Unit-I

Contents
1. Introduction to Robotics and Automation
1.1 Definition of Robotics
1.2 Importance of Automation in Modern Industry
1.3 Scope and Applications of Robotics
2. Laws of Robotics
2.1 Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics
2.2 Extended Laws of Robotics
2.3 Relevance of Laws in Modern Robotics
3. Brief History of Robotics
3.1 Early Concepts of Automata
3.2 Robotics in the Industrial Revolution
3.3 Development of Modern Robots
3.4 Milestones in Robotics
4. Basic Components of a Robot
4.1 Manipulator/Mechanical Structure
4.2 Actuators and Drive Systems
4.3 Sensors and Vision Systems
4.4 Controllers and Microprocessors
4.5 End Effectors
4.6 Power Supply Units
5. Robot Specifications
5.1 Degrees of Freedom
5.2 Work Envelope
5.3 Load Carrying Capacity (Payload)
5.4 Speed and Acceleration
5.5 Precision and Accuracy
5.6 Repeatability
6. Classification of Robots
6.1 Based on Configuration (Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical, SCARA, Articulated, Parallel)
6.2 Based on Applications (Industrial, Service, Medical, Military, Space)
6.3 Based on Control System (Manual, Automated, AI-driven)
7. Human System and Robotics
7.1 Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)
7.2 Ergonomics in Robotics
7.3 Cognitive and Collaborative Robots (Cobots)
7.4 Human Augmentation with Robotics
8. Safety Measures in Robotics
8.1 Safety Standards (ISO, ANSI, OSHA Guidelines)
8.2 Safety Devices (Fences, Sensors, Emergency Stops)
8.3 Risk Assessment in Robot Workspaces
8.4 Collaborative Robot Safety
9. Social Impact of Robotics
9.1 Robotics in Employment and Job Displacement
9.2 Ethical Concerns in Robotics
9.3 Robotics in Healthcare and Daily Life
9.4 Robotics in Education
10. Robotics Market and Future Prospects
10.1 Current Global Robotics Market Trends
10.2 Emerging Technologies in Robotics (AI, IoT, Machine Learning)
10.3 Future Applications (Space, Medicine, Industry 5.0)
10.4 Opportunities and Challenges
11. Advantages and Disadvantages of Robots
11.1 Advantages (Efficiency, Accuracy, Cost Reduction, Safety)
11.2 Disadvantages (High Initial Cost, Job Displacement, Maintenance)
11.3 Balancing Human and Robot Workforces
 Introduction to Robotics and Automation

1.1 Definition of Robotics

 Robotics is a branch of engineering and science that deals with the design,
construction, operation, and use of robots.
 It combines elements of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering,
computer science, and control systems.
 A robot can be defined as a programmable, multifunctional machine
designed to perform tasks that may be dangerous, repetitive, or difficult
for humans.
 According to the Robotics Institute of America (RIA):

“A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to

move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable
programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”

Key Features of a Robot:

 Robots sense the environment using sensors.

 They process information using a controller.
 They act on the environment using actuators/end-effectors.

Fig 1: Basic Structure of a Robot

1.2 Importance of Automation in Modern Industry
  Automation is the use of control systems (computers, robots, AI, sensors,
etc.) to operate machines, processes, and systems with minimal human
intervention.

Why Automation is Important?

1. Increased Productivity
o Robots can work 24/7 without fatigue.
o Higher production rates with consistent quality.
2. Improved Quality and Accuracy
o Automation reduces human errors.
o Ensures precision and repeatability in processes (e.g., welding,
painting).
3. Cost Reduction
o Lowers long-term labor costs.
o Reduces waste through better accuracy.
4. Enhanced Safety
o Robots perform dangerous tasks (e.g., handling chemicals, heavy
lifting).
o Reduces workplace accidents.
5. Flexibility and Adaptability
o Automated systems can be reprogrammed for new products.
o Helps industries respond quickly to market demands.

Examples of Automation in Industry:

 Automotive assembly lines (robot arms for welding & painting).

 Electronics manufacturing (precision placement of microchips).
 Packaging and logistics (conveyor systems, robotic sorting).
 Smart factories (Industry 4.0 – IoT-enabled automation).

Fig 2: Role of Automation in Industry

1.3 Scope and Applications of Robotics
Robotics has a vast scope due to advancements in AI, sensors, machine
learning, and materials technology.

Scope of Robotics:
 Integration with Artificial Intelligence (AI) for decision-making.
 Expansion into healthcare, agriculture, defense, and space exploration.
 Growing demand for collaborative robots (Cobots) in small and medium
industries.
 Increasing role in Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing.

Applications of Robotics:
1. Industrial Robotics
o Welding, painting, assembly, material handling.
o Used widely in automotive and electronics industries.
2. Medical Robotics
o Surgical robots (e.g., Da Vinci surgical system).
o Rehabilitation robots (help patients regain mobility).
o Robotic prosthetics.
3. Military and Defense
o Bomb disposal robots.
o Surveillance drones.
o Autonomous vehicles for risky missions.
4. Space Robotics
o Mars rovers (e.g., Perseverance, Curiosity).
o Robotic arms on spacecraft (e.g., Canadarm on ISS).
5. Agricultural Robotics
o Autonomous tractors.
o Drones for spraying and monitoring crops.
o Harvesting robots.
6. Domestic and Service Robots
o Cleaning robots (e.g., Roomba).
o Humanoid robots for customer service.
o Delivery robots in hotels and hospitals.

Fig 3: Application of Robot

✅ Summary:
 Robotics is the science of building and using programmable machines
(robots).
 Automation is essential in modern industries for productivity, safety, and
cost-effectiveness.
 The scope of robotics extends across industries, healthcare, defense,
agriculture, space, and domestic applications.

Laws of Robotics

2.1 Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics

The concept of robot ethics was first introduced by Isaac Asimov, a science
fiction writer, in the early 1940s. He proposed Three Fundamental Laws of
Robotics, which still serve as a philosophical foundation for robot behavior.

The Three Laws

1. First Law – A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction,
allow a human being to come to harm.
2. Second Law – A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings,
except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. Third Law – A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

Fig 4: Hierarchy of Asimov’s Three Laws

Explanation:
 Human safety is always the top priority.
 Robots must follow orders unless it causes harm.
 Robots must protect themselves, but only after ensuring human safety
and obedience.

2.2 Extended Laws of Robotics

Later, Asimov and other scholars extended these rules to cover broader ethical
and practical challenges.

The Zeroth Law (Introduced by Asimov later)

 A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come
to harm.
 This is even higher than protecting individual humans — it emphasizes
humanity as a whole.

Other Modern Extensions

 Law of Privacy – Robots must not misuse or leak personal data.
 Law of Transparency – Robots should explain their decisions when
interacting with humans (important in AI).
 Law of Accountability – Designers/manufacturers must take
responsibility for robot actions.

2.3 Relevance of Laws in Modern Robotics

Although Asimov’s laws were fictional, they are highly relevant today as
robotics and AI become central in industry and society.

Practical Importance
1. Human Safety – Industrial robots follow safety standards (ISO 10218,
ANSI/RIA).
2. Ethics in AI – Ensuring robots/AI do not make harmful decisions.
3. Military Robots – Ethical debate over autonomous weapons.
4. Healthcare Robots – Safety and privacy in robotic surgery and care
robots.
5. Collaborative Robots (Cobots) – Designed with sensors to stop if a
human comes too close.
6. Self-Driving Cars – Decision-making algorithms must prioritize safety
(like Asimov’s First Law).

Summary
 Asimov’s Three Laws (1942) laid the foundation of robot ethics.
 Zeroth Law & Extended Laws were added to focus on humanity, privacy,
and accountability.
  In modern robotics, these laws are reflected in international safety
standards, AI ethics guidelines, and collaborative robot design.

Brief History of Robotics

3.1 Early Concepts of Automata

 The idea of robots is not new — it dates back thousands of years in the
form of automata (self-operating machines).
 Ancient inventors and engineers built mechanical devices that could
move without human intervention.

Examples of Early Automata:

1. Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD) – Designed mechanical toys, water
clocks, and steam-powered devices.
2. Al-Jazari (1136–1206) – Created water-powered clocks, automatic
musical instruments, and even a mechanical servant.
3. Leonardo da Vinci (1495) – Designed a mechanical knight that could sit,
wave its arms, and move its head.

Fig 5 : A simple sketch of Da Vinci’s mechanical knight → like an armored figure with
gears inside.

3.2 Robotics in the Industrial Revolution

 The 18th–19th centuries saw the Industrial Revolution, which marked the
beginning of mechanization and automation.
 Factories introduced steam engines, textile machines, and automated
looms.
Key Developments:
1. Jacquard Loom (1804) – First programmable machine using punched
cards.
2. Mechanical Tools – Machines began replacing manual labor in large
industries.
3. Concept of “Automation” – Emerged as industries wanted higher
productivity with less human effort.
3.3 Development of Modern Robots
 Modern robotics began in the 20th century with advances in electronics,
control systems, and computing.

Timeline of Modern Robot Development:

1. 1950s – First Industrial Robot
o George Devol invented the first programmable robotic arm
“Unimate.”
o Used in factories for material handling and welding.
2. 1960s – Industrial Use
o General Motors used “Unimate” in car manufacturing.
3. 1970s–1980s – Expansion
o Robots entered electronics, aerospace, and consumer goods
industries.
o AI and computer vision research began.
4. 1990s–2000s – Service Robots
o Medical robots, robotic pets, and home cleaning robots appeared.
5. 2010s–Present – Smart Robots
o Integration with AI, IoT, and Machine Learning.
o Autonomous drones, self-driving cars, and collaborative robots
(Cobots).

Draw a timeline with icons:

 1950s → Robot Arm
 1970s → Factory line
 2000s → Humanoid robot
 2020s → Drone/Self-driving car

3.4 Milestones in Robotics

Here are some important milestones in the journey of robotics:

 1942 – Isaac Asimov introduced the “Three Laws of Robotics.”

 1956 – First robotics company Unimation founded by George Devol &
Joseph Engelberger.
 1961 – “Unimate” installed in General Motors factory.
 1973 – KUKA built the first 6-axis robotic arm.
 1997 – NASA’s Mars Rover Sojourner explored Mars.
  2000 – Honda introduced ASIMO, a humanoid robot.
 2015 onwards – AI-driven robots, autonomous drones, and cobots widely
adopted.

Summary
 Automata in ancient times laid the foundation of robotics.
 Industrial Revolution introduced machines and automation in factories.
 Modern robots started with “Unimate” in the 1950s and have evolved with
electronics, AI, and computer vision.
 Major milestones include Asimov’s laws, humanoid robots, and space
exploration robots.
 Today, robotics is moving towards intelligent, autonomous, and
collaborative systems.

Basic Components of a Robot

Robots are made up of several essential components that work together to

perform tasks.
The six basic components are:

1. Manipulator/Mechanical Structure
2. Actuators and Drive Systems
3. Sensors and Vision Systems
4. Controllers and Microprocessors
5. End Effectors
6. Power Supply Units

4.1 Manipulator / Mechanical Structure

 The manipulator is the mechanical arm of the robot.
 It provides the robot with movement and is made of links (rigid parts)
and joints (movable connections).
 Similar to the human arm:
o Shoulder → Base joint
o Elbow → Middle joint
o Wrist → End joint

Types of Manipulators (based on configuration):

 Cartesian – Moves in X, Y, Z directions.
 Cylindrical – Cylindrical workspace.
 Spherical – Moves in polar coordinates.
 Articulated (Revolute joints) – Human-like movement.
 Fig 6: Simple robotic arm with 3 joints and links like a human arm.

4.2 Actuators and Drive Systems

 Actuators are the “muscles” of the robot. They convert energy into
motion.
 Drive systems provide the necessary power to actuators.

Types of Actuators:
1. Electric Actuators – Motors (DC motors, stepper motors, servo motors).
2. Hydraulic Actuators – Use pressurized fluid (high power, heavy lifting).
3. Pneumatic Actuators – Use compressed air (fast but less precise).

Fig 7: Hydraulic Cylinder

4.3 Sensors and Vision Systems
 Sensors are the “eyes, ears, and skin” of the robot.
 They provide feedback about the robot’s internal state and its external
environment.

Types of Sensors:
1. Internal Sensors – Measure robot’s own condition (position, speed,
temperature).
o Example: Encoder (measures joint angle).
2. External Sensors – Detect the environment.
o Example: Proximity sensor, ultrasonic sensor, force sensor.
Vision Systems:
 Cameras and image processing allow robots to “see.”
 Used in quality inspection, object recognition, and navigation.

Fig 8: Robot arm with a camera on top (vision system) and a proximity sensor
near the gripper.

4.4 Controllers and Microprocessors

 The controller is the “brain” of the robot.
 It processes signals from sensors and sends commands to actuators.
 Contains:
o Microprocessor / Microcontroller
o Memory unit (to store programs)
o Software/Algorithm (decision-making logic)
Fig 9: CPU block with arrows from Sensors → Controller → Actuators.

4.5 End Effectors

 The end effector is the “hand” of the robot.
 It interacts directly with the workpiece or environment.

Types of End Effectors:

1. Grippers – Mechanical (finger type), vacuum suction, magnetic.
2. Tools – Welding torch, spray gun, screwdriver, surgical tools.
3. Specialized End Effectors – Designed for specific industries (e.g., apple-
picking robot gripper).
Fig 10: Draw two examples → (a) Two-finger gripper holding an object and (b)
Welding torch end effector.

4.6 Power Supply Units

 Robots need power to operate actuators, sensors, and controllers.

Types of Power Supplies:

1. Electrical Power – Batteries, direct power supply (most common).
2. Hydraulic Power – Pumps supply pressurized oil to hydraulic actuators.
3. Pneumatic Power – Compressors supply air pressure.

Modern Trend:

 Rechargeable batteries, solar power, and hybrid systems are being used.
Fig 11: Battery icon, hydraulic pump, and air compressor as power sources.

Summary
 Manipulator – Robot’s arm structure (links & joints).
 Actuators & Drives – Provide movement (electric, hydraulic, pneumatic).
 Sensors & Vision – Help robot sense its environment.
 Controller – Brain of the robot (decision-making).
 End Effectors – Hands/tools for performing tasks.
 Power Supply – Provides energy to all components.

Robot Specifications

Robot specifications define the performance characteristics and capabilities of

a robot.
They are used to select the right robot for industrial or service applications.

Main Specifications:
1. Degrees of Freedom (DOF)
2. Work Envelope
3. Load Carrying Capacity (Payload)
4. Speed and Acceleration
5. Precision and Accuracy
6. Repeatability

5.1 Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

 Definition: The number of independent movements (joints) a robot can
make.
 Each joint/axis provides one degree of freedom (rotational or
translational).
 Higher DOF → More flexibility.

Examples:
  3 DOF → Moves in X, Y, Z directions (Cartesian robot).
 6 DOF → Human-like arm movement (common in industrial robots).

Fig 12: Robotic arm with 6 joints labeled as DOF (base, shoulder, elbow, wrist
pitch, wrist yaw, wrist roll).

5.2 Work Envelope

 Definition: The 3D space or volume within which a robot can move its
end effector.
 Determined by arm length, joint limits, and degrees of freedom.
 Different robot types have different envelopes:
o Cartesian → Rectangular box-shaped.
o Cylindrical → Cylinder-shaped.
o Spherical → Dome-shaped.
o Articulated → Irregular, flexible envelope.

 Cube (Cartesian), Cylinder, Sphere, and Irregular dome (Articulated).

 Fig 13:Four small sketches showing work envelopes

5.3 Load Carrying Capacity (Payload)

 Definition: The maximum weight a robot can carry or manipulate,
including end effector + workpiece.
 Usually measured in kilograms (kg).
 Typical ranges:
o Small robots → 1–10 kg
o Medium robots → 10–50 kg
o Heavy-duty robots → 100–500 kg or more

Fig 14: Robot arm lifting a box labeled 10 kg with a caption “Payload Capacity.”

5.4 Speed and Acceleration

 Speed → How fast a robot joint or end effector can move (measured in
m/s or °/sec).
 Acceleration → How quickly the robot can change its speed.
 Important for:
o Assembly line robots (high speed).
o Welding robots (moderate speed).
o Medical robots (low but precise speed).
 Fig 15: Conveyor belt with a fast-moving robot arm assembling parts.

5.5 Precision and Accuracy

 Precision – The resolution or smallest detectable movement of the robot
(how finely it can move).
 Accuracy – The ability of the robot to reach the exact target position.

Example:
 If a robot is programmed to move 10 cm, but it reaches 10.2 cm,
accuracy is low.
 If it can move in tiny steps (0.01 mm each), precision is high.

 Accuracy → Closeness to the target.

 Precision → Closeness of attempts to each other.

 Fig 16: Target point (X) with robot attempts around it (a) Accuracy →
Closeness to the target (b) Repeatability

5.6 Repeatability
 Definition: The ability of a robot to return to the same position
repeatedly under the same conditions.
 Measured in mm (e.g., ±0.02 mm).
 Important for industrial robots used in assembly, welding, and painting.

Summary
 Degrees of Freedom (DOF): Flexibility of robot arm.
 Work Envelope: 3D space robot can reach.
 Payload: Max weight carried.
 Speed & Acceleration: Movement capability.
 Precision & Accuracy: Target-reaching ability.
  Repeatability: Ability to do the same task consistently.

Classification of Robots

Robots can be classified in many ways depending on design, purpose, and

control method.
The major classifications are:

1. Based on Configuration (mechanical structure)

2. Based on Applications (usage/industry)
3. Based on Control System (how they are controlled)

6.1 Based on Configuration (Mechanical Structure)

Robots are often classified by the geometry of their work envelope and joint
arrangement.

(a) Cartesian Robot

 Moves in straight lines along X, Y, Z axes (3 DOF).
 Work envelope = Rectangular box-shaped.
 Used in pick-and-place, CNC machines, 3D printing.

Fig 17: Cube-shaped workspace with a robot moving in X, Y, Z directions.

(b) Cylindrical Robot

 Has a rotary base joint + linear movements.
 Work envelope = Cylinder-shaped.
 Used in material handling, spot welding.
 Fig 18: Cylinder workspace with vertical + horizontal sliding arm.

(c) Spherical (Polar) Robot

 Base rotation + telescopic arm.
 Work envelope = Spherical dome-shaped.
 Used in machine loading, arc welding.

Fig 19: Dome-shaped envelope with rotating + extending arm.

(d) SCARA Robot (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm)

 Has 2 parallel rotary joints + 1 vertical joint.
 Good for assembly operations, pick-and-place, packaging.
 Very fast and precise in horizontal movement.
 Fig 20: Robot arm on a table moving small parts quickly.

(e) Articulated Robot

 Resembles a human arm (usually 6 DOF).
 Very flexible and versatile.
 Used in automotive assembly, painting, welding.

Fig 21: 6-axis robotic arm like those in car factories

(f) Parallel (Delta) Robot

 Multiple arms connected to a common base.
 Very lightweight, fast, and precise.
  Common in food packaging, electronics, pharma.

Pic Idea: Draw a spider-like delta robot picking chocolates from a conveyor.

Fig 22: Spider-like delta robot picking chocolates from a conveyor.

6.2 Based on Applications

Robots are also classified according to the field of application.

(a) Industrial Robots

 Used in manufacturing & production.
 Applications: welding, assembly, painting, packaging.

(b) Service Robots

 Assist humans in non-manufacturing tasks.
 Examples: cleaning robots, delivery robots, hospitality robots.

Fig 23: A robot vacuum cleaner or hotel service bot.

(c) Medical Robots
 Assist in surgery, rehabilitation, prosthetics.
 Example: Da Vinci Surgical Robot.

Fig 24: A robot arm with surgical tools operating on a patient.

(d) Military Robots

 Used for surveillance, bomb disposal, defense drones.
 Example: Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs), drones.

Fig 25: A drone or tracked bomb disposal robot.

(e) Space Robots
 Used in space exploration and satellite maintenance.
 Example: NASA’s Mars Rovers (Curiosity, Perseverance).

Fig 26: Mars rover with robotic arm on a rocky surface.

6.3 Based on Control System

Robots can also be classified by how they are controlled.

(a) Manual Control

 Controlled directly by human operators.
 Example: Remote-controlled bomb disposal robot, teleoperated surgical
robot.

Fig 27: Operator holding a remote controller for a robot.

(b) Automated Control
 Pre-programmed robots that work without human intervention.
 Example: Industrial assembly line robots, CNC robots.

Fig 28: Robot arm on an assembly line working automatically.

(c) AI-driven (Intelligent) Robots

 Use Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and sensors to make
decisions.
 Can adapt, learn, and collaborate with humans.
 Example: Self-driving cars, humanoid robots, cobots.

Fig 28: humanoid robot with an AI “brain” symbol.

Summary

 Configuration-based: Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical, SCARA,

Articulated, Parallel.
  Application-based: Industrial, Service, Medical, Military, Space.
 Control-based: Manual, Automated, AI-driven.
 Classification helps in choosing the right robot for specific tasks
depending on workspace, accuracy, flexibility, and purpose.

Human System and Robotics

7.1 Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)

 Definition:
Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is the study and design of interactions
between people and robots.
It focuses on communication, cooperation, and safety between humans
and robotic systems.
 Types of HRI:
1. Remote Interaction – Human controls robot from a distance (e.g.,
drones, bomb disposal robots).
2. Supervisory Control – Human sets goals; robot executes
autonomously.
3. Full Collaboration – Human and robot work together in shared
environments (e.g., assembly lines).
 Key Features:
o Natural communication (speech, gestures, touch).
o Trust and safety in interaction.
o Adaptability of robot to human needs.

Fig 29: A human worker and robot arm on an assembly line exchanging objects
(show arrows for interaction).
7.2 Ergonomics in Robotics
 Definition:
Ergonomics is the science of designing systems that fit human physical
and psychological capabilities.
In robotics, ergonomics ensures that robots are safe, comfortable, and
efficient for humans to use.
 Applications in Robotics:
o Design of robot interfaces (joysticks, touchscreens, VR controls).
o Safe workspaces to reduce strain on workers.
o Collaborative robots designed to reduce fatigue and injury.
 Example:
o Exoskeleton robots to reduce back strain for factory workers.
o Ergonomic robot-assisted surgery tools for doctors.

Fig 30: A factory worker wearing an exoskeleton lifting a heavy box with ease.

7.3 Cognitive and Collaborative Robots (Cobots)

 Cognitive Robots:
o Robots with AI and machine learning capabilities.
o Can learn, reason, and adapt to different tasks.
o Example: Autonomous vehicles, AI-driven chatbots with physical
embodiments.
 Collaborative Robots (Cobots):
o Designed to work safely alongside humans.
o Equipped with force sensors and vision systems for safety.
o Typically lightweight, flexible, and easy to program.
o Used in manufacturing, healthcare, logistics.
 Advantages:
o Improve productivity.
o Reduce repetitive strain injuries for humans.
o Allow humans to focus on creative/complex tasks.
Fig 31: Human and cobot working together on an assembly line – cobot holds
parts, human tightens screws.

7.4 Human Augmentation with Robotics

 Definition:
Human augmentation uses robotics to enhance human physical or
cognitive abilities.
 Types:
1. Physical Augmentation
 Exoskeleton suits → enhance strength and endurance.
 Prosthetic robotic limbs → restore or extend mobility.
2. Cognitive Augmentation
 Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMI) → control robots with neural
signals.
 Augmented reality with robotic systems → improved
decision-making.
 Applications:
o Healthcare (prosthetics, surgical robots).
o Military (strength-enhancing exosuits).
o Industry (workers lifting heavy loads safely).

Summary

 HRI enables effective communication & cooperation between humans and

robots.
 Ergonomics ensures robot systems are safe, comfortable, and efficient
for humans.
 Cobots & Cognitive Robots are intelligent and collaborative systems
designed for shared environments.
 Human Augmentation enhances physical & cognitive abilities through
robotics (prosthetics, exoskeletons, BMI).
 Safety Measures in Robotics

8.1 Safety Standards (ISO, ANSI, OSHA Guidelines)

 Purpose of Safety Standards:
To ensure that robotic systems are designed, installed, and operated
without causing harm to humans.
 Major Standards:
1. ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
 ISO 10218: Safety requirements for industrial robots and
systems.
 ISO/TS 15066: Safety standards for collaborative robots.
2. ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
 ANSI/RIA R15.06: Provides safety guidelines for industrial
robots (aligned with ISO 10218).
3. OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA)
 Provides safety regulations for robot installations.
 Focuses on training, hazard analysis, and protective
equipment.
 Key Focus Areas:
o Emergency stops.
o Safe distances between humans and robots.
o Regular inspection and training.

Fig 32:Flowchart showing Robot Safety → Standards → ISO / ANSI / OSHA.

8.2 Safety Devices (Fences, Sensors, Emergency Stops)
 Physical Barriers:
o Safety Fences & Enclosures: Prevent unauthorized entry into robot
work areas.
o Light Curtains: Invisible beams that stop the robot if interrupted.
 Sensors:
o Proximity Sensors: Detect humans/objects nearby.
o Vision Systems: Cameras to track human position.
o Force/Torque Sensors: Stop robot if unusual resistance is
detected.
 Emergency Systems:
o Emergency Stop Buttons (E-Stops): Immediately cut robot power.
o Interlock Devices: Prevent robot motion when safety gates are
open.
 Example:
o Car manufacturing robots enclosed with fences and equipped with
E-stop buttons at multiple locations.

8.3 Risk Assessment in Robot Workspaces

 Definition:
Systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and reducing risks in robot
work environments.
 Steps in Risk Assessment:
1. Identify Hazards: Pinch points, collision risks, electrical hazards.
2. Evaluate Risks: Probability × Severity of harm.
3. Implement Controls: Safety devices, protective gear, training.
4. Monitor & Review: Regular checks, updates to safety procedures.
 Risk Reduction Methods:
o Engineering controls (fences, sensors).
o Administrative controls (training, signage).
o Personal protective equipment (helmets, gloves, goggles).
Fig 33: Pyramid showing Risk Assessment: Hazards → Evaluation → Control →
Monitoring.

8.4 Collaborative Robot Safety

 Collaborative Robots (Cobots):
o Designed to work side by side with humans.
o Safety is crucial since humans share the workspace with robots.
 Safety Features in Cobots:
o Force and Speed Limiting: Stops when contact with human is
detected.
o Power and Torque Sensors: Reduce injury risk by limiting applied
forces.
o Soft/Rounded Edges: Prevent sharp impacts.
o Vision & Proximity Systems: Detect humans and slow/stop robot.
 Standards for Cobots:
o ISO/TS 15066: Defines safe force, speed, and interaction levels.
 Example:
o Cobots in electronics assembly hand over parts safely to workers.
Fig 34: Human and cobot working together at a bench, cobot has rounded
edges and safety sensors.

Summary

 Safety Standards (ISO, ANSI, OSHA) → Ensure safe robot design,

installation, and operation.
 Safety Devices → Fences, sensors, light curtains, emergency stops.
 Risk Assessment → Identify hazards, evaluate risks, control, monitor.
 Collaborative Robot Safety → Cobots use force limiting, vision, and safe
design for human interaction.

Social Impact of Robotics

9.1 Robotics in Employment and Job Displacement
 Positive Impacts on Employment:
o Robots take over repetitive, hazardous, and monotonous jobs,
improving worker safety.
o New job opportunities in robot design, programming,
maintenance, and supervision.
o Increased productivity → lowers costs → economic growth → more
industries.
 Negative Impacts (Job Displacement):
o Automation may reduce the need for low-skill, manual jobs (e.g.,
assembly line workers, drivers).
o Risk of unemployment in traditional sectors like manufacturing,
textiles, logistics.
o Creates a skill gap → workers need re-training.
 Solution/Balance:
o Reskilling & Upskilling programs.
o Policies to protect workers during transition to automation.
Fig 35:Two arrows from “Robotics in Jobs” → (a) Job Creation, (b) Job
Displacement.

9.2 Ethical Concerns in Robotics

 Key Ethical Issues:
1. Safety & Responsibility → Who is accountable if a robot causes
harm?
2. Privacy Concerns → Robots with cameras/sensors may invade
personal privacy.
3. Bias in Algorithms → AI robots may inherit human biases in
decision-making.
4. Autonomy vs. Control → Should robots make independent
decisions?
5. Military Robots → Drones and autonomous weapons raise
questions about morality.
 Principles to Address Ethics:
o Transparency → Clear explanation of robot decisions.
o Accountability → Humans remain responsible.
o Human-Centered Design → Robots must serve human welfare.

Fig 36: Ethical Triangle → (Privacy, Responsibility, Control).

9.3 Robotics in Healthcare and Daily Life

 Healthcare Applications:
o Surgical Robots (e.g., Da Vinci System) → precise, minimally
invasive surgeries.
o Rehabilitation Robots → help patients regain mobility.
 o Robotic Prosthetics & Exoskeletons → support disabled people.
o Hospital Service Robots → deliver medicines, disinfect rooms.
 Daily Life Applications:
o Domestic Robots: vacuum cleaners, lawn mowers, cooking
assistants.
o Elderly Care Robots: monitoring, companionship, medicine
reminders.
o Wearable Robots: assist with strength and mobility in daily tasks.
 Impact:
o Improves quality of life, accessibility, and independence.
o Raises concerns about over-reliance on robots and reduced human
interaction.

Fig 37: Robot assisting a doctor in surgery & a service robot delivering
medicines.

9.4 Robotics in Education

 Role of Robotics in Education:
o STEM Learning: Teaching coding, electronics, and problem-solving
through robots (e.g., LEGO Mindstorms, Arduino robots).
o Interactive Learning: Robots as teaching assistants, answering
questions, and conducting experiments.
o Special Education: Robots help autistic children develop social
skills.
o Remote Learning: Telepresence robots allow students to attend
classes virtually.
 Advantages:
o Enhances creativity and critical thinking.
 o Prepares students for future AI & robotics-driven industries.
o Provides hands-on experience.
 Challenges:
o High cost of robotics kits and infrastructure.
o Teachers need training to integrate robotics effectively.

Fig 38: Classroom scene → teacher, students, and an educational robot

interacting.

Summary

 Employment & Job Displacement → Robots create high-skill jobs but

replace repetitive ones.
 Ethical Concerns → Safety, accountability, privacy, military use.
 Healthcare & Daily Life → From surgery to elderly care, robots improve
human well-being.
 Education → Enhances STEM, hands-on learning, and special education.

Robotics Market and Future Prospects

10.1 Current Global Robotics Market Trends
 Market Growth:
o Global robotics market is expanding rapidly in manufacturing,
healthcare, logistics, and services.
o Industrial Robots dominate (automobile, electronics industries).
o Service Robots growing fast (delivery drones, cleaning robots,
personal assistants).
 Investment Trends:
o Rising demand for collaborative robots (cobots) that work with
humans.
 o Increasing funding in healthcare robotics, AI-driven robots, and
defense robotics.
o Strong demand in countries like China, Japan, USA, Germany,
South Korea.

Fig 39: World map showing leading countries in robotics adoption.

10.2 Emerging Technologies in Robotics (AI, IoT, Machine Learning)

 Artificial Intelligence (AI):
o Enables decision-making, natural language processing, and vision
systems.
o Example: AI robots in autonomous cars, chatbots with physical
presence.
 Internet of Things (IoT):
o Robots connected to networks and sensors for real-time
monitoring.
o Example: Smart factory robots with IoT sensors for predictive
maintenance.
 Machine Learning (ML):
o Robots learn from data & experience.
 o Example: Warehouse robots optimizing routes, surgical robots
improving precision.
 Other Tech: Cloud robotics, 5G connectivity, Human-Robot Interaction
(HRI).

10.3 Future Applications (Space, Medicine, Industry 5.0)

 Space Exploration:
o Robots for planetary exploration, satellite servicing, lunar
mining.
o Examples: Mars Rover, NASA’s Robonaut.
 Medicine:
o Nano-robots for drug delivery inside the human body.
o Advanced AI surgical robots.
o Rehabilitation robots for elderly and disabled patients.
 Industry 5.0:
o Human + Robot collaboration (cobots).
o Focus on personalization, sustainability, and human-centric
manufacturing.
o Smart factories with AI, IoT, and robotics integration.

Fig 40: Three branches → Space, Medicine, Industry 5.0.

10.4 Opportunities and Challenges

 Opportunities:
o High demand in manufacturing, healthcare, logistics, defense,
and agriculture.
o Global skill development in AI & robotics.
o Growing startups and investments in robotics innovation.
 Challenges:
o High cost of advanced robots.
 o Cybersecurity risks due to IoT connectivity.
o Ethical concerns: job loss, privacy, decision-making power of AI.
o Need for international regulations.

Fig 41: Two columns → Opportunities vs Challenges.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Robots

11.1 Advantages of Robots

1. Efficiency – Robots work 24/7 without fatigue.

o Example: Assembly line robots in car manufacturing.
2. Accuracy & Precision – Perform tasks with high repeatability.
o Example: Surgical robots with minimal error.
3. Cost Reduction – Saves long-term labor costs.
o Example: Automated warehouses (Amazon).
4. Safety – Replace humans in hazardous environments (mining, nuclear
plants).
o Example: Bomb disposal robots.
 Fig 42: Circle diagram → Efficiency, Accuracy, Cost, Safety.

11.2 Disadvantages of Robots

1. High Initial Cost – Expensive design, installation, and programming.
2. Job Displacement – Unemployment for low-skill workers.
3. Maintenance & Repair – Requires skilled technicians and spare parts.
4. Limited Creativity – Robots cannot replace human intuition &
innovation.

Fig 43: Advantages and disadvantages.

11.3 Balancing Human and Robot Workforces

 Key Idea: Robots should support humans, not replace them completely.
  Strategies:
o Reskilling and upskilling workforce in AI, robotics, data science.
o Use cobots (collaborative robots) that assist humans.
o Policies for responsible automation.
o Focus on human-robot collaboration instead of competition.

Diagram Idea: Human + Robot handshake (collaboration).

Summary

 Global Market: Fast growth, especially in service & healthcare robots.

 Emerging Tech: AI, IoT, ML driving smarter robots.
 Future: Space, medicine, Industry 5.0 focus on human-robot
collaboration.
 Opportunities vs Challenges: Growth vs ethical & cost concerns.
 Advantages: Efficiency, accuracy, cost savings, safety.
 Disadvantages: High cost, job loss, maintenance.
 Balance: Reskill workers, promote cobots, ensure responsible
automation.
Objective Question Paper (Robotics – Unit 1 Notes Based)
1. Who is considered the father of the first programmable robot “Unimate”?
a) Isaac Asimov
b) George Devol
c) Leonardo da Vinci
d) Joseph Engelberger
2. Which law states “A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a
human being to come to harm”?
a) First Law of Robotics
b) Second Law of Robotics
c) Third Law of Robotics
d) Zeroth Law
3. The Jacquard Loom (1804) was important because it introduced:
a) Electric actuators
b) Programmable punch cards
c) Hydraulic power
d) Welding robots
4. Which component is known as the “muscles” of the robot?
a) Controller
b) Actuator
c) Sensor
d) End effector
5. The work envelope of a Cartesian robot is:
a) Cylinder
b) Dome
c) Cube/Box
d) Sphere
6. A SCARA robot is mainly used in:
a) Bomb disposal
b) Assembly and pick-and-place
c) Agriculture
d) Space exploration
7. Which sensor measures a robot’s joint angles?
a) Encoder
b) Ultrasonic sensor
c) Camera
d) Proximity sensor
8. The brain of the robot is:
a) Controller
b) Actuator
c) End effector
d) Power unit
9. Payload capacity means:
a) Speed of the robot
b) Weight robot can lift
 c) Energy consumption
d) Accuracy of robot
10. Which organization introduced ISO 10218 safety standards?
a) OSHA
b) ANSI
c) ISO
d) RIA
11. Which type of robot resembles a human arm?
a) Cartesian
b) Cylindrical
c) Articulated
d) Parallel
12. The Da Vinci system is an example of:
a) Industrial robot
b) Medical robot
c) Space robot
d) Military robot
13. Repeatability of a robot refers to:
a) Speed of the robot
b) Ability to return to the same position
c) Maximum payload capacity
d) Accuracy of sensors
14. Which robot is often called a delta robot?
a) Articulated robot
b) Parallel robot
c) SCARA robot
d) Cartesian robot
15. Exoskeleton suits are an example of:
a) Human augmentation robotics
b) Service robots
c) Industrial manipulators
d) Cobots
16. OSHA provides safety guidelines mainly for:
a) Space missions
b) Industrial workplaces
c) Agriculture
d) Domestic robots
17. A cobot is designed to:
a) Work only in military
b) Replace humans
c) Work alongside humans
d) Work in deep space
18. Precision of a robot refers to:
a) Closeness to target
b) Closeness of repeated attempts
 c) Speed of motion
d) Payload handling
19. Autonomous drones are an application of:
a) AI-driven robots
b) Manual robots
c) SCARA robots
d) Hydraulic robots
20. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of robots?
a) Efficiency
b) Accuracy
c) Creativity
d) Safety

Part B: Subjective Questions

1. Define robotics and explain its interdisciplinary nature.

2. Describe Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics with an example for each.
3. Explain the significance of the Zeroth Law of Robotics.
4. Trace the history of robotics from automata to modern robots.
5. Write short notes on Hero of Alexandria, Al-Jazari, and Leonardo da Vinci’s
contributions to robotics.
6. Describe the role of robotics in the Industrial Revolution.
7. Explain the development of modern robots from 1950s to present.
8. Write a detailed note on milestones in robotics history.
9. List and explain the basic components of a robot with neat sketches.
10. Compare actuators: Electric, Hydraulic, and Pneumatic (advantages & limitations).
11. Explain different types of sensors used in robots.
12. What is the role of controllers in robots? Give examples.
13. Differentiate between grippers and tools as end effectors.
14. Define “Degrees of Freedom.” Why is it important in robotics?
15. Explain work envelope with examples of different robot configurations.
16. What is repeatability in robotics? How is it different from accuracy?
17. Classify robots based on configuration with neat diagrams.
18. Discuss Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) and its importance in modern industry.
19. What are collaborative robots (cobots)? How are they different from traditional industrial
robots?
20. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of robots in society.

Difficult Subjective Questions

1. Define robotics in detail. How does the Robotics Institute of America (RIA) definition
differ from a general understanding of robots?
2. Explain the importance of automation in modern industry with suitable examples. How
does automation enhance safety and flexibility?
3. Discuss the scope of robotics in the context of Industry 4.0. How is AI integration
expanding robotic applications?
 4. Explain Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics with examples. How are these laws reflected
in modern robotics and AI systems?
5. What is the Zeroth Law of Robotics? Critically evaluate its importance in present-day AI
and military robotics.
6. Trace the historical development of robotics from early automata to modern AI-driven
robots. Highlight three major milestones.
7. Describe the six basic components of a robot with neat diagrams. How do sensors and
controllers interact to ensure accurate operation?
8. Differentiate between accuracy, precision, and repeatability in robots with suitable
industrial examples.
9. Compare Cartesian, SCARA, and Articulated robots in terms of configuration, work
envelope, and applications.
10. Discuss the ethical and social implications of robotics in employment and healthcare.
How can reskilling help balance human–robot collaboration?

Answers – Objective Questions

1. b
2. a
3. b
4. b
5. c
6. b
7. a
8. a
9. b
10. c
11. c
12. b
13. b
14. b
15. a
16. b
17. c
18. b
19. a
20. c

Answers – Subjective Questions (Guidelines)

1. Robotics is the branch of engineering… (explain mechanical + electrical + computer

science integration).
2. First Law (safety), Second Law (obedience), Third Law (self-protection) + examples like
self-driving car prioritizing safety.
3. Zeroth Law → Humanity first (e.g., robot preventing pollution affecting all humans).
4. Automata → Industrial revolution → Unimate → AI & Cobots.
 5. Hero (automata), Al-Jazari (water clocks, mechanical devices), Da Vinci (mechanical
knight).
6. Mechanization, Jacquard loom, automation in factories.
7. 1950s Unimate → 1960s GM → 1970s–80s expansion → 1990s service robots → 2010s
AI robots.
8. Milestones: Asimov’s Laws (1942), Unimate (1956–61), KUKA arm (1973), Mars Rover
(1997), ASIMO (2000), AI robots (2015+).
9. Manipulator, actuators, sensors, controllers, end effectors, power units.
10. Electric (precise), Hydraulic (high power), Pneumatic (fast, less accurate).
11. Internal (encoders), External (proximity, vision, force).
12. Controllers = brain (microprocessor, memory, software).
13. Grippers (handling) vs Tools (performing operations like welding).
14. DOF = independent motions; important for flexibility.
15. Work envelope shapes (cube, cylinder, sphere, irregular).
16. Accuracy = closeness to target; Repeatability = closeness of repeated attempts.
17. Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical, SCARA, Articulated, Parallel robots.
18. HRI = study of cooperation, safety, natural communication.
19. Cobots = lightweight, safe, work with humans (force sensors), unlike traditional robots
(isolated).
20. Advantages = efficiency, precision, safety. Disadvantages = cost, unemployment,
maintenance.

Difficult Subjective Answers

Q1 Answer
Robotics is the interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science dealing with robot design,
construction, and application.

 General Definition: A robot is a programmable, multifunctional machine designed to

perform tasks that are difficult, repetitive, or dangerous for humans.
 RIA Definition: “A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to
move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed
motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”
👉 Difference: The RIA definition emphasizes reprogrammability and manipulation
capability, highlighting flexibility over fixed machines.

Q2 Answer
Automation in modern industry is vital for:

 Productivity: Robots work 24/7 (e.g., automotive welding lines).

 Quality & Accuracy: Reduces human error (e.g., microchip placement).
 Safety: Robots replace humans in dangerous environments (e.g., chemical handling).
 Flexibility: Reprogramming enables adapting to new products (e.g., packaging industry).
👉 Automation supports smart factories (Industry 4.0) by integrating IoT and AI.
Q3 Answer
 Scope in Industry 4.0: Robotics is central to smart manufacturing, data-driven
automation, and interconnected systems.
 AI Integration: Enables robots to make decisions, adapt, and learn (e.g., autonomous
vehicles, predictive maintenance).
 Expanding Applications: Healthcare (surgery robots), agriculture (harvesters), defense
(drones), space exploration (rovers).
👉 Robotics is moving from automation to autonomy.

Q4 Answer
Asimov’s Three Laws:
1. A robot may not injure a human or allow harm by inaction.
2. A robot must obey human orders unless it conflicts with Law 1.
3. A robot must protect its existence unless it conflicts with Laws 1 or 2.

Modern Reflections:

 Industrial Robots: Emergency stops → prevent harm.

 Healthcare Robots: Prioritize patient safety.
 Self-driving cars: Algorithms prioritize human life.

Q5 Answer
Zeroth Law: A robot may not harm humanity, or by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.
 Importance: Goes beyond individuals → focuses on collective humanity.
 Relevance:
o Military drones (ethical debates).
o AI governance (preventing societal harm).
👉 Challenges: Defining “harm to humanity” is subjective and complex.

Q6 Answer
 Early Automata: Hero of Alexandria’s water clocks, Al-Jazari’s musical automata, Da
Vinci’s mechanical knight.
 Industrial Revolution: Jacquard loom (first programmable machine).
 Modern Robotics:
o 1956 → Unimation (first robotics company).
o 1961 → Unimate in GM factory.
o 2000 → Honda’s ASIMO humanoid robot.
👉 Robotics evolved from mechanical curiosity → industrial automation →
intelligent systems.

Q7 Answer
Basic Components of a Robot:
1. Manipulator – mechanical arm.
2. Actuators – muscles (motors, hydraulics, pneumatics).
3. Sensors – detect position/environment.
 4. Controller – brain (microprocessor + software).
5. End Effectors – grippers, welding tools.
6. Power Supply – electricity, hydraulic/pneumatic systems.

Interaction: Sensors → feedback → Controller → sends signals → Actuators → motion

executed → End effector acts.

Q8 Answer
 Accuracy: Closeness to target (robot reaches 9.8 cm instead of 10 cm → inaccurate).
 Precision: Smallest step size (0.01 mm step movement).
 Repeatability: Ability to return to the same point multiple times (±0.02 mm).

Industrial Examples:

 Accuracy: Painting robots must hit the exact location.

 Precision: Semiconductor robots in microchip placement.
 Repeatability: Welding robots performing thousands of identical welds.

Q9 Answer

Cartesian Robots: Linear X, Y, Z; box-shaped envelope; CNC, 3D printing.

SCARA Robots: Two parallel rotary joints; fast horizontal motion; packaging, assembly.
Articulated Robots: 6-axis human-like arm; flexible; automotive welding, painting.

Comparison: Cartesian = simple but limited; SCARA = fast & precise; Articulated = versatile
but costly.
Q10 Answer
 Employment Impact: Robots displace low-skill jobs (assembly line) but create new jobs
in design, programming, and maintenance.
 Healthcare Impact: Surgical robots improve precision; elderly-care robots improve
quality of life.
 Ethics: Raises questions of accountability, privacy, and social inequality.
 Reskilling: Training in robotics, AI, and data science helps workers transition.

Balanced approach = robots + skilled humans working together.