 The DC machine can be classified into two types

◦ DC motors

◦ DC generators

 The main function of the DC generator is to convert mechanical power to DC electrical power,

 whereas a DC motor converts Electrical power to mechanical power.

DC Generator contains 2 main parts

 Stator- Stationary part (contains Field winding)

 Rotor – Rotating part ( contains Armature Winding)

 Essential parts of DC Machine

 Essential parts of DC Machine
 Yoke,

 Pole core & pole shoes,

 Pole coil & field coil(winding),

 Armature core,

 Armature winding otherwise conductor,

 Commutator,

 Brushes & Bearings

Yoke

 Another name of a yoke is the frame.

 The main function of the yoke in the machine is to offer mechanical support intended for poles
and protects the entire machine from moisture, dust, etc.

 The materials used in the yoke are designed with cast iron, cast steel.

Pole and Pole Core

 The pole of the DC machine is an electromagnet

 Pole core houses the field windings

 Made of cast steel, cast iron & its laminated to reduce the eddy current losses
 Field Windings

 In this, the windings are wounded in the region of pole core & named as field coil.

 Whenever current is supplied through field winding than it electromagnetics the poles which
generate required flux.

 The material used for field windings is copper.

Armature Core

 Armature core includes a huge number of slots within its edge.

 The armature conductor is located in these slots. It provides the low-reluctance path toward the
flux generated with field winding.

The materials used in this core are permeability low-reluctance materials like iron otherwise
cast. The lamination is used to decrease the loss because of the eddy current.
 Armature Winding

 The armature winding can be formed by interconnecting the armature conductor. Whenever an
armature winding is turned with the help of prime mover then the voltage, as well as magnetic
flux, gets induced within it.

 The materials used for this winding are conducting material like copper.

Commutator

 The main function of the commutator in the DC machine is to collect the current from the
armature conductor as well as supplies the current to the load using brushes.

 To convert the alternating current (AC) induced in the armature windings into direct current
(DC) for the external circuit.

Brushes

 To collect the current from the armature

 Made up of carbon
 Bearings

 Bearings minimize friction between the shaft and other components, reducing wear and tear
and improving efficiency.

 Both ball bearings and roller bearings are commonly used, with ball bearings preferred for
smaller generators due to lower friction and higher efficiency, while roller bearings are favored
for larger, heavy-duty applications.

Working Principle of DC Generator

 A DC generator converts mechanical energy into direct current (DC) electrical energy.

 It operates on the principle Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

 When a conductor moves within a magnetic field, an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage, is
induced within the conductor.

 https://youtu.be/
mq2zjmS8UMI

Direction of Induced Emf in DC Generator

 In a DC generator, the direction of induced electromotive force (EMF) is determined by

Fleming's Right-Hand Rule.

 This rule helps visualize the relationship between the magnetic field, conductor motion, and the
resulting induced EMF.

1. Thumb:
 Point your thumb in the direction of the conductor's motion (relative to the magnetic field).

2. Forefinger:

 Point your forefinger in the direction of the magnetic field (from North to South pole).

3. Middle Finger:

Your middle finger, when perpendicular to both thumb and forefinger, will point in the direction
of the induced EMF.

Direction of Induced Emf in DC Motor

 In a DC motor, the induced electromotive force (EMF), also known as back EMF, always acts in
the opposite direction to the applied voltage.

Lenz's Law:

 Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced EMF is such that it opposes the change that
produced it. In the case of a DC motor, the induced EMF (back EMF) opposes the applied
voltage, hence the term "back EMF".

Equation of Generated EMF

 DC Motor

• Construction same as DC Generator

Working Principle

• Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a mechanical force is

produced on the conductor.

• The direction of force is given by Fleming’s left hand rule

 Direction of Induced Emf in DC Motor

• In a DC motor, the induced electromotive force (EMF), also known as back EMF, always acts in
the opposite direction to the applied voltage.

Lenz's Law:

• Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced EMF is such that it opposes the change that
produced it. In the case of a DC motor, the induced EMF (back EMF) opposes the applied
voltage, hence the term "back EMF".

Back EMF,

• Also known as counter EMF, is a voltage induced in the armature windings of a DC motor that
opposes the applied voltage.

• This induced voltage acts in the opposite direction to the applied voltage, hence the name
"back EMF".
Torque Equation of DC Motor

The torque equation of a DC motor expresses the relationship between the motor's torque (T),
the magnetic flux (Φ), and the armature current (Ia).
 Losses

The input power of a DC machine never fully transforms to output power. Some parts of input
power get wasted in different ways.

• Copper Loss: This loss occurs due to the resistance in the winding when current flows through it.

• Core Losses or Iron Losses: They occur when the current is induced in the armature. These
losses are classified into two losses: hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.

• Mechanical Loss: Power is also lost due to the friction present between the different parts of
the DC generator.

Applications of DC Generators

• Different types of DC generators are used for various purposes, such as power and lighting.
• They are used to charge batteries, and also to provide excitation to alternators.

• DC generators are also used in arc welding that requires voltage drop and constant current.

• Hostels, lodges, offices, and other buildings use DC generators to generate power.

• They are used in remote control toys, electric shavers and in motorcycles.

• DC generators are used in DC motors to control the speed.

Applications of DC motors

Shunt DC Motor

Characteristics:

• Speed is fairly constant and medium starting torque.

Applications:

• 1. Blowers and fans

• 2. Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps

• 3. Lathe machines

• 4. Machine tools

• 5. Milling machines

• 6. Drilling machines

Series DC Motor

Characteristics:

• Series High starting torque.

• No load condition is dangerous.

• Variable speed.

Applications:

1. Cranes

2. Hoists, Elevators
 3. Trolleys

4. Conveyors

5. Electric locomotives

Cumulative compound DC Motor

Characteristics:

• High starting torque.

• No load condition is allowed.

Applications:

• 1. Rolling mills

• 2. Punches

• 3. Shears

• 4. Heavy planers

• 5. Elevators

INDUCTION MOTOR

Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy using the principle of electromagnetic induction

 Induction motors – also known as asynchronous motors – are the most common type of electric
motor used today.

Due to their simple design, low cost, and high reliability, induction motors are used for a wide range of
applications in all engineering industries

Single-phase induction motors are commonly found in appliances like

  fans,

 refrigerators,

 washing machines,

 vacuum cleaners ,

 air conditioners,

 water pumps, and

 even some kitchen appliances like blenders and mixers.

Construction

 Stator

 Rotor

 Squirrel cage rotor

 Slip ring rotor
 Frame or Yoke

Frame: The frame houses the stator and rotor and provides structural support.

Stator

 The stator is the stationary part of the motor and houses the three-phase windings.

 These windings are carefully arranged to create the rotating magnetic field
 Rotor
 The rotor is the rotating part of the motor. There are two main types:
◦ Squirrel cage rotor
Wound rotor or Slip ring rotor

Squirrel cage rotor

This type features a core made of laminated steel with conductors (usually
aluminum or copper bars) embedded within slots. These bars are short-circuited at both
ends by end rings, giving it a cage-like appearance.
Wound rotor or Slip ring rotor:
This type has insulated windings similar to the stator, with the rotor windings
connected to slip rings. External resistors can be connected to the slip rings to control the
motor's speed and torque.

Working Principle
 The stator is wound with a three-phase winding that, when energized by a three-phase
AC supply, creates a rotating magnetic field.
 This rotating field induces a voltage and current in the rotor.
The interaction between the rotor's magnetic field and the stator's rotating magnetic field
produces torque, causing the rotor to turn
 The interaction of rotor and stator fluxes develops a force that acts on the conductors of
the rotor.
 The force acts tangentially on the rotor and hence induces torque.
 The torque pushes the conductors of the rotor, and thus the rotor starts moving in the
direction of the rotating magnetic field.
 The rotor starts moving without any additional excitation system and because of this
reason the motor is called the self-starting motor.

Synchronous Motor

• Device which converts an electrical energy into mechanical energy running at

synchronous speed is called synchronous motor.
• The synchronous motor works only at synchronous speed and cannot work at a speed
other than the synchronous speed.
 Its speed is constant irrespective of load.
 Construction

STATOR
• The stator core is constructed with thin silicon lamination and insulated by a surface
coating, to minimize the eddy current and hysteresis losses.

• The stator has axial slots inside, in which three phase stator winding is placed. The stator
is wound with a three phase winding for a specific number of stator poles equal to the
rotor poles.

ROTOR
• The rotor in synchronous motors is mostly of salient pole type.
• DC supply is given to the rotor winding via slip-rings.
• The direct current excites the rotor winding and creates electromagnetic poles.

Working Principle
• The stator is wound for the similar number of poles as that of rotor, and fed with three
phase AC supply. The 3 phase AC supply produces rotating magnetic field in stator.
The rotor winding is fed with DC supply which magnetizes the rotor

Working
• Synchronous motor works on the principle of the magnetic locking.
• When two, unlike poles, are brought near each other, if the magnets are strong, there
exists a tremendous force of attraction between those two poles. In such condition, the
two magnets are said to be magnetically locked.
If now one of the two magnets is rotated, the other also rotates in the same
direction with the same speed due to the force of attraction i.e. due to magnetic
locking condition. The principle is shown schematically in the below figure
•

As stator poles are rotating, rotor will also rotate in the same direction as that of
stator poles i.e. in the direction of rotating magnetic field, with the same speed

• Consider a three-phase synchronous motor, whose stator is wound for 2 poles.

• The two magnetic fields are produced in the synchronous motor by exciting both
the windings stator and rotor with three-phase a.c. supply and d.c. supply respectively.
When the three-phase winding is excited by a three-phase a.c. supply then the flux
produced by the three-phase winding is always of rotating type.
• Such a magnetic flux rotates in space at a speed called synchronous speed. This
magnetic is called a rotating magnetic field.

• If the frequency of the a.c supply is f Hz and stator is wound for P number of poles, then
the speed of the rotating magnetic field is synchronous given by,
Ns = 120f/p r.p.m

Transformer
 The transformer is a static device (no rotating part in it) which is used to transfer
electrical energy from one ac circuit to another ac circuit.
It increase or decrease the value of voltage or current, without any change in
frequency

 The winding connected to the ac supply is called as primary winding. Whereas the other
one on output side is called as the secondary winding.
 Or say AC supply is connected to the primary winding and the load is connected to the
secondary winding

There is no electrical contact between primary and secondary windings as well as

winding and iron core. In other word, there is no physical connection between the
primary and secondary windings

Flux produce by primary winding is linked with secondary winding through core
path and EMF is induced in secondary windings
 Main Parts
 Primary and Secondary Windings
 Iron core
 Tank

Primary and Secondary Windings :

 The primary and secondary windings of the transformer are usually copper conductors
consisting of a series of turns called coils.
 The primary and secondary winding layers are insulated from each other by paper, cloth,
etc.
 The purpose of the primary winding is to connect the available AC supply, establish the
alternating flux, and link the flux with the secondary winding. The purpose of secondary
is to establish the required mutually induced emf by providing the number of turns in it.

Tank:
 The windings and magnetic core of the transformer are immersed in a tightly-fitted sheet
metal tank filled with oil.
 The oil function is two-fold, first keeps the coils reasonably cool, and second, provides
additional insulation.

Bushings:
 All the terminals of transformer windings are brought out of the tank through suitable
bushings.
 For moderate voltage, porcelain bushings are used, for high voltages oil-filled or
capacitor-type bushings are used.

Conservator or expansion tank:

 It is a cylindrical oil tank mounted above the transformer and connected to the
transformer tank by a hollow pipe with necessary bending as shown above.
 It contains 50% (half-full) of oil with a full oil level in the main tank.
 When the transformer is on load, the oil in the main tank gets heated up due to the
winding temperature rise, and the volume of the oil increases.
 When the oil is cooled, the volume of the oil decreases. This expansion and contraction
of the oil will be absorbed by the conservator.

Breather or Silicagel Breather :

 It is a small device placed on the atmospheric end of the pipe coming out from the
conservator. It mainly consists of silica gel (cobalt chloride) which absorbs moisture.
 When the expansions and contractions of the oil are absorbed by the conservator, the air
in the conservator leaves and enters accordingly. The air enters the conservator tank
through the breather, which arrests or prevents the entry of moisture contents present in
the air. This is the simplest and crudent method of preventing the entry of moisture into
the conservator or transformer tank.

 Oil Level Indicator or Oil Gauge :

 Every transformer is provided with an oil gauge to indicate the oil level so that it can
easily be read by a person standing on the floor. The oil gauge may be provided with
alarm contacts that give an alarm when the oil level has dropped beyond permissible
height due to an oil leak, damage to the cooler, or due to any other reason.

Types: