CHAPTER THREE
INTRODUCTION
3.0 Research Methodology
This chapter discusses the method and procedures adopted in carrying out the study. It
discusses the research design, population sample and sampling procedure, validity and reliability
of research instruments and technique for data collection; and method for data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
The design for this study was a descriptive research design. This design is appropriate for
the study because it elicits information from individuals’ opinions on a given subject. This
design is useful to collect data on a given population in order to describe or present the facts of
the population as it is. This was maintained that descriptive research design is one in which a
group of people or items are studied by collecting and analyzing data from a few people or items
that are representative of the entire group. This design was chosen in line with the purpose of the
study which was to find out the effect of instructional materials, on the teaching and learning of
integrated science in junior schools and their academic performance.
3.2 Population of the Study
The population of the study comprised of junior schools students in Ilesa East Local government
area of Osun State.
3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques
The simple random sampling technique by balotting was used in the selection of five (5)
schools while systematic random sampling technique was used in the selection of respondents
from JSS 1 and JSS 2 in the selected classes. From each level ten (10) respondents were selected.
Any students whose name falls on even number on the class register and any female whose name
falls on odd number on department list will be used for the study. Through this process, a total
number of 100 respondents were used for the study.
3.4 Research Instrument
A self-designed questionnaire was used for the study. The questionnaire was made up of
four (4) sections. Section A contained students Bio-data and Section B consisted of five (5)
structured items on Students that were taught with the aid of instructional material performed
better academically than those who were taught without the aid of instructional materials.
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Section C was be made up of five (5) structured items on the Instructional materials have a great
effect in the effective learning of junior secondary school students in integrated science.. Section
D presented five (5) items on There is significant relationship between the instructional materials
and effective teaching etc.
3.5 Validation of the Instrument
Validity means the extent to which a test measures what it supposed to measure. To
ensure items validity of the instrument the questionnaire t were presented to my supervisor for
correction and modifications in relation to the topic of the study. The instruments were validated
by research supervisor in the areas of curriculum studies and test done in the seven divisions that
make up the population of the study. The face validity of the instrument was ascertained through
peer review.
3.6 Reliability of the Instrument
Reliability of an instrument refers to the degree to which, the test yields constituent score,
when it is administered over a number of time. To ensure that the instrument is reliable and
established, questions are related to the instrument was one by the test the research hypotheses.
Split-half method of reliability was used to ascertained the reliability of the instrument and a
reliability co-efficient of 0.75 was obtained using spearman browns’ correlation co-efficient
formula.
3.7 Procedures for data collection
The direct delivery and retrieval method was employed in the administration of the
instruments. After seeking permission from the school authorities of the school involved in the
study; the administration of the questionnaire was carried out by the researcher. The researcher
herself visited the selected schools to administer the questionnaire to the sampled students on the
appointed day and venue. In the course of administering the copies of the questionnaire, the
respondents were assured of confidentiality on whatever information supplied. The respondents
were also briefed on the purpose of the exercise and encouraged on how to respond to the
research items as faithful as they could. Direct administration by personal contact employed by
the researcher ensured smooth administration, and high return rate of the completed copies of the
questionnaire.
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3.8 Method of Data Analysis
The researcher assembled the copies of the administered questionnaire for analysis. Chi-
square and correlation was used to analyze the data. Responses gathered from the questionnaire
in section A (Bio-data)B,C and D were analyzed using frequency count and simple percentage
while formulated hypotheses were analyzed using Chi-Square (X2) analysis.
Mathematically, this is denoted as.
(0−e)2
X2=
e
X = chi-square statistic
O = observed frequency
E = expected frequency
