Basics of Networking
NETWORK:
•Interconnection of two or more devices is called as a network.
•The communication between two or more interconnected devices is
called networking.
•An internetwork is a connection of two or more networks.
•Internetworking means communication between different networks.
TYPES OF NETWORKS
• LAN
Local Area Networks are used to connect networking devices that are in a very close
geographic area such as a floor of a building, a building itself or within a campus.
• MAN
Metropolitan Area Network are used to connect networking devices that may span
around the entire city.
• WAN
Wide Area Networks which connects two or more LANs present at different geographical
locations.
LAN
MAN
WAN
Nigeria
US
www.yahoo.com
WAN
Router
SWITCH
BASIC REQUIREMENTS TO FORM A NETWORK
• NIC (Network interface card) also called as LAN card
• Media
• Networking devices ( Hub, Switch, Router etc. )
• Protocols
• Logical Address ( IP address )
NIC (NETWORK INTERFACE CARD)
• NIC is the interface between the computer and the network
• It is also known as the Lan card or Ethernet card
• Ethernet cards have a unique 48 bit address called as MAC (Media access control) address
−MAC address is also called as Physical address or hardware address
−The 48 bit MAC address is represented as 12 Hexa-decimal digits
−Example: 0016.D3FC.603F
• Network cards are available in different speeds
−Ethernet (10 Mbps)
−Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)
−Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps)
NETWORKING DEVICES
The various types of networking devices are:
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
• Firewalls
• Access Points
• Wireless Controllers
• Load Balancers
HUB / REPEATER
• It is not an Intelligent Device.
• It works with bits.
• Uses broadcast for communication.
• Bandwidth is shared.
• Half-duplex communication.
SWITCH
• It is an Intelligent device.
• It maintains MAC address table (hardware address).
• Each port of the switch has fixed bandwidth.
• It works with Flooding and Unicast.
• Supports full duplex communication
ROUTER
• Router is an internetworking device.
• It enables communication between two or more different logical networks.
• It is a Network Layer (layer 3) device.
• It comes from the word “ROUTE”. Hence it is also a device that finds the best route
(path) for networks.
• The IP of Router is the default gateway for all devices in LAN.
TYPE OF ROUTERS Types of Routing
• There are two type of Routers • Static Routing
• Default Routing
1. Hardware Routers:
• Dynamic Routing
• −Cisco, Juniper, Multicom, HP, Dlink, Maipu and many more…
2. Software Routers:
• −Microsoft Server, Linux Server
FUNCTIONS OF A ROUTER
• Inter-network Communication
• Best Path Selection
• Packet Switching
• Packet forwarding
ROUTER
OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT(OSI)
• OSI was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and introduced
in 1984.
• It is a layered architecture (consists of seven layers).
• Each layer defines a set of functions which takes part in data communication.
OSI MODEL LAYERS
Layer - 7 Application
User support Layers
Layer - 6 Presentation or
Software Layers
Layer - 5 Session
Layer - 4 Transport Core layer of the OSI
Layer - 3 Network
Networksupport Layers
Layer - 2 Data Link or
Hardware Layers
Layer - 1 Physical
TCP/IP MODEL
• The Transmission Control Protocol model is a framework that governs how data is exchanged over
networks & the internet
• TCP/IP transmits data in Packets which are routed from the sender to the receiver & re-assembled at
the destination.
IP ADDRESSING
IP Address
• IP Address is a Logical Address
• It is a Network Layer address (Layer 3)
• Two Versions of IP:
−IP version 4 is a 32 bit address
−IP version 6 is a 128 bit address
IP ADDRESS CLASSIFICATION
IP address are divided into 5 Classes
• CLASS A
• CLASS B Used in LAN & WAN
• CLASS C
• CLASS D Reserved for Multicasting
• CLASS E Reserved for Research & Development
IDENTIFYING CLASS
IP Address Class
10.1.100.1 A
150.17.2.200 B
192.1.1.1 C
224.0.0.10 D
120.200.1.1 A
OCTET FORMAT
• IP address is divided into Network & Host Portion
−CLASS A is written as N.H.H.H
−CLASS B is written as N.N.H.H
−CLASS C is written as N.N.N.H
SUBNET MASK
•Subnet Mask differentiates the Network and Host portions
of an IP address
•Represented with all 1’s in the network portion and with all
0’s in the host portion.
DEFAULT SUBNET MASK
IP Address Default subnet mask
17.1.1.1 255.0.0.0
202.1.0.18 255.255.255.0
190.10.1.1 255.255.0.0
102.10.1.10 255.0.0.0
192.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
Subnet Range
Network ID Broadcast ID
192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.255
