CHAPTER | Rational Numbers | (GeanscannerFn 2. 5. a . Rational numbers are closed under the operations of addition, subtraction and multiplication. The operations addition and multiplication are @ commutative for rational numbers. @@ associative for rational numbers. The rational number 0 is the additive identity for rational numbers. The rational number 1 is the multiplicative identity for rational numbers. Distributivity of rational numbers: For all rational numbers a, b and c, a(b+c)=ab+ac and a(b—c)=ab-ac Between any two given rational numbers there are countless rational numbers. The idea of mean helps us to find rational numbers between two rational numbers. {Bcomscanner(Chapter - 1) (Rational Numbers) (Exercise 1.1) (Class - VIII) Question 1: Name the property under multiplication used in each of the following: 4 1 13, @ Sxten = Gi) -5* Eanswer 1: (i) 1is the multiplicative identity. (ii) Commutative property. (iii) Multiplicative Inverse property. Question 2: ‘Tell what property allows you to compute So( x4) as (4x5). EAnswer 2: By using associative property of multiplication, ax(bxc)=(axb)xc. Question 3: ‘The product of two rational numbers is always a Eanswer 3: The product of two rational numbers is always a Rational Number.CHAPTER Linear Equations in One Variable (Geanscanner| 1. Analgebraic equation is an equality involving variables. It says that the value of the expression on one side of the equality sign is equal to the value of the expression on the other side. 2. The equations we study in Classes VI, VI and VII are linear equations in one variable. In such equations, the expressions which form the equation contain only one variable. Further, the equations are linear, i.e., the highest power of the variable appearing in the equations 1. 3. Anequation may have linear expressions on both sides. Equations that we studied in Classes VI and VII had just a number on one side of the equation. 4, Just as numbers, variables can, also, be transposed from one side of the equation to the other. 5. Occasionally, the expressions forming equations have to be simplified before we can solve them by usual methods. Some equations may not even be linear to begin with, but they can be brought toa linear form by multiplying both sides of the equation by a suitable expression. The utility of linear equations is in their diverse applications; different problems on numbers, ages, perimeters, combination of currency notes, and so on can be solved using linear equations. 6.Ex 2.1 Question 1. 3x = 2x+18 Solution: We have 3x = 2x + 18 => 3x — 2x = 18 (Transposing 2x to LHS) >x=18 Hence, x = 18 is the required solution. Check: 3x = 2x + 18 Putting x = 18, we have LHS = 3 x 18 = 54 RHS = 2x 18+ 18 = 36+18=54 LHS = RHS|Question 2. St-3=3t-5 Solution: We have 5t- 3=3t-5 => 5t - 3t - 3 =-5 (Transposing 3t to LHS = 2t =-5 + 3 (Transposing -3 to RHS) = 2t=-2 =>t=-2+2 =t=-1 Hence t = -1 is the required solution. Check: 5t- 3 =3t-5 Putting t = -1, we have LHS = 5t - 3 = 5x (-1)-3 =-5 -3=-8 RHS = 3t- 5=3x(-1)-5=-3-5=-8 LHS = RHS Hence verified. BeomseQuestion 5. 2x-1=14-x Solution: We have 2x -1=14-x => 2x+x=14+ 1 (Transposing x to LHS and 1 to RHS) => 3x=15 >xX=194+3=5 Hence x = 5 is the required solution. Check: 2x - 1=14-x Putting x = 5 LHS we have 2x - 1=2x5-1=10-1=9 RHS = 14-x=14-5=9 LHS = RHSQuestion 6. 8x+4=3(K-1)4+7 Solution: We have 8x + 4 = 3(x-1)+7 => 8x + 4 = 3x -— 3 +7 (Solving the bracket) = 8x+4=3x+4 => 8x - 3x = 4 - 4 [Transposing 3x to LHS and 4 to RHS] => 5x=0 = x= 0+ 5[Transposing 5 to RHS] orx=0 Thus x = 0 is the required solution. Check: 8x + 4 = 3(x-1) +7 Putting x = 0, we have 8x0+4=3(0-1)+7 30+4=-3+7 2=4=4 LHS = RHS © Hence verified.| BeamseaQuestion 7. x= 4/5 (x+10) Solution: We have x = 4/5 (x + 10) = 5x x=4(x +10) (Transposing 5 to LHS) = 5x = 4x + 40 (Solving the bracket) = 5x — 4x = 40 (Transposing 4x to LHS) =>x=40 Thus x = 40 is the required solution. Check: x = 45 (x + 10) Putting x = 40, we have 40 = 4/5 (40 + 10) = 40 = 4/5 x 50 = 40=4%10 = 40=40 LHS = RHS. Hence verified. Question 8. 2x/3+1 = 7x/15 +3 Solution: We have 2x/3 +1 =7x/15 +3 15(2x/3 + 1) = 15(7x/15 + 3) LCM of 3 and 15is 15 2x/3X 15 + 1X15 = 7x/15 x 15 +3 x 15 [Multiplying both sides by 15] = 2xx5+15=7x+45 = 10x +15 =7x+45 = 10x - 7x = 45 - 15 (Transposing 7x to LHS and 15 to RHS) => 3x = 30 = x = 30 +3 = 10 (Transposing 3 to RHS) {Bcomscanner2x Tx 2 a+t1l=+3 Check: 3 15 Putting x = 10, we have 2x10 7x10 3 +1= 15 +3 20 70 > 3 +1= 1B +3 20+3 — 70+45 = 3. 165 5 23 us? 3 Ws . 23 _ 23 3° 83 LHS = RHS Hence verified.Question 9. 2y+5/3 = 26/3-y 26 We have ay+8 2 26 5 => geyss-5 (transposing y to LHS and 3 to Rus) 26 - => _-. 21 > ye = 3y=7 1 : = y= _ (Transposing 3 to RHS) Thus, y = Zz is the required solution. 5 Check: 2y + > 3 Putting y ax i+8 ase > ss 14+5 = 3 19 = 3 LHS = RHS Hence verified.Question 10. am = $m ~ @/s Solution: We have 8 3m =5m- 5 3 s = Sm~-5m= > (Transposing 5m to LHS) 8 = mas 8 => mez e-2 (Transposing - 2 to RHS) ‘Thus, m= 4 is the required solution, Check: 3m=5m- = Putting m = 4, we have 4 4 8 = ax fa5xt-F 7 12 _ 20 8 5 6S 12 20-8 = so 12 12 c 5 5 LHS = RHS Hence ~erified.Question 4. x—-5 x-—3 3 5 Solution: 3 (K-5) x 5=(K-3)x3 = 5x ~ 25 = 3x - 9 (Solving the brackets) x-5 x-3 We have a "6 LCM of 3 and 5 is 15 ¥=5 245 = *=3 x15 5 (Multiplying both sides by 15) = 5x - 3x = 25 - 9 (Transposing 3x to LHS and 25 to RHS) = 2x= 16 = X= 16 +2 =8 (Transposing 2 to RHS) 3x=8 {BcomscannerQuestion 5. 3-2 2+3 2 4 38 8 Solution: 3t-2 +3 2° We hi = 'e have 3 3 LCM of 4 and 3 = 12 _ Bt=2 1g 28 4 3 = 2 19-212 3 x12 (Multiplying both sides by 12) = (Bt-2) x3 — (Qt +3)x4=2%4—12t = 9t—6 — 8t— 12 = 8— 12t (Solving the brackets) = t-18=8-12t => t+ 12t=8 + 18 (Transposing 12t to LHS and 18 to RHS) = 13t= 26 = t=2 (Transposing 13 to RHS) Hence t = 2 is the required solution.Question 6. i ee ne 2 4 Solution: m- = =1-—* We have m 2 3 LCM of 2 and 3 =6 ne 6 = 1x6- 72 “mx6- x6 (Multiplying both sides by 6) =>6m-(m-1)x3=6-(m-2)x2 => 6m - 3m +3 = 6 - 2m +4 (Solving the brackets) =>3m+3=10-2m => 3m + 2m = 10 - 3 (Transposing 2m to LHS and 3 to RHS) =5m=7 = m= 7/5 (Transposing 5 to RHS)Question 7. 3(t = 3) = 5(21 +1) Solution: 10t + 5 (Solving the brackets) > 3t~ 10 = 9+ 5 (Transposing 10t to LHS and 9 to, 2(Transposing -7 to RHS) Hence, t = -2is the required solution. Question 8. 15(y - 4) - 2(y - 9) + 5(y +6) =0 Solution: We have 15(y ~ 4) - 2(y- 9) + 5(y +6) =0 = 15y ~ 60 - 2y + 18 + 5y +30 = 0 (Solving the brackets) = 18y- 12=0 =18y = 12 (Transposing 12 to RHS) > y=2/3 Hence, y = 2/3is the required solution. Question 9. 3(6z - 7) - 292 - 11) = 4(8z- 13) - 17 Solution: We have 3(6z- 7) - 292 - 11) = 4(8z- 13) - 17 = 152 ~ 21 ~ 182 + 22 = 322 ~ 52 - 17 (Solving the bracket) 3-32 +1=32z- 69 69 ~ 1 (Transposing 322 to LHS and 1 Hence, z = 2 is the required solution.Question 10. 0.25(4f — 3) = 0.05(10f - 9) Solution: We have 0.25(4f - 3) = 0.05(10f - 9) => 0.25 x 4f - 3 x 0.25 = 0.05 x 10f — 9 x 0.05 (Solving the brackets) => 1.00f - 0.75 = 0.5f - 0.45 => f — 0.5f =-0.45 + 0.75 (Transposing 0.5 to LHS and 0.75 to RHS) = 0.5f = 0.30 =>f=0.6 Hence, f = 0.6 is the required solution.| Understanding i Quadrilaterals (GeanscannerParallelogram: A quadrilateral with each pair of opposite sides parallel (1) Opposite sides are equal. 2) Opposite angles are equal. @)_Diagonalsbisect one another. Rhombus: (1) Allthe properties ofa parallelogram. A parallelogram with sides Q) Diagonal are perpendicular to each other ‘ofequal length. io a Rectangle: sl M |) Allthe properties of aparallelogram. A parallelogram (2) Each of the anglesis aright angle. witharightangle. | | @) Diagonalsare equal. Square: A rectangle ‘ith sides of equal Kite: A quadrilateral with exactly two pairs of equal consecutive sides a Alllthe properties ofa parallelogram, thombus anda rectangle. (1) Thediagonats are perpendicular toone another 2) One of the diagonals bisects the other. G) Inthe figuremZB =mZD but mZA#mZC. {BeamscamnerQuadrilaterals Ex 3.1 : Given here are some figures. Ugo PCO 0 6) oe Answer : (2) 1,2,5,6,7 (0)1,2,5,6,7 (1,2 (a2 feQS: What is a regular polygon? State the name of a regular polygon of () 3 sides (ii) 4 sides (ii) 6 sides Answer : A polygon with equal sides and equal angles is called a regular polygon. (i) Equilateral Triangle Ls on Le oo” (ii) Square f 7 (iii) Regular HexagonUnderstanding Quadrilaterals Exercise 3.2 Ex 3.2 Class 8 Maths Question 1. Find x in the following figures. (a) (b) 126° 9g Tose 70°\z Solution: (a) We know that the sum of all the exterior angles of a polygon = 360° 125° + 125° + x = 360° = 250° + x = 360° x = 360° - 250° = 110° Hence x = 110°(b) Here zy = 180° - 90° = 90° and 2z = 90° (given) x+y + 60° +z+ 70° = 360° [- Sum of all the exterior angles of a polygon = 360°] = xX + 90° + 60° + 90° + 70° = 360° = x +310° = 360° = Xx = 360° - 310° = 50° Hence x = 50° {BeamscamnerEx 3.2 Class 8 Maths Question 2 Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon of (i) 9 sides (ii) 15 sides Solution: (i) We know the sum of all the exterior angles of polygon = 360° Measure of each angle of 9 sided regular polygon = 300 = = 40° ri Sum of all the exterior angles of a polygon = 360° Measure of each angle of 15 sided regular polygon = 360 = = 24° Ex 3.2 Class 8 Maths Question 3 How many sides does a regular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24°? Solution: Sum of all exterior angles of a regular polygon = 360° Number of sides Beamsea360° measure of an angle 360° 24 Hence, the number of sides = 15] = 15Ex 3.2 Class 8 Maths Question 4. How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165°? Solution: Let re be the number of sides of a regular polygon. Sum of all interior angles = (n — 2) x 180° and, measure of its each angle (n —2)x 180° a n So, (n—2) x 180 = 165 n => 180n-2 x 180=165n > 180n — 360 = 165n > 180n - 165n = 360 > 15n = 360 360 n= Te 24, Hence, the number of sides = 24 {BcomscannerEx 3.2 Class 8 Maths Question 5. (2) Is it possible to have a regular polygon with measure of each exterior angle a is 22°? (b) Can it be an interior angle of a regular polygon? Why? Solution: (a) Since, the sum of all the exterior angles of a regular polygon = 360° which is not divisible by 22° Itis not possible that a regular polygon must have its exterior angle 22°. (b) Sum of all interior angles of a regular polygon of side n = (n- 2) x 180° .. Measure of each interior angle _ (n= 2)x 180° n (n=2)x180" _ 4, n => 180n - 2 x 180 = 22n > 180n — 22n = 360 => 158n = 360 _ 360 _ 180 "= 158° 79 not a whole number. Since number of sides cannot be in fractions [tis not possible for a regular polygon to have its interior angle = 22°. {BeamscamnerEx 3.2 Class 8 Maths Question 6. (a) What is the minimum interior angle possible for a regular polygon? Why? (b) What is the maximum exterior angle possible for a regular polygon? Solution: (a) Sum of all interior angles of a regular polygon of side n = (n - 2) x 180° The measure of each interior angle (n - 2) x 180° ores For minimum possible interior angle (n —2)x180° oo n > n>2 The minimum measure the angle of an equilateral triangle (n = 3) = 60°. (b) From part (a) we can conclude that the maximum exterior angle of a regular polygon = 180° — 60° = 120°.Ex 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 1 Given a parallelogram ABCD. Complete each statement along with the definition or property used. (i) AD = (ii) DCB = (iii) OC =... (iv) mzDAB + m.CDA =........ Solution: (i) AD = BC [Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal] (ii) 2DCB = DAB [Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal] (iii) OC = OA [Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other] (iv) mZDAB + mzCDA = 180° [Adjacent angles of a paralleloaram are supplementarvl BeamseaEx 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 2. Consider the following parallelograms. Find the values of the unknowns x, y, Z.Solution: (i) ABCD is a parallelogram. 2B = 2D [Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal] 2D = 100° = y = 100°2A + 2B = 180° [Adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary] = Z+ 100° = 180° => z= 180° — 100° = 80° zA= 2C [Opposite angles of a lgml x= 80° Hence x = 80°, y = 100° and z = 80° (ii) PQRS is a parallelogram. Sq SQ QV P zP + 2S = 180° [Adjacent angles of parallelogram] = x+ 50° = 180° x= 180° - 50° = 130° Now, zP = 2R [Opposite angles are equal] =xay =y=130° Also, y = z [Alternate angles] z= 130° Hence, x = 130°, y = 130° and z = 130° (iii) ABCD is a rhombus. [-- Diagonals intersect at 90°] {Beamscamnerx= 90° Now in AOCB, x+y +30° = 180° (Angle sum property) = 90° + y + 30° = 180° => y+ 120° = 180° => y = 180° - 120° = 60° y =z (Alternate angles) =>z= 60° Hence, x = 90°, y = 60° and z = 60°. (iv) ABCD is a parallelogram 2A + 2B = 180° (Adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary) => x+ 80° = 180° => x = 180° - 80° = 100° {BeamscamnerNow, 2D = 2B [Opposite angles of a |jgm] = y =80° Also, z = zB = 80° (Alternate angles) Hence x = 100°, y = 80° and z = 80° (v) ABCD is a parallelogram. 2D = 2B [Opposite angles of a |Igm] y=112° x +y + 40° = 180° [Angle sum property] => x+112°+ 40° = 180° =X + 152° = 180° => x = 180° - 152 = 28° Z =x = 28° (Alternate angles) Hence x = 28°, y = 112°, z = 28°. {BcomscannerEx 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 3 Can a quadrilateral ABCD be a parallelogram if (i) .D+ 2B = 180°? (ii) AB = DC = 8cm, AD = 4cmand BC = 4.4cm? (ili) 2A = 70° and 2C = 65°? Solution: (i) For zD + 2B = 180, quadrilateral ABCD may be a parallelogram if following conditions are also fulfilled. (a) The sum of measures of adjacent angles should be 180° (b) Opposite angles should also be of same measures. So, ABCD can be but need not bea parallelogram (ii) Given: AB = DC = 8 cm, AD = 4cm, BC = 4.4m In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal. Here AD # BC Thus, ABCD cannot be a parallelogram. (iii) 2A = 70° and 2C = 65° Since 2A # 2C Opposite angles of quadrilateral are not equal. Hence, ABCD is not a parallelogram.Ex 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 4. Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has exactly two opposite angles of equal measure. Solution: ABCD is a rough figure of a quadrilateral in which mzA=m.C but it is not a parallelogram. It is a kite. B Ex 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 5. The measures of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 : 2. Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram Solution: Let ABCD is parallelogram such that mzB:mzC =3:2 {BeamscamnerLet mzB = 3x° and mzC = 2x° mzB +mzC = 180° (Sum of adjacent angles = 180°) 3x + 2x = 180° = 5x = 180° = x= 36° Thus, 2B = 3 x 36 = 108° 2C = 2x 36° =72° 2B = 2D = 108° and zA= 2C =72° Hence, the measures of the angles of the parallelogram are 108°, 72°, 108° and 72° BeamseaEx 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 6. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure. Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram. Solution: Let ABCD be a parallelogram in which zA= 2B Cc D A B We know 2A + 2B = 180° [Sum of adjacent angles = 180°] zAt zA= 180° => 22A = 180° = zA=90° Thus, zA = 2C = 90° and 2B = 2D = 90° [Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal] BeamseaEx 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 7. The adjacent figure HOPE is a parallelogram. Find the angle measures x, y and z. State the properties you use to find them. E P ‘Oo 70° H Solution: zy = 40° (Alternate angles) 2Z + 40° = 70° (Exterior angle property) = 2Z= 70° — 40° = 30° z= zEPH (Alternate angle) In AEPH 2X + 40° + 2Z = 180° (Adjacent angles) = 2X + 40° + 30° = 180° = 2x +70° = 180° = 2x = 180° - 70° = 110° Hence x = 110°, y = 40° and z = 30°.Ex 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 8 The following figures GUNS and RUNS are parallelograms. Find x and y. (Lengths are in cm) (i) g 26 3x, Gy 1 Solution: (i) GU = SN (Opposite sides of a parallelogram) gy -1=26 => 3y=26+1 > By =27 9 yao B Similarly, GS = UN 3x = 18 6 x78 <6 B Hence, x = 6 cm andy = 9cm Gi) Since, the diago- S. nals ofa parallelo- gram bisect each other OU =OS sy+7=20 =y=20-7=13 {BeamscamnerAlso, ON = OR =>x+ty=16 =x+13=16 X=16-13=3 Hence, x = 3cmandy=13cm.Ex 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 9. R In the above figure both RISK and CLUE are parallelograms. Find the value of x Solution Here RISK and CLUE are two parallelograms. 21 = zL = 70° (Opposite angles of a parallelogram) 2K + 22 = 180° Sum of adjacent angles is 180° 120° + 22 = 180° 22 = 180° — 120° = 60° In AOES, zx + 21+ 22 = 180° (Angle sum property) => 2X + 70° + 60° = 180° => 2X + 130° = 180° = 2x = 180° - 130° = 50° {BeamscamnerEx 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 10. Explain how this figure is a trapezium. Which of its two sides are parallel? K Solution: 2M + zL = 100° + 80° = 180° zM and cL are the adjacent angles, and sum of adjacent interior angles is 180° KL is parallel to NM Hence KLMN is a trapeziumEx 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 11 Find m.C in below figure if AB||DC Solution: Given that AB || DC mzB + mzC = 180° (Sum of adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 180°) D, 120° +mzC = 180° mzC = 180° - 120° = 60° Hence mzC = 60° {BcomscannerEx 3.3 Class 8 Maths Question 12. Find the measure of 2P and -S if SP || RQ in figure, is there any other method to find m CHAPTER Fee} 4 eee1. Tnorder to draw meaningful inferences from any data, we need to organise the data systematically, | | 2. Datacanalsobe presented using circle graph or pie chart. A circle graph shows the relationship | between a whole and its part. Beamscannerwhe ‘There are certain experiments whose outcomes have an equal chance of occurring. A random experiment is one whose outcome cannot be predicted exactly in advance, Outcomes of an experiment are equally likely if each has the same chance of occurring, Number of outcomes that make an event Probability ofan event= +> umber of outcomes of the experiment * “M2” the outeon are equally likely. One or more outcomes of an experiment make an event. . Chances and probability are related to real life. {BeamscamnerQuestion 1 Assurvey was made to find the type of music that a certain group of young people liked in a city. The adjoining pie chart shows the findings of this survey. Semiclaicl tani From this pie chart answer the following (i If 20 people liked classical music, how many young people were surveyed? (ii) Which type of music is liked by the maximum number of people? (iii) If a cassette company were to make 1000 CDs. How many of each type would they make? Solution: (i) Number of young people who were surveyed = 100*20/10 = 200 people. (i) Light music is liked by the maximum people, i., 40% (ii) Total number of CD = 1000 Number of viewers who like classical music = 10+1000/100 = 100 Number of viewer who like semi-classical music = 20«1000/100 = 200 Number of viewers who like light musi2a group of 360 people were asked to vote for their favourite season from the three seasons rainy, winter and summer. Season No. of votes Summer Rainy 90 120 Winter 150 (i) Which season got the most votes? (ii) Find the central angle of each sector. (iii) Draw a pie chart to show this information. Solution: {BcomscannerSolution: (i) Winter season got the most votes, i.e. 150 (ii)| Season | Number |Central angle of votes 90 =~ x 360° = 90° Summer 90 360 x Rainy 120 =z x 360° = 120° Winter 250 360° = 150° 360 Total (iii) Pie chart3 Draw a pie chart showing the following information The table shows the colours preferred by a group of people. Colours Number of People Blue 18 Green 9 Red 6 Yellow 3 Total 36 Solution: Table to find the central angle of each sector Colours | Number of] Central angle People Blue 18 18 360° = 180° 38 360° = 180 36 * eames a 2 360° = 90° 36 Red 6 5 360° = 60° 36 Yellow 3 3, ° = 30° 2x360" = 30 Total 36 {Beamscamner4 List the outcomes you can see in these experiments. (i) Spinning a wheel Exercise-4.2 (ii) Tossing two coins together Solution: (i) On spinning the wheel, we can get the following outcomes B, C, D, Eand A. (i) When two coins are tossed together, we get the following outcomes HH, HT, TH, TT (Where H denotes Head and T denotes Tail) {Bcomscanner2 When a die is thrown, list the outcomes of an event of getting (i) (a) a prime number (b) not a prime number (ii) (a) a number greater than 5 (b) a number not greater than 5 Solution: (i) (a) The prime number are 2, 3 and 5 Required outcomes = 2,3 and 5 (b) Outcomes for not a prime number are 1, 4 and 6 Required outcomes = 1, 4, 6 (ii) (a) Outcomes for a number greater than 5 = 6 Required outcome = 6 (b) Outcomes for a number not greater than 5 are 1, 2,3,4,5 Required outcomes = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.4 Numbers 1 to 10 are written on ten separate slips (one number on one slip), kept in a box and mixed well. One slip is choosen from the box without looking into it. What is the probability of: (i) getting a number 6? (ii) getting a number less than 6? (iii) getting a number greater than 6? (iv) getting a 1-digit number? Solution (i) Probability of getting a number 6 = (i i) Probability of getting a number i than 6= a = [- Numbers less than 6 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] (iii) Hee of getting a number greater than 6 = a=? =¢ [- Number greater than 6 are 7, 8, 9, 10] Bue S (iv) Probability of getting a 1-digit number = = [- 1-digit numbers are 9, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Beamsea5 If you have a spinning wheel with 3 green sectors, 1 blue sector and 1 red sector, what is the probability of getting a green sector? What is the probability of getting a non-blue sector? Solution: Total number of sectors are = 3 green +1 blue +1 red = 5 sectors Probability of getting a green sector Number of green sectors ~ “Total number of sectors 2 = 5 Number of non-blue sectors are = 3 green +1 red = 4 sectors Probability of getting non-blue sector Number of non-blue sectors Total number of sectors 2 5Squares and Square | “~~ _ Roots 5 (GeanscannerIfa natural number m can be expressed as n*, where n is also a natural number, then m is a square number. All square numbers end with 0, 1,4,5,6 or9 at units place. Square numbers can only have even number of zeros at the end. Square root is the inverse operation of square. There are two integral square roots of a perfect square number. Positive square root of a number is denoted by the symbol J”. For example, 3°=9 gives /9 =3 {BeamscamnerQ1 What will be the unit digit of the squares of the ja” Exercise-5.1 (ii) 272 (iii) 799 (iv) 3853 (v) 1234 (vi) 20387 (vii) 52698 (viii) 99880 (ix) 12796 (x) 55555 Solution: i) Unit digit of g12=4 i) Unit digit of 2722 = 4 ili) Unit digit of 7992 = 1 iv) Unit digit of 38532 = 9 ‘v) Unit digit of 12342 = 6 (vi) Unit digit of 263872 = 9 Vii) Unit digit of 526982 = 4 viii) Unit digit of 98802 = 0 ix) Unit digit of 127962 = 6 x) Unit digit of 555552 = 5 BeamscamQuestion 2. The following numbers are not perfect squares. Give reason. (i) 1057 (ii) 23453 (iii) 7928 (iv) 222222 (v) 64000 (vi) 89722 (vii) 222000 (viii) 505050 Solution: (i) 1057 ends with 7 at unit place. So it is not a perfect square number. (ii) 23453 ends with 3 at unit place. So it is not a perfect square number. (iii) 7928 ends with 8 at unit place. So it is not a perfect square number. (iv) 222222 ends with 2 at unit place. So itis not a perfect square number. (v) 64000 ends with 3 zeros. So it cannot a perfect square number. (vi) 89722 ends with 2 at unit place. So it is not a perfect square number. (vii) 22000 ends with 3 zeros. So it can not be a perfect square number. (viii) 505050 ends with 1 zero. So it is not a perfect square number. {BcomscannerQ3the squares of which of the following would be odd numbers? (i) 431 (ii) 2826 (iii) 7779 (iv) 82004 Solution: (i) 4312 is an odd number. (ii) 28262 is an even number. (iii) 77792 is an odd number. (iv) 82004? is an even number.4 Observe the following pattern and find the missing digits. 112=121 101? = 10201 1001? = 1002001 100001? = 1..2...1 10000001? =..... Solution: According to the above pattern, we have 100001? = 10000200001 100000012 = 100000020000001 Question 5. Observe the following pattern and supply the missing numbers. 11? =121 101 = 10201 10101? = 102030201 1010101? = 2 = 10203040504030201 Solution: According to the above pattern, we have 1010101? = 1020304030201 101010101? = 10203040504030201 {Beamscamner26 Using the given pattern, find the missing numbers. 124.22422= 32 224324 62= 72 32 +42 4122 = 132 424524 ..2=912 524+ ...2+302= 312 624724. 2= 2 Solution: According to the given pattern, we have 4? + 52 + 20% = 212 5 + 62 + 302 = 312 62 + 72 + 42? = 432Q1Find the square of the following numbers. () 32 3 Exercise-5.2 Solution: (i) 32=30+2 (32)2 = (30 + 2)2 = 30(30 + 2) + 2(30 + 2) = 302+30x2+2x30+22 = 900+60+60+4 = 1024(iii) 86 = (80 + 6) 862 = (80 + 6)2 = 80(80 + 6) + 6(80 + 6) = (80)2 + 80 x 6 + 6 x 80 + (6)2 = 6400 + 480 + 480 + 36 = 7396 Thus (86)? = 7396 (iv) 93 = (90+ 3) 932 = (90 +3)2 = 90 (90 +3) + 3(90 +3) = (90)2 + 90x 343 x 90+ (3)% = 8100+ 270+270+9 = 8649 Thus (93) = 8649 (v) 71 = (70 +1) 712 = (70 +1)2 =70(70+1)+1(70 +1) = (70)2+70x 1+1x 70+ (1)2 =4900+70+70+1 = 5041 Thus (71)? = 5041 \CamscannerQ2yrite a Pythagorean triplet whose one member is (6 (ii) 14 (iii) 16 (iv) 18 Solution: (i) Letm?-1=6 [Triplets are in the form 2m, m2 -1,m2+1] m2=6+1=7 So, the value of m will not be an integer. Now, let us try for m2+1=6 =m2=6-1=5 Also, the value of m will not be an integer. Now we let 2m = 6 = m = 3 which is an integer. Other members are: m? - 1 =34-1=8andm?+1=3%+1=10 Hence, the required triplets are 6, 8 and 10(ii) Let m2 - 1 =14= m2=14+14=15 The value of m will not be an integer. Now take 2m = 14 = m = 7 which is an integer. The member of triplets are 2m = 2 x 7 = 14 m2-1=(7)2-1=49-1=48 and m2 +1 = (7)2+1=49+1=50 i.e, (14, 48, 50) (iii) Let 2m = 16 m=8 The required triplets are 2m = 2x 8= 16 m2-1=(8)2-1=64-1=63 m2+1=(8)2+1=644+1=65 ie, (16, 63, 65) (iv) Let 2m = 18 = m=9 Required triplets are: 2m=2x9=18 m?-1=(9)2-1=81-1=80 and m2+1=(9)2+1=81+1=82 i.e., (18, 80, 82)21.What could be the possible ‘one’s’ digits of the square root of each of the following numbers? (i) 9801 : fii asa Exercise-5.3 (iii) 998001 (iv) 657666025 Solution: (i) One's digit in the square root of 9801 maybe 1 or 9. (ii) One's digit in the square root of 99856 maybe 4 or 6. (iii) One's digit in the square root of 998001 maybe 1 or 9. Beamsea2.Without doing any calculation, find the numbers which are surely not perfect squares. (i) 153 (ii) 257 (iii) 408 (iv) 441 Solution: We know that the numbers ending with 2, 3, 7 or 8 are not perfect squares. (i) 153 is not a perfect square number. (ending with 3) (ii) 257 is not a perfect square number. (ending with 7) (iii) 408 is not a perfect square number. (ending with 8) (iv) 441 is a perfect square number. Beamsea4. Find the square roots of the following numbers by the prime factorisation Method (i) 729 (ii) 400 (iii) 1764 (iv) 4096 (7744 (vi) 9604 (vii) 5929 (viii) 9216 (ix) 529 (x) 8100 Solution: (i) We have 729 Prime factors of 729 729 =3x3x3x3x3x3=3?x 3? x3? v729 =3x3x3=27 729 Je|=|2|2]e\* N 8(iv) 4096 4096 = 2x 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2 = 22x 22x 22x 22x 22x 22 V4096 = 2x2x2x2x2x2= 64 Beamsea(v) Prime factorisation of 7744 is 7744=2x2x2x2x2x2x11x11 = 2? x 2? x 22x 112 V7744=2x2x2x11=88 _2 | 7744 “2 [3872 “2 [1936 2 | 968 “2 [484 _2 | 242 “Tif 121 1i[ 11 it (vi) Prime factorisation of 9604 is 9604 = 2x 2x7x7x7x7=2? x7? x 7% ¥9604 =2x7x7=98 9604 4802 2401 343 49 i a, [a|3[3|3]]~(vii) Prime factorisation of 5929 is 5929 =7x7x11x11=72x 11? ¥5929=7x11=77 7 | 5929 ks} elele BIR/g RIS (viii) Prime factorisation of 9216 is 9216 =2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x3x3 = 22 x 22 x 22x 2? x 2? x 3% V9216=2x2x2x2x2x3=96 9216 | - a S S| | 3 S| = | + = a 8) a | a] by] 2 & | ~ yy |c2|22]1|x2|20| eo] 2x2] n0| 00] nono co] a= Slee = 4] 00] co} | | {Bcomscanner(ix) Prime factorisation of 529 is 529 = 23 x 23 = 23? V529 = 23 23} 529 23) 23 1 (x) Prime factorisation of 8100 is 8100 =2%2x3x3x3x3x5x5= 22x 32x 32x 5% V8100=2x3x3x5=90 | 00 o|2 qo o|S SX) So <) a NIo Nja aa _ a N) 7 | T Beamsea5. For each of the following numbers, find the smallest whole number by which it should be multiplied so as to get a perfect square number. Also, find the square root of the square number so obtained. i) 252 ii) 180 iii) 1008 iv) 2028 (v) 1458 (vi) 768 Solution ( ( ( ( (i) Prime factorisation of 252 is 252=2x2x3x3x7 Here, the prime factorisation is not in pair. 7 has no pair. Thus, 7 is the smallest whole number by which the given number is multiplied to get a perfect square number, The new square number is 252 x 7 = 1764 Square root of 1764 is V¥1764=2x3x7=42 252 126 [=e | TEA sje {Beamscamner(ii) Primp factorisation of 180 is 180=2x2x3x3x5 Here, 5 has no pair. New square number = 180 x 5 = 900 The square root of 900 is v900 =2x3x5=30 Thus, 5 is the smallest whole number by which the given number is multiplied to get a square number. 180 Beamsea(ii) Prime factorisation of 1008 is 1008 = 2x 2x2%2%3x3x7 Here, 7 has no pair. New square number = 1008 x 7 = 7056 Thus, 7 is the required number. Square root of 7056 is V7056 =2%2x3x7=84 sl3\s ule|s S 2) I 83] S| | |-fc=[c0|s0}xo] nooo i 7 (iv) Prime factorisation of 2028 is 2028 = 2x 2x 3x 13x13 Here, 3 is not in pair. Thus, 3 is the required smallest whole number. New square number = 2028 x 3 = 6084 Square root of 6084 is 6084 = 2% 13x3=78 2028 {Beamscamner(v) Prime factorisation of 1458 is 1458 =2x3x3x3x3x3x3 Here, 2 is not in pair. Thus, 2 is the required smallest whole number. New square number = 1458 x 2 = 2916 Square root of 1458 is V2916=3x3x3x2=54 1458 rola Bl 63| co |c0|c0 |e0|c0 <0 r0 w]oo a4 ” l°|(vi) Prime factorisation of 768 is 768 =2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2x3 Here, 3 is not in pair. Thus, 3 is the required whole number. New square number = 768 x 3 = 2304. Square root of 2304 is v2304=2x2x2x2x3=48 |c2]t0]5]2]00|r0r0]00|00 t+] 09) 0] c) no| ps] sO) £4] G2) 23 Bo] B] 0] o>] £9) Go) > NS] B] oo Beamsea7.The students of class VIII of a school donated = 2401 in all, for Prime Minister's National Relief Fund. Each student donated as many rupees as the number of students in the class. Find the number of students in the class. Solution: Total amount of money donated = % 2401 Total number of students in the class = 72401 =JTXTXTXT =7x7 =49Wa, EXERCISE 5.4 1, Find the square root of each of the following numbers by Division method. @ 2304 @ 4489 Gi) 3481 (wy) 529 @) 3249 (vi) 1369 (vii) 5776 (vii) 7921 () 576 (x) 1024 (i) 3136 (xi) 900» (i) (ii) Thus, V4489 = 67 (iii) Thus, ¥3481 = 59 {Bcomscanner(iv) 129 0 Thus, ¥529 = 23 ) a 107} 749 749 Thus, ¥3249 = 57 (vi) {Bcomscanner(vii) 16 7 | 5776 49 146| 876 876 0 Thus, V5776 = 76 89 g | 7921 64 169} 1521 1521 0 Thus, ¥7921 = 89 (viii) (ix) Thus, V576 = 24 Beamsea(x)’, Thus, V1024 = 32 (xi) Thus, V3136 = 56 (xii) 30 3] 900 Has 00 Thus, V900 = 30 {Bcomscanner4-Find the number of digits in the square root of each of the following numbers (without any calculation) (i) 64 (i) 144 (iii) 4489 (iv) 27225 (v) 390625 Solution: We know that if n is number of digits in a square number then Number of digits in the square root = 7 if nis even and an if nis odd. (i) 64 Here n = 2 (even) Number of digits in ¥64 = (ii) 144, Here n = 3 (odd) Number of digits in square root = uh =2 (iii) 4489 Here n = 4 (even) Number of digits in square root = 4 =2 (iv) 27225 Here n = 5 (odd) Number of digits in square root = ae =3 {Beamscamner3-Find the square root of the following decimal numbers. (i) 2.56 (ii) 7.29 (iii) 51.84 (iv) 42.25 (v) 31.36 Solution: Thus, V7.29 = 2.7 {Beamscamner(iii) Thus, V51.84 =7.2 (iv) 6.5 Thus, V42.25 =6.5 (v) 5.6 Thus, V31.36 = 5.6 Beamsea4. Find the least number which must be subtracted from each of the following numbers so as to get a perfect square. Also find the square root of the perfect square so obtained. (i) 402 (ii) 1989 (ili) 3250 (iv) 825 (v) 4000 Solution: @ 20 2| 402 4 4f02- Here remainder is 2 2 is the least required number to be subtracted from 402 to get a perfect square New number = 402 - 2 = 400 Thus, ¥v400 = 20Here remainder is 1 1lis the least required number to be subtracted from 3250 to get a perfect square. New number = 3250 - 1 = 3249 Thus, 73249 = 57 (wy Here, the remainder is 41 41 is the least required number which can be subtracted from 825 to get a perfect square. New number = 825 - 41 = 784 Thus, 784 = 28 {Beamscamner5. Find the least number which must be added to each of the following numbers so as to get a perfect square. Also, find the square root of the perfect square so obtained. (i) 525 (ii) 1750 (iii) 252 (iv) 1825 (v) 6412 Solution: Here remainder is 41 It represents that square of 22 is less than 525. Next number is 23 an 23? = 529 Hence, the number to be added = 529 - 525 = 4 New number = 529 Thus, ¥529 = 23 {BeamscamnerHere the remainder is 69 It represents that square of 41 is less than in 1750. The next number is 42 and 42? = 1764 Hence, number to be added to 1750 = 1764 — 1750 = 14 Require perfect square = 1764 v1764 = 42 BeamseannerHere the remainder is 27. It represents that a square of 15 is less than 252. The next number is 16 and 162 = 256 Hence, number to be added to 252 = 256 — 252 = 4 New number = 252 + 4 = 256 Required perfect square = 256 and v256 = 166.Find the length of the side of a square whose area = 441 m? Solution: Let the length of the side of the square be x m. Area of the square = (side)? = x? m? x? = 441 = x= V441 = 21 Thus, x = 21m. Hence the length of the side of square = 21 m.7. Ina right triangle ABC, 2B = 90°. (a) If AB = 6 cm, BC = 8cm, find AC (b) If AC = 13 cm, BC = 5 cm, find AB Solution: (a) In right triangle ABC A 6cm B 8cm Cc AC? = AB? + BC? [By Pythagoras Theorem] = AC? = (6)? + (8)? = 36 + 64 = 100 = AC =v100=10 Thus, AC = 10 cm. Beamseanner(b) In right triangle ABC A goes B5Bem C AC? = AB? + BC? [By Pythagoras Theorem] = (13)? = AB? + (5)? = 169 = AB* +25 = 169 — 25 = AB* = 144 = AB AB =v144= 12cm Thus, AB = 12cm.B.A gardener has 1000 plants. He wants to plant these in such a way that the number of rows and the number of columns remain the same. Find the minimum number of plants he needs more for this. Solution: Let the number of rows be x. And the number of columns also be x. Total number of plants = x x x = x2 x? = 1000 = x = 71000 Here the remainder is 39 So the square of 31 is less than 1000. Next number is 32 and 32? = 1024 Hence the number to be added = 1024 - 1000 = 24 Thus the minimum number of plants required by him = 24.9.There are 500 children in a school. For a PT. drill, they have to stand in such a manner that the number of rows is equal to the number of columns. How many children would be left out in this arrangement? Solution: Let the number of children in a row be x. And also that of in a column be x. Total number of students = x x x = x? x? = 500 = x = v500 Here the remainder is 16 New Number 500 - 16 = 484 and, v484 = 22 Thus, 16 students will be left out in this arrangement.CHAPTER cubes and Cube RootsNumbers like 1729, 4104, 13832, are known as Hardy ~ Ramanujan Numbers. They can be expressed as sum of two cubes in two different ways. | 2, Numbers obtained when anumberis multiplied by itself three times are known as cube numbers. For example 1, 8, 27, ... etc. 3. If in the prime factorisation of any number each factor appears three times, then the numberis a perfect cube. The symbol 3" denotes cube root. For example 3/27 =3. {BcomscannerQW1wWhich of the following numbers are not perfect cubes? i (216 Exercise-6.1 (i) 128 (iii) 1000 (iv) 100 (v) 46656 Solution: (i) Prime factorisation of 216 is: 216=2x2x2x3x3x3 In the above factorisation, 2 and 3 have formed a group of three. Thus, 216 is a perfect cube. 216 108 54 27 |e eo e019 20 20 wo _ Beamsea(ii) Prime factorisation of 128 is: 128=2x2x2x2x2x2x2 Here, 2 is left without making a group of three. Thus 128 is not a perfect cube. 128 [feo] ne =ls]=lolelele Oyo) > (iii) Prime factorisation of 1000, is: 1000 =2x2x2x5x5x5 Here, no number is left for making a group of three. Thus, 1000 is a perfect cube. 1000 {Beamscamner(iv) Prime factorisation of 100, is: 100=2x2x5x5 Here 2 and 5 have not formed a group of three. Thus, 100 is not a perfect cube 2 | 100_ 50 25 5 1 Bos (v) Prime factorisation of 46656 is: 46656 = 2x2x2x2x2x2x3x3x3x3x3x3 Here 2 and 3 have formed the groups of three. Thus, 46656 is a perfect cube. 46656 23328 |22]e2||-] {9 a 1 Beamsea(ii) Prime factorisation of 256, is: 256=2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2= 23x 23x2 «2 Here, a number 2 is needed to make 2 x 2 a group of three, ie. 2x2x2 Thus, the required smallest number to be multiplied is 2. 256 128 32 16 si fof z fe) PPP (iii) Prime factorisation of 72, is: 72 =2%2x2x3x3=23x3x3 Here, a number 3 is required to make 3 x 3 a group of three, ie. 3x3x3 Thus, the required smallest number to be multiplied is 3. |s=|22 [rons v0 -lelelclela B|8|8 {Beamscamner(iv) Prime factorisation of 675, is: 675 = 3x3x3x5x5=3°x5x5 Here, a number 5 is required to make 5 x 5 a group of three to make it a perfect cube, i.e.5x 5x5 Thus, the required smallest number is 5. 3 | 675. 73 | 225° 93| 75m 55 | 25% 3/5 1 (v) Prime factorisation of 100, is: 100=2x2x5x5 Here, number 2 and 5 are needed to multiplied 2 x 2 x 5x 5 to make it a perfect cube, i.e.,2x 2x2x5x5x 5 Thus, the required smallest number to be multiplied is2x5=10. _2 | 100 “2 [50 5 | 25 5|5 2 {Beamscamner3. Find the smallest number by which each of the following numbers must be divided to obtain a perfect cube. (81 (ii) 128 (iii) 135 (iv) 92 (v) 704 Solution: (i) Prime factorisation of 81, is: 81=3x3x3x3=39x3 Here, a number 3 is the number by which 81 is divided to make it a perfect cube, i.e.,81 + 3 = 27 which is a perfect cube. Thus, the required smallest number to be divided is 3. 3| 81 3 27_ 3| | m} oo} ] 00 a(ii) Prime factorisation of 128, is: 128=2x2x2x2x2x2x2=2x 2x2 Here, a number 2 is the smallest number by which 128 is divided to make it a perfect cube, ie. 128 + 2 = 64 which is a perfect cube. Thus, 2 is the required smallest number. 128 [|||] 7 s (iii) Prime factorisation of 135 is: 135 =3x3x3x5=39x5 Here, 5 is the smallest number by which 135 is divided to make a perfect cube, i.e., 185 + 5 = 27 which is a perfect cube. Thus, 5 is the required smallest number. 3 | 135 3] 45 3| 5 wlale a {Beamscamner(iv) Prime factorisation of 192 is: 192=2x2x2x2x2x2x3= 2x 29x3 Here, 3 is the smallest number by which 192 is divided to make it a perfect cube, ie, 192 + 3 = 64 which is a perfect cube. Thus, 3 is the required smallest number. fos [reo —lelalelsielels | | Bee aI (v) Prime factorisation of 704 is: 704 =2x2x2x2x2x2x11=23x 23x11 Here, 11 is the smallest number by which 704 is divided to make it a perfect cube, ie, 704 = 11 = 64 which is a perfect cube. Thus, 11 is the required smallest number. | 704 352, 176 [elt |e>} [2] “lelelele zls|ele {Beamscamner4.Parikshit makes a cuboid of plasticine of sides 5 cm, 2m, 5 cm. How many such cuboids will be needed to form a cube? Solution: The sides of the cuboid are given as 5 cm, 2 cm and 5cm. Volume of the cuboid = 5 cm x 2em x 5cm = 50cm For the prime factorisation of 50, we have 50=2x5x5 To make it a perfect cube, we must have 2x2x2x5x5x5 = 20 x (2x 5x 5) = 20 x volume of the given cuboid Thus, the required number of cuboids = 20Q1Find the cube root of each of the following numbers by prime factorisation method. ) 64 (i (i512 Exercise-6.2 (iii) 10648 (iv) 27000 (v) 15625 (vi) 13824 (vii) 110592 (vill) 46656 (ix) 175616 (x) 91125 Solution: (i) Prime factorisation of 64 is: 2 | 64 64=2x2x2x2x2x2 akcH = 23 x 28 9) g5 Y64 =2x2=4 ee The cube root of 64 = 4 a4 {Bcomscanner(ii) Prime factorisation of 512,is 2 | 512 512=2x2x%2x2x2xQ _2 | 256 2 | 128 2x2x2 ——— = 2° x 2x 2 | 32 o YBI2 =2x2%2 2116 - ce 7 2 [4 Thus, the cube root of 512 = 8 2/2 1 (iii) Prime factorisation of 10648, is: 10648 =2x2x2x11x 11x11 = 23x 113 .. ¥00648 =2x 11 =22 Thus, the cube root of 10648 = 22.(iv) Prime factorisation of 27000, is: 27000 =2x2x2x3x3x3 x5x5x5 = 23 x 33 x 53 =2x3x5 = 30 Thus, the cube root of 27000 = 300. (v) Prime factorisation of 15625 is: 15625 =5x5x5x5x5x5 = 53 x 59 , Y15625 =5 x5 =25 Thus, the cube root of 15625 = 25. |ex|ex|e|es|eo e9|29 || a 5 & 27000 13500 6750 3375 1125 375 125 25 a ”(vi) Prime factorisation of 13824 is: 18824 =2x2x2x2x2x2 x2x2x2x3x3x3 = 23 x 23 x 23 x 33 > ¥18824 =2x2x2x3 13824 = 24 6912 Thus, the cube root of 13824 3456 = 24. {BcomscannerOO (vii) Prime factorisation of 110592 is: 110592 = 2x 2x2 2 | 110592 x2x2x2 2 | 55296 x2x2x2x2x2x2 _2 | 27648 _ x3x3x3 _2 | 13824 _ = 23x 23x 28x 28x39 2 | 6912 <. ¥110592 =2 x 2x2 Sa x2x3=48 92 | 864 Thus, the cube root of 110592 2 | 432 = 48. _2 | 216 “2 [108 “2 | 54 “3 [27 3/9 3 [3 1(viii) Prime factorisation of 46656, is: 46656 = 2x 2x2x2x2x2 ee sintateaanaa (RE = 23x 23x 33x39 “2 | 5832 .g - -2 | 2916 2. Y46656 =2%2%3%3 “3 fase = 36 “3 [729 Thus, the cube root of 46656 —3 | 243 = 36. 3 [81 3 | 27 319 313 (ix) Prime factorisation of 175616 1 is: 175616 =2x2x2x2x2x2 175616 x2x2x2x7x7x7 9187808 = 23 x 28 x 23x 73 43904 <. MITC =2%2%2%7 ee = 56 5488 Thus, the cube root of 175616 = 56. a ad a 7 : Hla {Bcomscanner(x) Prime factorisation of 91125 is: |ex[ex]er]20]<0]<0<0]e2 eo 91125 =3x3x3x3x3x3x5x5x5 = 33 x 33 x 53 2. Y9125 =3x3%5=45 Thus, the cube root of 9125 = 45. {BcomscannerQ2State True or False. (i) Cube of an odd number is even: (ii) A perfect cube does not end with two zeros. (iii) If the square of a number ends with 5, then its cube ends with 25. (iv) There is no perfect cube which ends with 8. (v) The cube of a two digit number may be a three digit number. (vi) The cube of a two digit number may have seven or more digits. (vil) The cube of a single digit number may be a single digit number. Solution (i) False - Cube of any odd number is always odd, eg., (7) = 343 (ii) True - A perfect cube does not end with two zeros. (ii) True — If a square of a number ends with 5, then its cube ends with 25, e.g., (5)* = 25 and (5)? = 625 (iv) False — (12) = 1728 (ends with 8) (v) False — (10)° = 1000 (4-digit number) (vi) False — (99)? = 970299 (6-digit number) (vii) True - (2) = 8 (1-diait number) {BeamscamnerScanner1. Discounts a reduction given on marked price. Discount = Marked Price — Sale Price. 2. Discount can be calculated when discount percentage is given. Discount = Discount % of Marked Price Additional expenses made after buying an article are included in the cost price and are known as overhead expenses. CP=Buying price + Overhead expenses Sales tax is charged on the sale of an item by the government and is added to the Bill Amount. Sales tax = Tax% of Bill Amount GST stands for Goods and Services Tax and is levied on supply of goods or services or both. 6. Compound interestis the interest calculated on the previous year’s amount (A= P+) {BcomscannerEXERCISE-7.1 Question 1. Find the ratio of the following: (a) speed of a cycle 15 km per hour to the speed of scooter 30 km per hour. (b) 5mto 10 km (c) 50 paise to &5 Solution: (a) Speed of cycle : Speed of Scooter = 15 km per hour : 30 km per hour = 1530 = 12 Hence, the ratio = 1:2 (b) 5mto 10 km =5m:10x 1000 m[- 1 km = 1000 m] =5m:10000m =1: 2000 Hence, the ratio = 1 : 2000 (c) 50 paise to %5 = 50 paise : 5 x 100 paise = 50 paise : 500 paise ratio= 1:10 {Bcomscanner23.72% of 25 students are good in mathematics. How many are not good in mathematics? Solution: Number of students who are good in mathematics = 72% of 25 18 7, = ja00 «7 =18 Number of students who are not good in mathematics = 25 - 18 = 7Question 4. A football team won 10 matches out of the total number of matches they played. If their win percentage was 40, then how many matches did they play in all? Solution: 40 matches the team won out of 100 matches 1 match was won out of 10040 matches 10 matches the team will won out of 10040 x 10 = 25 matches Hence, the total number of matches played by the team =25 Question 5. If Chameli had & 600 left after spending 75% of her money, how much did she have in the beginning? Solution: Let the money with Chameli be = 100 Money spent by her = 75% of 100 = 75100 x 100 =%75 The money left with her = 100 - 75 = 25 = 25 are left with her out of = 100 @ 1 is left with her out of = 10025 % 600 will be left out of 10025 x 600 = = 2400 Hence, she had & 2400 in beginning6. if 60% of people in a city like a cricket, 30% like football and the remaining like other games, then what per cent of the people like other games? If the total number of people are 50 lakh, find the exact number who like each type of game. Solution: Total number of people = 50,00,000 Number of people who like cricket = 60% of 50,00,000 = fh x 50,00,000 = 30,00,000 Number of people who like football = 30% of 50,00,000 = 4 x 50,00,000 = 15,00,000 Number of people who like other games = 50,00,000 — (30,00,000 + 15,00,000) = 50,00,000 — 45,00,000 = 5,00,000 Percentage of the people who like other games = SoM, x 100 = 10% Hence, 10% of people like other game.21.During a sale, a shop offered a discount of 10% on the marked prices of all the items. What would a customer have to pay for a pair of Jeans marked at = 1450 and two shirts marked at % 850 each? Solution: Marked Price (MP) of Jeans = 2 1,450 MP of two shirts = % 850 x 2 = = 1,700 Total MP = 1,450 + 2 1,700 = 3,150 Piecotnt = 0% Exercise-7.2 discount SP = MP x (1- 100 cont) 10 = 3,150 x 0-3) 90 = = % 2,835 3,158 x — 177 Thus, the customer will have to pay % 2,835.Question 2: ‘The price of a TV is & 13,000. The sales tax charged on itis at the rate of 12%. Find the amount that Vinod will have to pay if he buys it. Solution: Marked price of the TV = @ 13,000 ST= 12% st SP = MP x (+30) 13,000 x (1+ #) ‘The required amount that Vinod has to pay = 214560 Question 3. ‘Arun bought a pair of skates at a sale where the discount is given was 20%. If the amount he pays is & 1,600, find the marked price. Solution: Let the MP of the skates be € 100 Discount = € 20% of 100 = € 20 Sale price = @ 100 - @20= 280 IFSP is € 80 then MP = 100 IFSP is €1 then MP = & 10080 ISP is € 1,600 then MP = & 10080 x 1600 = ‘Thus MP=22000 Question 4. | purchased a hair-dryer for ® 5,400 including 8% VAT. Find the price before VAT was added. Solution: Let the original price be ® 100 VAT = 8% of 100=@8 Sale price = € 100 + 8= € 108 If SP is ® 108 then original price = @ 100 IFSP is €1 then the original price = & 100108 IFSP is & 5,400 then the original price = & 100108 x 5,400 = & 5,000 ‘Thus, the price of hair-dryer before the addition of VAT=25000 {BcomscannerQTthe population of a place increased to 54,000 in 2003 at a rate of 5% per annum. (i) Find the population in 2001. (ii) What would be its population in 2005? Solution Exercise-7.3 (i) Given: Population in 2003 = 54,000 Rate = 5% pa Time = 2003 — 2001 = 2 years Population in 2003 = Population in 2001 RY x ( + zs) 5 \ 54,000 = Population in 2001 x e + ro] 2 21 => 54,000 = Population in 2001 x (2) 441 => 54,000 = Population in 2001 x 400 54,000 x 400 -. Population in 2001 = 441 _ 21,6,00,000 ~ 44d = 48,980 (approximately) = 48,979.59(ii) Population in 2005 = Population in 2003 vt x]}1+ ee 100 100 2 = 54000 x (=) 20 135 441 = B4000 x — > = 135 x 441 = 59,535 5 2 = 54,000 x (1+)2.1n a Laboratory, the count of bacteria in a certain experiment was increasing at the rate of 2.5% per hour. Find the bacteria at the end of 2 hours if the count was initially 5,06,000. Solution: Given: Initial count of bacteria = 5,06,000 Rate = 2.5% per hour n=2hours Number of bacteria at the end of 2 hours = Number of count of bacteria initially RY 1+— . ( ao = 5,06 (1 +25) 100 = 5,06 5000 ( 42° 40 2s 1681 S eeon: 2698 4 = 531616.25 Thus, the number of bacteria after two hours = 5,31,616 (approx). BeamscamQ3A scooter was bought at % 42,000. Its value depreciated at the rate of 8% per annum. Find its value after one year.Solution: Given: Cost price of the scooter = = 42,000 Rate of depreciation = 8% p.a. Time = 1 year Final value of the scooter RY = 1-—— Present value x ( a) = 1,680 x 23 = 38,640 {BcomscannerAlgebraic Expressions ‘e and Identities es (GeanscannerEE nn 1. Expressions are formed from variables and constants. 2. Terms are added to form expressions. Terms themselves are formed as product of factors. 3. Expressions that contain exactly one, two and three terms are called monomials, binomials and trinomials respectively. In general, any expression containing one or more terms with non-zero coefficients (and with variables having non- negative integers as exponents) is called a polynomial. 4. Like terms are formed from the same variables and the powers of these variables are the same, too. Coefficients of like terms need not be the same. 5. While adding (or subtracting) polynomials, first look for like terms and add (or subtract) them; then handle the unlike terms. 6. There are number of situations in which we need to multiply algebraic expressions: forexample, in finding area of a rectangle, the sides of which are given as expressions. 7. Amonomial multiplied by a monomial always gives amonomial. 8. While multiplying a polynomial by amonomial, we multiply every term in the polynomial by the monomial. 9. Incarrying out the multiplication of a polynomial by a binomial (or trinomial), we multiply term by term, ie., every term of the polynomial is multiplied by every term in the binomial (or trinomial). Note that in such multiplication, we may get terms in the product which are like and have to be combined. ee1 Add the following: Exercise-8.1 (i) ab — be, be — ca, ca — ab (ii) a-b+ab,b-c+be,c-atac (ili) 2p2q? - 3pq + 4, 5 + 7pq - 3p2q? (iv) 2 + m2, m2 + n2, n2 + 12, 2im + 2mn + 2nl Solution: (i) Given: ab — be, be — ca, ca — ab We have (ab — bc) + (be - ca) + (ca - ab) (Adding all the terms) = ab — be +be -ca+ca-ab = (ab — ab) + (bc — bc) + (ca — ca) (Collecting the like terms together) =0+0+0 {Bcomscanner(ii) Given: a-btab,b-c+bce,c-—at+ac We have (a - b + ab) + (b — c + be) + (Cc — a+ ac) (Adding all the terms) =a-btab+b-c+be+c-at+ac =(a-a)+(b-b)+(c-c)+ab+be+ac (Collecting all the like terms together) =0+0+0+ab+bet+ac =ab+be+ac (iii) Given: 2p?q? - 3pq + 4, 5 + 7pq - 3p2q? By arranging the like terms in the same column, we have 2p?q? — 3pq + 4 —3pq? + Tpq +5 ————— — p’q? +4pq +9 (Adding columnwise) Beamsea(iv) Given: 2 + m2, m2 + n2, n? + 12, 2im + 2mn + nl By arranging the like terms in the same column, we have 2 +m? +m? +n? B +n? + 2lm + 2mn + 2nl 212 + 2m? + Qn2+ BZlm + 2mn + 2nl (Adding columnwise) Thus, the sum of the given expressions is 2(I2 + m2 + n2+im+mn +n) {Bcomscanner2.(a) Subtract 4a ~ 7ab + 8b + 12 from 12a ~ 9ab + 5b -3 (6) Subtract 3xy + Syz - 7zx from Sxy - 2yz - 2zx + 10xyz (0) Subtract 4p2q - 3pq + Spq? - 8p + 7q - 10 from 18 - 3p - 11q + 5pq - 2pq? + 5p2q Solution: (a) Arranging the like terms column-wise, we have 12a - 9ab + 5b -3 4a —Tab + 3b + 12 OW O O 8a — 2ab + 2b -15 [Change the signs of all the terms of lower expressions and then add] (b) Arranging the like terms column-wise, we have Say — 2yz — Qzx + 10xyz Sxy + 5yz-Tzx+ 0 2G) Gr) Qxy — Tyz + Bex + 1Oxyz [Change the signs of all the terms of lower expressions and then add] {Beamscamner(c) Arranging the like terms column-wise, we have 18 — 3p — 11q + 5pq — 2pq? + 5p?q —10 - 8p + 7q — 38pq + 5p*q + 4p7q +) GO @ © (-) 20 + 5p — 18q + 8pq — Tpq? + p*q [Change the signs of all the terms of lower expressions and then add] The terms are p2q - 7pq? + 8pq - 18q + 5p + 201. Find the product of the following pairs of monomials. (i) 4,7p (i) -4p, 7p Exercise-8.2 (lil) -4p, 7pq (iv) 4p%, -3p (v) 4p, 0 Solution: (i) 4x 7p = (4x 7) x p= 28p (ii) -4p x 7p = (-4 x 7) x p x p = -28p? (iii) -4p x 7pq = (4 x 7) x p x pq = -28p7q (iv) 4p? x -3p = (4 x -3) x p3 x p = -12p4 (v) 4p x0 =(4x0)xp=Oxp=02.Find the areas of rectangles with the following pairs of monomials as their lengths and breadths respectively. (p, q); (10m, 5n); (20x?, 5y2); (4x, 3x2); (3mn, 4np) Solution: (i) Length = p units and breadth = q units Area of the rectangle = length x breadth = p x q = pq sq units (ii) Length = 10 m units, breadth = 5n units Area of the rectangle = length x breadth = 10 mx 5n = (10x 5)xmxn=50mn sq units (iii) Length = 20x? units, breadth = 5y? units Area of the rectangle = length x breadth = 20x? x 5y? = (20 x 5) x x? x y? = 100x2y? sq units (iv) Length = 4x units, breadth = 3x? units Area of the rectangle = length x breadth = 4x x 3x? = (4x3) xxx x2 = 12x? sq units (v) Length = 3mn units, breadth = 4np units Area of the rectangle = length x breadth = 3mn x 4np = (3x 4) x mn x np = 12mn*p sq units Beamsea3Complete the table of Products First monomial > a 2% “ty at | ty | my | oy? a 4 = = = = = y = = lie - = + ad 3 S 5 = . 7 ey = 7 7 = e E ty ma - - - - ~ 2 - 7 - 7 Zl : Solution: Completed Table [First monomial —> Seoul a ~y at ty Ty Bry? 2 4c] -10xy Gs | Bey | ddety | -18r4? =ty —lory | 2)? | 16ey | 20x | —aiey? | aoe ax? | —16ey ot | -aaey [| otety [27h Ary ey 20xy? | -12e4y | 16x’? | -28x'y? 36x? Ty qaey | 9a? | atety | aah? | sary? | ary =e? ares? | 4a? | ore? | sere | earths | aie {Bcomscanner4. obtain the volume of rectangular boxes with the following length, breadth and height respectively. (i) 5a, 3a, 7a4 (ii) 2p, 4g, 8r (ili) xy, 2x2y, 2xy? (iv) a, 2b, 3c Solution: (i) Here, length = 5a, breadth = 3a2, height = Ta‘ Volume of the box = | x b x h = 5a x 3a? x 7a4 = 105 a? cu. units (ii) Here, length = 2p, breadth = 4q, height = 8r Volume of the box =| x b x h = 2p x 4q x 8r = 64pqr cu. units (iii) Here, length = xy, breadth = 2x2y, height = 2xy? Volume of the box =| x b x h = xy x 2x2y x 2xy2 = (1x 2x 2) x xy x x2y x xy? = 4x4y4 cu. units (iv) Here, length = a, breadth = 2b, height = 3c Volume of the box = length x breadth x height = a x 2b x 3c = (1 x 2 x 3)abe = 6 abe cu. units Beamsea5.Obtain the product of (i) xy, yz, zx (ii) a, -a2, a8 (ili) 2, 4y, 8y?, 16y3 (iv) a, 2b, 3c, 6abe (v) m, -mn, mnp Solution: (i) xy x yz x 2x = x2y2z? (ii) ax (a2) x a3 = -a® (iil) 2 x 4y x By? x 16y3 = (2x 4x 8x 16) xyxy?xy= 1024y6 (iv) ax 2b x 3c x 6abe = (1x 2x3x6)xaxbxcx abe = 36 a*b*c? (v) m x Gmn) x mnp = [1 x (1) x 1 mx mn x mnp = - m&n2p1. Carry out the multiplication of the expressions in each of the following pairs: i) 4p,qtr . as» Exercise-8.3 (iii) a+ b, 7a2b2 (iv) a2 -9, 4a (v) pq + qr + rp, 0 Solution: (i) 4p x (q +1) = (4p x q) + (4p x r) = 4pq + 4pr (ii) ab, a — b = ab x (a - b) = (ab x a) - (ab x b) = a2b = ab2 (iii) (a + b) x 7a2b2 = (a x 7a2b2) + (b x 7a2b2) = Jab? + 7a2b3 (iv) (a2 - 9) x 4a = (a2 x 4a) - (9 x 4a) = 4a - 36a (v) (pq + qr+ rp) x0=0 [- Any number multiplied by 0 is = 0]2. Complete the table. First Second Product Expression | Expression pe} oe free t= | | (ii) | xty-5 | Sxy | - | | (iii) | p | 6p?-7p+5 | - | | (v) | 4p?q? | pe-q | - | | (vy) | at+btc | abc | = |Solution: Completed Table: S.No. (iii) First Expression at+bte Second Expression b+cet+d abe Product ab + ac + ad 5x2y + Sxy? — 25xy 6p? - 7p? + 5p 4p4q2 - 4p?q4 a’be + ab2c + abc* {Bcomscanner3.Find the products. (i) (a2) x (2a?2) x (406) (ii) (30)«(-22*) (ii) (- Pot )x (E>) (iv) x x x? x x3 x x4 Solution @ (@®) x (2a) x (4a) = 1x 2x4 x q?*22+26 = 8a50 wn (Bo) “(jor =—4p4q* (iv) x x x? x x3 x x4 = xl2t3e4 = 10 Beamscam4. (a) Simplify: 3x(4x — 5) + 3 and find its values for (i) x =3(i)x=4 (b) Simplify: a(a? + a + 1) + 5 and find its value for (i) a=O(i)a=1(i)a Solution: (@) We have 3x(4x ~ 5) +3 = 4xx 8x- 5x 3x+3= 12x2 - 15x43 (i) For x = 3, we have 12x (3)? - 15x343=12%9- 4543 = 108 - 42= 66 (ii) For x = 3, we have u(y) -(3)+8 1_15 = 12x2- 43 xa-5t 2 (b) We have a(a? +a +1) +5 = (e2xa)+(axa)+(Ixa)+5 sad+attats (i) For a = 0, we have =(0)3+(0)2+(0)+5=5 (i Fora = 1, we have = (18+ (12 +(1)+5=1414145=8 (ii) For a = -1, we have = (1) +(1)24+(1)+5=-141-14+5=4 {Beamscamner5.(@) Add: p(p - q), a(a - 1) and r(r- p) (b) Add: 2x(z - x ~ y) and 2y(z - y - x) (©) Subtract: 3I(| - 4m + 5n) from 4I(10n = 3m + 2!) (d) Subtract: 3a(a + b + ¢) ~ 2b(a - b +0) from doa +b+c) Solution: (@) p(P- a) +aq-H) +r) = (pp) — (Px) + (Gx q) — (qx1) + (rx1) ~ (xp) =p2-pq+q?-qr+12-:p =p?+q? +1 pq—ar- ip (b) 2x(z — x - y) + 2y(2 — y— x) = (2x x2) ~ (2xxx) ~ (2x xy) + (2y xz) = (2y xy) = (2yxx) = Dxz — 2x? - Oxy + 2yz — 2y? - Ixy = -2x2 — 2y2 + 2x7 + 2yz - Axy =-2x? - 2y? - Axy + 2yz + 2xz (€) 4l(10n - 3m + 21) ~ 3I(|- 4m + Sn) = (41x 10n) ~ (41 x 3m) + (41 « 21) = (B11) - (BI x-4m) = (Bl x 5n) = 40In - 12m + 8I ~ 3I? + 12Im — 15In = (40In — 15ln) + (-12Im + 12Im) + (SI? - 312) = 25In +0 + 5? = 25In + 5? = 52 + 25In (@) [aca + b +c)] - Bala +b +c) - 2b(a- b+ c}] = (-dac + 4be + 4c2) - (a2 + Sab + ac - Zab + 2b? = 2be) =-ac + 4be + 4c - 3a? - Sab - 3ac + 2ab ~ 2b? + 2be =-8a? - 2b? + 4c? — ab + 6b ~ ac {BeamscamnerQ1. Multiply the binomials: Exercise-8.4 (i) (2x + 5) and (4x — 3) (ii) (y — 8) and (3y - 4) (iii) (2.51 - 0.5m) and (2.5! + 0.5m) (iv) (a + 3b) and (x + 5) (¥) (2pq + 3q?) and (3pq - 29”) (vi) (2a? + 8b2) and 4(a? - 2 b?) Solution: (i) (2x + 5) x (4x - 3) = 2x x (4x — 3) + 5 x (4x - 3) = (2x x 4x) - (3 x 2x) + (5 x 4x) - (5 x 3) = 8x2 - 6x + 20x - 15 = 8x2 + 14x - 15Wi) Y- 8) x By- 4) =yx @y~ 4) 8x Gy- 4) = (yx 3y) - (yx 4) ~ (8x By) + (8 x-4) = By? — ay — 24y + 32 = 3y? - 28y + 32 (iil) (2.51 = 0.5m) x (2.51 + 0.5m) = (2.51 x 2.51) + (2.51 x 0.5m) — (0.5m x 2.51) - (0.5m x 0.5m) = 6.251? + 1.25ml - 1.25ml - 0.25m? = 6.2512 + 0 - 0,.25m? = 6.251? - 0.25m2 (iv) (a + 3b) x (x + 5) = ax (x+5)+36x(x+5) = (a x x) + (a x 5) + (36 x x) + (36 x 5) =ax+5a+3bx + 15b (¥) (2pq + 89%) x (3pq - 2a”) = 2pq x (Spq ~ 2q”) + 84? (8pq - 247) = (2pq x 3pq) ~ (2pq x 2g?) + (3q? x 3pq) - (8q? x 29?) = 6p2q? - 4pq3 + 9pq3 - 6q4 = 6p2q? + Spq? - 6q4(vi) (30° + 36°) x Ge - 3] = (30 + 3b) x (4a? - a = 3 x (4 - 20") 4 3 +307 x (40? - 33) 32 2) (Bo, By» - (30? xa!) (40 ] + (8b? x 4a”) - (0 x 30) = Sa‘ — 20°b? + 120°b? — 8b4 = 8a‘ + 10a7b? - 8b4. Find the product () 6-20) B+») (i) & + 7y) @x-y) (iid) (a2 + b) (a + b2) (iv) (p? - q)(2p +g) Solution: 6-2) @+x) = 5(3 +x) — 2x(3 + x) = (6x3) + (5 xx) ~ (2x3) - (2xxx) = 15 + 5x — 6x — 2x2 (i) & + 7y) Gx~y) = x(7x - y) + 7y(7x- y) = (Kx 7x) — (K xy) + (7y x 7x) (7y xy) = 7x2 — xy + 49xy — 7y? = 7x2 + ABxy - Ty? (il) (a2 + b) (a + b2) =a? (a+b?) +b(a + b4) = (a2 x a) + (a2 x b2) + (bx a) + (bx b2) = a8 +a2b? + ab +b? (v) (P? - a?)(2p +g) = p2(2p + g) ~ g(2p +g) = (p? x 2p) + (p? x q) — (q? x 2p) - (q? x a) = 2p8 + p?q - 2pq? - {Beamscamner3. simplify: (i) (x2 — 5) (x +5) +25 (ii) (a2 + 5)(b +3) +5 (iii) (t + s2) (t2 - s) (iv) (a +b) (c - d) + (a - b) (c +d) + 2(ac + bd) (v) (K+ y) (2x +y) + (K+ 2y) K-y) ( ( ( vi) (x + y)(x? = xy + y?) Vii) (1.5x — 4y)(1.5x + 4y + 3) — 4.5x + 12y viii) (a+ b +c) (a+b-c) Solution: (i) (x2 = 5) (x +5) +25 = x2(x +5) + 5(x +5) +25 = x3 + 5x2 — 5x — 25 +25 = x3 + 5x2 - 5x +0 = x3 + 5x2 - 5x(ii) (@2 + 5)(b3 + 3) +5 = a%(b3 +3) + 5(b3+3)+5 = a%b$ + 3a2+ 5b3+154+5 = ab3 + 3a? + 5b3 + 20 (iii) (t+ s2) (t2 - s) = t(t? - s) + s2(t? - s) =13- st+s%t2- 33 = 13 + 5212 — st 3 (iv) (a+ b)(c - d) + (a- b) (C +d) + 2(ac + bd) =a(c—d)+b(c- d)+a(c+d) — b(c +d) + 2ac + 2bd =ac - ad +be - bd + ac + ad - be - bd + 2ac + 2bd = ac +ac + 2ac + be - be — ad + ad — bd — bd + 2bd =4ac+0+0+0 = 4ac (v) & ty) (x+y) + (+ 2y) (xy) = x(2x + y) + y(2x + y) + x(x — y) + 2y(x - y) = 2x2 + xy + Oxy + y? + x2 - xy + 2xy - 2y? = 2x2 + x2 + xy + Oxy — xy + Oxy + y2 - 2y? = 3x? + 4xy - y?(vi) (+ y)&? = xy + y?) = x(x? = xy + 2) + y(x? = xy + y?) = x3 — x2y + x2y + xy? — xy2 + y3 =x3-0+0+y8 =x84y3 (vii) (1.5x - 4y)(1.5x + 4y + 8) - 4.5x.4 12y = 1.5x (1.5x + 4y + 3) — 4y(1.5x + 4y + 8) — 4.5x + 12y = 2.25x2 + 6xy + 4.5x — 6xy — 16y2 — 12y - 4.5x+ 12y = 2.25x? + 6xy — 6xy + 4.5x - 4.5x + 12y - 12y - 16y? = 2.25x2+0+0+0- 16y2 = 2.25x? - 16y? (viii) (a+ b +c) (a+b-c) =a(at+b-c)+b(a+b-c)+c(a+b-c) =a? +ab - ac +ab+b?-be+ac+be - c? =a%+ab +ab-be+be - act act b - c? =a*+2ab+b*-c?+0+0 = a+ 2ab + b?- c?