MEC136
MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENG FOR M.E.
Time: 10:30 AM – 1:00 PM
Days: Tuesday and Friday
Prerequisite Subject/s: MEC164 and CHM012/012.1
No. of units: 3 units
MEC136
MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENG FOR ME
REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS:
▪ Engineering Materials and Processes 3rd Edition by Donald S. Clark
▪ Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture and
Fatigue 4th Edition by Norman E. Dowling
▪ Kent’s Mechanical Engineers Handbook Design and Production Volume 12th Edition
MEC136
MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENG FOR ME
Course Requirements:
▪ Attendance / Class Participation
▪ Quizzes
▪ Assignments
▪ Major Exams
MEC136
MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENG FOR ME
Grading System:
▪ Attendance / Class Participation 5%
▪ Quizzes 15%
▪ Assignments 20%
▪ Major Exams 60%
Total 100%
Passing Mark: 60%
Engineering Materials
▪ These are the materials either in pure state or combination of
elements (ores) that has significant uses in various applications in
Engineering.
Chemical Nature of Ore
• Ore – combination of minerals that contains sufficient concentration
of valuable metals which can be mined and processed for a profit.
• Ores are classified as:
a) Acid Ore – ores which contain a predominance of silica or
silicate in the gangue.
b) Basic Ore – ores which contain a predominance of limestone
and magnesia in the gangue.
***Gangue – the nonvaluable components found mixed with the valuable ore.
Abundant Metals and Their Ores
• Iron – Oxides (Hematite – Fe2O3, Magnetite – Fe3O4 , Limonite - Fe2O3•n(H2O), Siderite -
FeO3, and Taconite – a Magnetite but w/o silica)
• Copper – Sulfide Ores (Chalcocite – Cu2S, Chalcopyrite – CuFeS2)
• Zinc – Zinc Blende or Sphalerite (ZnS) and Zinc Carbonate (ZnCO3)
• Tin – Cassiterite (SnO2) or Tin Stone
• Aluminum – Bauxite (mixture of Gibbsite Al2O3•3H2O, and Diaspore Al2O3•H2O)
• Lead – Galena (PbS)
• Titanium – Ilmenite (FeO•TiO2), and Rutile (TiO2)
Manufacturing of Steel and Iron and Other Metals
• Metallurgy – the preparation and application of metals and alloys. It involves the
following processes:
a) Reducing – process of extracting the metals from their minerals as found in nature.
b) Refining – process of removing the impurities or other elements from the metal to
fit the metal for its designed engineering purpose.
c) Fabricating – process of forming or machining the metal into various shapes.
Hematite Magnetite Limonite Siderite Taconite
Chalcocite Chalcopyrite Zinc Blende Zinc Carbonate Cassiterite
Bauxite Galena Ilmenite Rutile
Classes of Metallurgy
1. Chemical Metallurgy – deals with the reduction of metals from their minerals
including the refining and alloying of those metals.
2. Physical Metallurgy – deals with the nature, structure, and the physical
properties of metals and alloys.
3. Mechanical Metallurgy – deals with the working and shaping of metals and
alloys (ex. casting, forging, rolling, drawing, etc.)
Different Uses of Materials
• Transportation
• Construction
• Power and Heating
• Defense
• Medical Care
• Others
***Alloying – the process of adding other elements to a base metal usually for the purpose of improving its property.
What do we need to study on these materials?
▪ Known the properties and characteristics of the elements that
comprise the material that fit to Engineering applications.
➢ Physical (crystal structure, hardness, toughness, melting point,
etc.)
➢ Chemical (resistance to corrosion, acidity or alkalinity,
radioactivity, etc.)
➢ Electrical (conductivity, resistivity, etc.)
Reasons for Selecting the Proper Materials
▪ Engineering Properties (strength, toughness, machinability, etc.)
▪ Commercial Factors (cost, availability, ease of manufacture,
etc.)
Classification of Engineering Materials (Family of Materials)
1) Metals or Metallic – materials that exhibit electrical, thermal
conductivity, and luster.
2) Nonmetallic – materials that lack common metallic properties.
Classification of Metals or Metallic Materials
1) Ferrous Metals - metals where iron is the primary element (steel, cast
iron, wrought iron, malleable CI, etc.)
2) Non-Ferrous Metals - metals that contains no iron (copper, tin, zinc,
aluminum, magnesium, titanium, etc.)
Classification of Nonmetallic Materials
1) Natural Materials – naturally exist in nature (wood, rubber, stone, clay,
etc.)
2) Synthetic Materials – does not naturally exist in nature (plastic, ceramic,
composite, etc.)
Classification of Engineering Materials
Classification of Ferrous Materials
Classification of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys
Classification of Natural Materials
Factors Affecting the Properties of Materials
1. Heat Treatment (annealing, tempering, carburizing, hardening, etc.)
2. Processing (hot and cold-working, forging, wire drawing, etc.)
3. Environmental Reactions (ex. Resting of steel, dezincification of brass, degradation of
plastics)
Atomic Structure of Element
a) Electron – particle in the atomic structure of an element
that has the following properties:
• Mass = 9.107 x 10-28 g
• Charge = -1.601 x 10-19 coulombs
b) Proton – particle in the atomic structure of an element
that has the following properties: Where: AMU (Atomic Mass
Unit) or simply U – defined as
• Mass = 1.672 x 10-24 g one-twelfth of the atomic
mass of Carbon-12.
• Charge = 1.601 x 10-19 coulombs
c) Neutron – particle in the atomic structure of an element 0.6022 x 1024 amu or u = 1 g
that has the following properties:
The factor is also known as
• Mass = 1.675 x 10-24 g Avogadro’s Number or AN.
• Charge: Neutral
Atomic Structure of Element
a) Atomic Number – is the number protons in the nucleus of an
atom
➢ Atomic Number = Number of Protons = Number of Electrons
b) Atomic Mass or Mass number – composed of the protons and
neutron of the nucleus of an atom.
➢ Atomic Mass = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons
Atomic Structure of Element
c) Valency Group - the outermost shell of the electron.
d) Valence Electrons – electrons in the Valence Group.
Note: Elements properties are strongly related to the valence electrons.
Elements which have a similar configuration of electrons in the outer shells
would have similar properties.
Recall: Electronic Configuration
Elements with Same Properties (Based on Electronic Configuration)
