton wheel has a tangential velocity of buckets of 15 m s . The water is being
supplied under a head of 150 m and the flow rate of 200 L s . If the buckets deflect
the jet through an angle of 1600. If the coefficient of velocity for the nozzle is
0.98, find: (a) The power produced by the wheel
(b) The hydraulic efficiency
6.11 A Pelton wheel develops 67.5 kW under a head of 60 m of water. It rotates at
400 rpm . The diameter of penstock is 200 mm . The ratio of bucket speed of jet

velocity is 0.46 and overall efficiency of the installation is 83% . Calculate.

(a) The volumetric flow rate
(b) The diameter of the jet
(c) The wheel diameter
6.12 A Pelton wheel works on a head of 400 m . The diameter of the jet is 80 mm . The
head loss in penstock and nozzle is 23.6 m . The bucket speed is 40 m s . The buckets
deflect the jet through 1650 . The bucket friction reduces relative velocity at exit by

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 15% of relative velocity at inlet. The mechanical efficiency of turbine is 90% . Find
the flow rate and shaft power developed by the turbine.
6.13 A Pelton wheel is driven by two similar jets transmits 3750 kW to the shaft running
at 375 rpm . The total head available is 200 m and losses are 0.1% of the total head.
The diameter of the wheel is 1.45 m , the relative velocity coefficient of the bucket is
0.9 , the deflection of the jet is 1650 . if the mechanical efficiency is 90% . Find:
(a) The hydraulic efficiency
(b) The overall efficiency
(c) The diameter of each jet,
6.14 In a Pelton wheel the diameter of the wheel is 2 m and angle of deflection is 162 0 .
The jet diameter is 165 mm and pressure behind the nozzle is 1000 KN m 2 and wheel
rotates at 320 rpm . Find the hydraulic power developed and hydraulic efficiency.
6.15 Pelton turbine deliver 15 MW under a head of 1000 m when running at 300 rpm .
The blade speed ratio is 0.48 and coefficient of velocity for nozzle 0.98 . The jet is
turned through 1650 by the bucket. The relative velocity is reduced by 15% by blade
friction. Determine the hydraulic efficiency. Also calculate the wheel diameter and
nozzle diameter. The mechanical and volumetric efficiencies are 0.96 and 0.98 . Also
find the number of buckets.
6.16 Determine the number and diameter of jets for a Pelton turbine producing
20 MW under a head of 450 m running at a speed of 475 rpm . The jet diameter is not
to exceed one twelfth of the wheel diameter. Also find the diameter of the wheel and
water flow rate. Assume overall efficiency is 86% and the coefficient of velocity for
nozzle 0.97 , mean bucket velocity 0.46 of jet velocity.
6.17 A Pelton wheel running at 500 rpm develops 5 MW under a net head of 300 m .
Assume coefficient of velocity for nozzle 0.97 , mean bucket velocity 0.46 of jet
velocity and overall efficiency is 80% . The jet diameter to wheel diameter is 1 : 10 .
Determine the wheel diameter and the number of jets required.

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6.18 A Pelton wheel has to develop 5000 kW under a head of 300 m, while running at a
speed of 500 rpm. If the coefficient of velocity for the jet is 0.97, speed ratio is 0.46
and the ratio of the jet diameter is 1 10 of the wheel diameter, calculate:
(a) Quantity of water supplied to the wheel
(b) Diameter of pitch circle
(c) Diameter of jet
(d) Number of jets
Assume overall efficiency of the wheel is 80%.
6.19 A Pelton wheel working under a head of 350 m at rotational speed 300 rpm. The
overall efficiency of the wheel is 85% and the coefficient of velocity for the nozzle
is 0.98. If the ratio of jet diameter to the wheel diameter is 1 10 . Take the velocity of
the buckets  0.46 times the velocity of the jet. find:
(a) Diameter of the wheel
(b) Diameter of jet
(c) Width of Buckets
(d) Depth of the buckets
(e) Number of buckets
6.20 A Pelton wheel working under a head of 150 m produces 600 kW at rotational
speed 360 rpm. The overall efficiency of the wheel is 85% and the coefficient of
velocity for the nozzle is 0.98. Take the velocity of the buckets  0.45 times the
velocity of the jets. Find: (a) Diameter of the wheel
(b) Diameter of jet
(c) Width of Buckets
(d) Depth of the buckets
(e) Number of buckets
6.21 A Pelton turbine develops 8 MW under a head of 130 m at a speed of 200 rpm . The
following are the particulars of Pelton wheel.
– Coefficient of velocity of the nozzle Cv  0.98
– Speed ratio is 0.46
– Jet diameter 1 9 of diameter of the wheel
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 – Overall efficiency is 87%
Determine: (a) Flow required
(b) Diameter of the wheel
(c) Diameter of the jet
(d) Number of jets
(e) Number of buckets
6.22 A Pelton turbine develops running at 480 rpm and operating under an available
head of 420 m is required to develop 4800 kW . There are two equal jets and the
buckets deflection angle is 1650 . The overall efficiency is 85% when the water is
discharged from the wheel in a direction to the axis of rotation. The coefficient of
velocity of nozzle is 0.97 and blade speed ratio is 0.46 . The relative velocity of
water at exit from the bucket is 0.86 times the relative velocity at inlet. Calculate:
(a) Diameter of each jet
(b) Diameter of the wheel
(c) Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine
6.23 A single jet Pelton turbine is required to drive a generator to develop 10000 kW .
The available head at the nozzle is 760 m . Assuming electric generation efficiency
95% , pelton wheel overall efficiency 87% , coefficient of velocity for nozzle 0.97 ,
mean bucket velocity 0.46 of jet velocity. The outlet angle of the bucket is 1650 and
the relative velocity of the water leaving the buckets is 0.85 of that at inlet.
Calculate:
(a) The flow rate required
(b) The diameter of the jet
(c) The force exerted by the jet on the bucket
(d) The rotational speed of the wheel if the ratio of the wheel diameter
to the jet diameter is not less than 10 .
6.24 At a site the head available is 315 m and the maximum power potential is 35 MW .
If the dimensionless specific speed is to be in the range 0.015 to 0.02 . Determine the
number of units required and the power of each unit. If the overall efficiency is
expected to be 85% , determine the flow rate. If coefficient of velocity for nozzle is

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 0.97 and mean bucket velocity 0.46 of jet velocity. Determine the speed if the wheel
diameter is 10 times the jet diameter.
6.25 In an impulse turbine of the Pelton type, the jet is turned by the bucket by 1650 .
The head available at the nozzle is 750 m and blade speed ratio is 0.46 . If
coefficient of velocity for nozzle is 0.98 . Relative velocity is reduced by 12% due
to friction. Determine the hydraulic efficiency. If the flow available is 20 m 3 s ,
what is the power potential? Assuming 5 units of equal power, determine the jet
diameter and wheel diameter if D d  12 .

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