BEEE101L:Basic Electrical Engineering

Module – 4: Electrical Machines

Dr. ARUN S L
Assistant professor,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, SELECT
VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014
 Introduction

 The electromagnetic system is an essential element of all rotating electrical machines and
electromechanical devices as well as static devices like transformer.

 An electric generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. A
generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

 A motor is an electrical machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

 Transformers do not actually make conversion between mechanical and electrical energy, but they
transfer electric power from one circuit to another circuit.

 Other devices like circuit breakers, automatic switches, relays need the presence of a confined magnetic
field for their proper operation.

 Hence, brief study about magnetic circuits and magnetic materials becomes essential.

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 Electromagnetic Induction

Magnetically induced emf

 When the flux linking the electric circuit changes, an emf is induced, and the magnitude of emf is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages or to the product of number of turns and rate of change of
flux linking the coil (Faraday’s Law)
𝑑∅
𝑒 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
 The direction of induced emf is such that the current produced by its sets up a magnetic filed opposing the
flux change. (Lenz’s Law)

Dynamically induced emf

Induced emf
Statically induced emf

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 Electromagnetic Induction

Dynamically induced emf

 By moving a conductor in a uniform magnetic field and emf produced in this way is known as dynamically
induced emf
 How relative motion between the flux and conductor can be obtained
 Flux – stationary; conductor – moving/rotating
 Flux – moving; conductor – stationary

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 Electromagnetic Induction

Dynamically induced emf  The direction of this induced emf is given by Fleming’s right hand rule

According to the Fleming's right hand rule, the thumb,

fore finger and middle finger of the right hand are
stretched to be perpendicular to each other as shown in
the illustration at right, and if the thumb represents the
direction of the movement of conductor, fore-finger
represents direction of the magnetic field, then the middle
finger represents direction of the induced current.

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 Electromagnetic Induction

Dynamically induced emf

 To determine the magnitude of EMF consider the
plane of flux which is constant and the plane of
conductor which is rotating

𝒆 = 𝑩𝒍𝒗 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽

 𝑩 – flux density (wb/m2);

 𝑙 – active length of conductor (m)

 𝑣 – relative velocity of conductor with

respect to magnetic flux (m/s);

 𝜃 – angle between two planes, plane of

rotation and plane of magnetic flux.

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 Electromagnetic Induction

Statically Induced emf

 By increasing or decreasing the magnitude of the current producing the linking flux.
 In this case there is no motion of the conductor or of coil relative to the field and therefore, emf induced in
this way is known as statically induced emf.
Self induced emf
Statically Induced emf
Mutual induced emf
Self induced emf  When the current flowing through the coil is changed, the flux linking with its own
winding changes and due to change in linking flux with the coil an emf, known as self
induced emf.
Mutual induced  Whenever the current in coil 1 changes, the flux linking
emf with coil 2 changes and an emf, known as mutually
induced emf, is induced in coil 2

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 Electrical Machines

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 DC Machines
DC Generator
DC Machines
DC Motor

 DC generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical

energy into electrical energy.
 It is based on the principle that whenever flux is cut by a conductor,
an e.m.f. is induced, which will cause a current to flow if the
conductor circuit is closed.
 The essential components of a generator are:
 Magnetic Field (stationary part-stator)
 Conductor (Armature) – Rotating-rotor

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 DC Generator

Working Principle  In DC generator the field current is DC which produces the constant field
flux. Hence, in DC generator the relative motion is obtained due to
constant flux and rotating conductors.

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 DC Generator

Working Principle

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 DC Generator

Generated EMF

 The EMF generated in the loop is alternating one. If a load is connected to the ends of
the loop, then alternating current flows through the load.
 The alternating voltage generated in the loop can be converted into direct voltage by
a device called commutator. Commutator is a mechanical rectifier.
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 DC Generator

 The commutator reverses the connection of the coil side to the external load at the same instant the
current in the coil side reverses, then the current through the load is direct current.

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 DC Machines - Constructions

D.C. machines have following components

 Magnetic frame (or) yoke

 Pole cores

 Field winding
(providing DC supply to this winding produce
magnetic field, it is a stationary part)

 Armature core

 Armature winding (Rotating part)

 Commutator

 Brushes and bearing

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 DC Machines - Constructions

 It is the outer frame of the DC machine

 It acts as a protection shield for the machine

 It provides mechanical support to the poles

 It carries the magnetic flux produced by the

poles.

 In small machines, yokes are made up of cast

iron whereas in large machines it is made
up of Cast Steel or Rolled Steel.

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 DC Machines - Constructions

 The magnetic poles of DC motor are structures

fitted onto the inner wall of the yoke with screws.

 The construction of magnetic poles basically

comprises of two parts.

 Pole core

 Pole shoe

 The pole core is of small cross-sectional area and its

function is to just hold the pole shoe over the yoke.

 The pole shoe having a relatively larger cross-

sectional area spreads the flux produced over the air
gap between the stator and rotor to reduce the loss
due to reluctance.

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 DC Machines - Constructions

 The field winding of DC motor are made with field coils

(copper wire) wound over the slots of the pole core in
such a manner that when field current flows through it,
then adjacent poles have opposite polarity are
produced.
 The field winding basically form an electromagnet, that
produces field flux

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 DC Machines - Constructions

 It houses the armature conductors

 It provides a path of very low reluctance to the flux through the armature
 The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates between the field poles.
 It is cylindrical or drum shaped. It is generally build up of circular sheet discs or
laminations.
 The purpose of laminating the core is to reduce the eddy current loss
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 DC Machines - Constructions

 The armature winding is placed in armature slots.

 This is the winding in which e.m.f. is induced.

 The armature conductors are connected in series-

parallel; the conductors being connected in series
so as to increase the voltage and in parallel paths
so as to increase the current.

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 DC Machines - Constructions

 It facilitates the collection of current from the armature conductors

 It is a mechanical rectifier which converts the AC current into
unidirectional current
 It is of cylindrical structure and is built up of wedge-shaped
segments of high conductivity
 Segments are insulated from each other by thin layers of Mica
 The commutator is mounted on the shaft of the machine. The
armature conductors are soldered to the commutator segments.
 Depending upon the manner in which the armature conductors are
connected to the commutator segments, there are two types of
armature winding in a DCmachine
 lap winding
 wave winding.

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 DC Machines - Constructions

Number of parallel paths

= Number of Poles Number of parallel paths = 2
= Number of Brushes

Suitable for High Current, Low Voltage Machines Suitable for High Voltage, Low current Machines
like welding Plants like generators used for lighting

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 DC Machines - Constructions

 They collect current from the commutator

 They are usually made of carbon or graphite and are in the

shape of rectangular block

 They are housed in the brush-holder

 Number of brushes per spindle depends upon the magnitude

of the current to be collected from the commutator.

 They are frequently employed because of their reliability

 Ball and rollers are generally packed in hard oil

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 DC Machines - Constructions

Cross sectional view of DC Machine

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 EMF Equation of DC Generator

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 EMF Equation of DC Generator

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 Types of DC Generator

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 Application of DC Generators

As a separately supply is required to excite the field, the use is

Separately Excited
restricted to some special applications like electro-plating, electro-
Generator refining of materials etc.

Commonly used as a boosters on DC feeders, as a constant current

Series Generator generator for welding generator and arc lamps.

Cumulatively Used for domestic lighting purposes and to transmit energy over long
compound Generator distance.

Differential compound
Electric arc and welding
Generators

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 Force on a current carrying conductor

Force on a current carrying conductor lying in the magnetic filed

 When a current carrying conductor is placed at right

angle to the direction of magnetic field, a mechanical
force is experienced on the conductor.

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 Force on a current carrying conductor

Force on a current carrying conductor lying in the magnetic filed

 The direction of this force can be determined by

applying Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

If the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the

left hand are stretched in such a way that they area
at right angle to each other mutually and fore-
finger points towards the direction of the magnetic
field, middle finger towards the direction of flow of
current then thumb will point the direction of force
acting on the conductor

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 DC Motor

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 DC Motor

 When a DC machine is loaded either as a motor or as a generator, the rotor conductors carry current.
These conductors lie in the magnetic field of the air gap. Thus each conductor experiences a force. The
conductors lie near the surface of the rotor at a common radius from its center. Hence torque is produced
at the circumference of the rotor and rotor starts rotating.

 The term torque is the quantitative measure of the tendency of a force to cause a rotational
motion, or to bring about a change in rotational motion. It is in fact the moment of a force that
produces or changes a rotational motion.

 When the armature of a DC motor rotates under the influence of the driving torque, the armature
conductors move through the magnetic field and hence emf is induced in them as in a generator.

 The induced emf acts in opposite direction to the applied voltage V (Lenz’s law) and is known as Back
EMF or Counter EMF (Eb).

 The equation to find out back emf in a DC motor is given below,

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 DC Motor

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 DC Motor Applications

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 Parallel Paths

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 Parallel Paths

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