PROCESS

Cyclical (tuần hoàn, khép kín):

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/dictionary/english/cyclical
Linear (có bước kết thúc):
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/dictionary/english/linear

STRUCTURE:
INTRODUCTION: The diagram/picture illustrates/details the cyclical/linear
process of producing / recycling …

OVERVIEW: (1) Overall, the cyclical/linear process comprises/encompasses ...

steps, commencing with … (N_phrase/Ving) and ending with … (N_phrase/Ving)

=> Overall, the cyclical process encompasses nine steps, commencing with the
collection of used bottles and ending with the reuse step.

=> Overall, the linear process encompasses nine steps, commencing with
harvesting strawberries and ending with producing jams. Notably, almost all steps /
the majority of steps are done manually.

(2) Câu thứ 2: any special features

- Thủ công: Notably, almost all steps are done / carried out manually (=by
hand)
- Máy móc: Notably, almost all steps are automated / are done / carried out
automatically
- Thủ công + hỗ trợ từ máy móc: Notably, almost all steps are done / carried
out manually, with the support / aid of some machines / some traditional
tools.
Almost all N_plural
BODY
Common Mistake: First, … Second, ..Third, … => máy móc liên từ (mechanical)

First, apples are harvested. Second, they are transported to the factory. Third,
apples are washed under water. After that, … => mechanical (CC band 6)

=> The process commences with / begins with apples being harvested, before
being transported to the factory. At this facility, apples are washed under water.

=> Hạn chế dùng first, second, third, …

=> Câu đầu tiên body 1 dùng cấu trúc: The process commences with N being
Ved / The process commences with sb doing sth
=> The process commences with / begins with apples being harvested
=> The process commences with farmers harvesting apples

Địa điểm: picked apples are then transported to the factory. At this
facility/point/factory, / Upon arrival, (sau khi tới nơi) apples are processed.

Upon/After being Ved, SV … => Upon / After being harvested, apples are
transported to the factory.

Once (một khi) Ved, SV => Once harvested, apples are transported to the factory.
(không cần being)

Once SV1, SV2 => Once apples are harvested, they are transported to the factory.

=> Câu đầu tiên body 2 dùng cấu trúc: Having undergone … (Ving step - kết
đoạn 1), S V
Having undergone the drying step, bricks are then transferred to a conveyor.

subsequently/then => picked apples are then/subsequently transported to the

factory

which is/are then => workers weigh apples, which are then stored in the fridge

Thereafter/After that/Following this, S V: sau đó, …

SV1, after which SV2

S V, before being Ved

S V, followed by/prior to (theo sau bởi) …

=> Apples are washed to remove dirt and impurities, followed by the weighing step.

Finally/Ultimately, …

Steps / stages: phân đoạn, giai đoạn (chứa nhiều steps nhỏ => life cycle)
CYCLICAL: tuần hoàn, quá trình khép kín
The diagram below shows how glass is recycled.

The diagram illustrates the cyclical process of recycling glass.

Overall, the cyclical process encompasses six key / primary steps // the cyclical
process can be segmented into six primary steps, commencing with the collection of
used glass bottles and ending with the reuse step. Notably / Remarkably, almost all
steps / the majority of steps are automated. // Notably, there is no limit to how
many times [glass] can be recycled and reused.
BODY 1: The first three steps
The process commences with used glass bottles being deposited / placed into
designated (được chỉ định) recycling bins. // The process commences with
consumers placing used glass bottles into designated recycling bins. These bottles
are then / subsequently collected / picked up by collection trucks to the treatment
plant. At this facility / Upon arrival, the bottles are washed and sterilized (khử khuẩn)
by using a specialized (thiết kế đặc biệt) machine.

This / that / these / those / it / they => tăng CC

BODY 2: The remaining steps

Having undergone the cleaning step, the glass is crushed first and then melted. The
resulting product / The molten glass is poured into molds to shape / craft new glass
bottles. After / Upon being shaped // Once crafted, these glass bottles are delivered /
transported by delivery trucks to supermarkets. Finally, [these bottles] can enter
the recycling loop once more.
LINEAR: quá trình có bước kết thúc => more common
The diagram below shows how geothermal energy is used to produce
electricity.

The diagram illustrates the linear process of using/harnessing geothermal energy

to produce / generate electricity.

Overall, the process comprises six primary steps, commencing with cold water
being pumped down and ending with electricity being transmitted to electrical
grids/towers. Notably, almost all steps are automated. // Notably, the first / initial
three steps are done underground, while the remaining ones (=steps) are
carried out overground / on the ground.
The process commences with cold water being pumped down to the depth of 4.5 km
below the surface. At this place, water reaches an injection well, and then goes
through a geothermal zone filled with / full of hot rocks. Upon/After passing through
this zone, hot/heated water is transmitted / directed to a production well. The water
is then/subsequently pumped up to the surface.

Overground/On the ground, a condenser is set up / built to collect the hot water
and send its steam to a turbine through a narrow opening / a small pipe. The
steam powers / activates the turbine, which in turn powers the generator. These
machines are linked by a tube. Finally, the generator produces / generates
electricity, which is then transmitted to electrical towers.
The process of producing bricks
INTRO
OVERVIEW

Viết BODY 1: digging => drying

Excavate / dig (v) => a large / sizable digger

Filtered (v): lọc by using metal grids => collect smaller pieces / smaller chunks -
dropping onto the roller
mix/blend: trộn + with => the resulting mixture
Either … or … to shape / craft new bricks
From one to two consecutive (liên tục) days
The diagram depicts the LINEAR process of producing bricks.

Overall, this linear process encompasses seven steps, commencing with the
collection of clay and ending with the delivery of the bricks to the customers/to
consumption sites. Notably, almost all steps are automated.

The process begins with the excavation of clay from the ground, employing / using /
utilizing a substantial/sizable digger. To eliminate oversized pieces, the clay is
placed on a metal grid, allowing smaller fragments/chunks to drop onto a large roller.
The refined/filtered clay is then blended with sand and water. This mixture is then
shaped / crafted into bricks using either a wire cutter or a mold.

Having undergone the shaping step, the bricks undergo a drying period for one to
two consecutive days in an oven. Following this/After that, they are fired in a
specialized kiln at a moderate temperature range (200°C - 980°C) and subjected to
a second heating at a higher temperature (870°C - 1300°C) in another kiln. The
bricks are then treated in a cooling chamber for two to three consecutive days.
Finally, the bricks are assembled into square blocks and transported to
consumption sites via delivery trucks.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rIwCBZ7OifqJsbNi2T2sAXcc3-
67Uwh_HIAZraSpRmQ/edit?usp=sharing
Sand Dune Formation: Đụn cát
VER 1:
The diagram depicts the three-stage process of sand dune formation under the
influence of wind.

Overall, the gradual buildup of sand grains over time is driven by the consistent wind
direction, affecting both dry and wet ground surfaces. As a result, small initial piles
evolve and mature into larger structures known as sand dunes
The process initiates when the wind direction is consistent, pushing sand particles
across dry and wet grounds. As the wind moves the sand particles, some of them get
caught in (mắc lại) the wet patch, forming tiny piles. These act as a barrier, causing
more sand to be deposited behind them.

As the process continues, the accumulated sand behind these barriers eventually
gather at the same time over the area of wet ground, creating more pronounced /
noticeable mounds.

By the third stage, these mounds have transformed into definite, sizable/large dunes
that can change the wind direction, forcing it up one side of the dune and then down the
other. Some sand particles are thus pushed further by the wind, suggesting a
continuous process that can lead to the formation of multiple dunes over time.

VER 2:
The diagram depicts the three-stage process of sand dune formation under the
influence of wind.

Overall, the gradual buildup of sand grains over time is driven by the consistent wind
direction, affecting both dry and wet ground surfaces. As a result, small initial piles
evolve and mature into larger structures known as sand dunes

The process begins with a steady wind directing sand particles across both dry and wet
surfaces. As the wind carries the sand, some particles become trapped in damp areas,
forming small piles. These piles act as barriers, causing more sand to accumulate
behind them.

As the process unfolds, the gathered sand behind these barriers builds up
simultaneously over the wet ground, creating more noticeable mounds. By the third
stage, these mounds have evolved into distinct, sizable dunes capable of influencing
the wind's direction. The wind is compelled to ascend one side of the dune and descend
the other, transforming some sand particles into a continuous journey. This suggests an
ongoing process that can result in the formation of multiple dunes over time.
HOMEWORK (1): The process of making canned apples
DIAGRAM (cấu tạo + vận hành)
Hot Air Balloon: khinh khí cầu (computer)

INTRODUCTION:
The diagram details the various components (thành phần, cấu tạo) of … and
describes its mechanism / inner-workings.
=> The diagram details the various components of a hot air balloon and describes its
mechanism / inner-workings.

The inner-workings of an education system => task 2

OVERVIEW: (cấu tạo + vận hành)

Overall, a hot air balloon comprises/encompasses three essential components: the
envelope, the basket, and the burner. Additionally, the functionality / functioning of
the hot air balloon involves two primary steps: lifting it into the air and keeping it
floating (trôi).
Câu 1: cmt về cấu tạo: cmt những THÀNH PHẦN CHÍNH
Câu 2: cmt về vận hành: cmt các BƯỚC CHÍNH
Body 1: components (cấu tạo)
The primary structure of the hot air balloon features (có)/has a large, round shape
resembling (giống như) an inverted raindrop/teardrop. Positioned at the top is a
'parachute valve,' functioning/serving as a self-sealing mechanism to regulate the
release of hot air. Below this valve, the balloon consists of large vertical segments
referred to as 'gores,' each containing smaller panels/pieces. Towards the lower part, it
tapers (thu nhỏ) and forms the 'skirt,' connecting to the basket through ropes. Directly
above the basket is the burner, fueled by (lấy nhiên liệu) propane tanks (which were)
housed/placed within the basket.

It was reduced to = it tapered / shrank / dwindled to: giảm còn … (Task 1 Chart)

Body 2: function (vận hành)

To ascend (bay lên), the burner blends/mixes regular air with propane, warming the air
inside. As the air becomes warmer, it becomes lighter, causing the balloon to rise.
Conversely, to descend (hạ xuống), the air inside is allowed to cool, increasing its
weight and pulling the balloon downward.
Landfill (computer) 24/8

Th
e diagram illustrates the structure of a modern landfill designed for processing
household waste and describes its mechanism.

Overall, this landfill is constructed using natural rock and incorporates a system of
drainage pipes and an internal tank. The landfill has two states: an open state during
usage, and a closed state with a clay cover when not in use.
 Regardi
ng the construction / structure of the landfill, a large / sizable rectangular piece of
natural rock is selected. Subsequently, a deep hole is excavated in the center to create
a U-shaped cavity/rock. Inside this cavity, a layer of clay is poured, followed by (theo
sau bởi) a synthetic lining. Drainage pipes are installed within the hole, with a drainage
tank located beneath / under the pipes.

During usage, household waste transported by trucks is directly deposited into the
hole. The liquid waste generated from this household waste flows through the pipes and
enters the drainage tank. Once (một khi) the hole is filled with/full of waste, a layer of
clay is used to cover the opening (miệng hố). Finally, a pipe connected to the drainage
pipes is installed to release gas from the waste into the environment.
Water Filtering System - 24/12/23 paper

Potable = drinkable = usable: sử dụng được / uống được

https://docs.google.com/document/d/
1zhFcU56BeR094hhjoXYOxUDcyQKY3lySFKTJrn24-hY/edit?usp=sharing
https://docs.google.com/document/d/10Sd1sywR0ykE-rdnLxWsRDGy37u7l6QK1g8G_nZXJHI/
edit?usp=sharing
Three-bedroom house
Emerge as = become

=> Task 1: A surpassed B to emerge as / become / stand out as …

HOMEWORK (2)