LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT (TYPE OF MOVEMENT AND MUSCLE TISSUE.] What is locomotion? is the displacement of the entire body from one position to another. What is movement? Itis the displacement of just the body parts. locomotion of movement occurs due to the signal sent by nervous system which leads to muscle contraction and movement of bones. All locomotion are movements but all movements are not locomotion. Example: paramecium [ the cilia helps in locomotion,] [cilia in cytopharynx helps in the movement of food Hydra [ Tentacles shows movements by capturing of food] [tentacles helps in locomotion TYPES OF MOVEMENT! Human being has 2 types of movements: 1. Muscular movement. 2. non muscular movement Muscular movement: 80% of skeletal muscle 1. skeletal muscle 2. smooth muscle 3. cardiac muscle Non muscular movement: 1. Amoeboid pseudopodial: Leucocyte/WBC , macrophage. 2. ciliary: Tracheal movements of dust particle trapped in mucus.] fallopian tube(helps in the movement of ova] 3. flagella: sperm MUSCLE ORIGIN ; mesoderm properties it can contract. it can extend elasticity excitiblity when it responds to the neuron CONTRACT: shortens Muscle is made up of muscle fibers. there are 3 types of muscles: skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle ‘SKELETAL MUSCLE/voluntary Alternative light and dark bands are present.itis attached to the bone. voluntary means under our control the light and dark bands are called striations. light band made up thin myofilament, which has actin troponin, tropomyosim{protein} Dark band is made up of thick filament called the myosin.{protein} the nucleus is on the side called the periphery multinucleated, has large amount of mitochondria and has large amount of glycogen which gives energy to the muscle. It gets fatigue due to the deposition of lactic acid. the plasma membrane of this cell is called sarcolemma the cytoplasam of the this cell is called sarcoplasam. found in tounge, body wall, pharynx and oesophagus sometimes it is attached to the bones. SMOOTH MUSCLE/Unstripped muscles/non striated/involuntary/visceral non attentive light dark bands. not under our control found in visceral organs eg : stomach, intestine, uterus, blood vessel, urinary bladder shape: fusiform uninucleated nucleus is at the centre sarcolemma is absent do not get fatiouesmooth muscle is of 2 types: 1. single unit smooth muscle: they have gap junction. eg: intestine. 2. multiunit smooth muscle: Gap junctions are absent. eg: blood vessels. CARDIAC MUSCLE/Auto rhythmic/autoexcitable it generates its own action potential. its a branched muscle. shape: cylindrical in shape. alternative dark and light bands present. intercalated disc uninucleated they have desmosomes which stick the cells. sarcolemma is present. found it heart. Aitochoncria —_—_Intercaated discs Ipsateamed sacsSTRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE: the muscle has outer connective tissue covering called epimyson the muscle has muscle bundle of perimysium. the surrounding has a connective tissue called fascia FASCIA: is a connective tissue that binds all the muscle bundles together. the muscle bundles has muscle fibres or muscle cells. the cell has sarcoplasmic reticulum it is a modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores calcium2+ the sarcolemma has some deep junctions on the cell which are called T TUBULE. dystropin protein is spring like so it attached the myofibril to the sarcolemma so it can contract and relax properly. sarcomere is the structural and functional unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle. the light band has Z line crossing through them and the area between them is called sarcomere. the thin filament forms a band called the | band the thick and thin filament forms a band together called the A band. the space between the thin filamentis called H ZONE isotropic band is i band it has only thin filament. the faint line passing through the H zone is called the M line, else Wrone —-Zdse Thin (ectin lamest “Thick myesin lament te “Thin (etn fament enon “Tick (myesin lament STRUCTURE OF CONTRACTILE PROTEINS: thick myofilament or primary myofilament found in A band 1 thick myofilament is made up of 300 meromyosin proteins :L myosin protein is made up of 6 polypeptide chain from these the 2 chains are heavy whose molecular weight is more whereas for the 4 chains are light and have less molecular weight.myosin shown the alpha helical structure the body of a myosin protein is divided into 2 parts which is LMM AND HMM[Light meromyosin and heavy meromyosin] LMM has tail. HMM has short arm and head. head has actin binding site, also ATP binding site. also works as enzyme called ATPase. ATP GIVES OUT ADPiP Actin binding sites ATP binding sites Cross arm (b) STRUCTURE OF THIN MYOFILAMENT Present in the! band, actin [double helical] tropomyosin is [double helical ] troponin[binds to tropomyosin] TpC[binds to Ca2+] Tpifit masks the myosin binding] the g actin binds with myosin actin polymerises and forms f actin called the fibrous actin Proteins A Closerat the Thick and Thin Myofilaments Actin fibrous actin strands) ‘e-Aatin Troponit (globular actin beads) ‘ropotsyosinThick Filament snaup bende S\/ plas head > tal SS (yon cross brie Myosin Molecule NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION: the electrical impulse makes the neuron and goes towards the muscle. the central nervous system gives electrical impulse to the muscle called motor unit, MOTOR UNIT: Muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron. the axon end has synaptic vesicles and also have neurotransmitters. neurotransmitters are chemicals which help in excitation or inhibition of a neuron or a muscle they are secreted by neurons neuromuscular junction is the junction between a motor neuron and sarcolemma of a muscle (also called the motor end plate). Nerve impulse arrives in the axonal ends causes change in voltage causes opening of ca2+ channels there is, entry of calcium 2+ inside the axons ca2+ binds to the synaptic vesicles there is release of neurotransmittor in the synaptic left. neurotransmitter binds to the ligand gated sodium ion channel there is opening of Na+ channel. Na* enters the muscle. muscle excitation takes place. sarcoplasmic reticulum releases ca2+ in the sarcoplasam . what are ion channels? these are protein presentiin the cell membrane forming channels to pass the ions. eg: Nation channel what is voltage gated ion channel? opens when ther is change in voltage or potential difference. what is ligand gated channel? opens on the binding of chemical a2 plays a vital role in muscle contraction, during max contraction i band and h zone disppars Aband remains constant. During muscle relaxation nerve impulse stops no muscle contraction extra ach and ca2+ cannot cause next contraction di MUSCLE FATIGUE The decrease in force of contraction due to prolonged contraction of muscle. muscle energy source adenosine triphosphate creatinine phosphate, ing relaxation.CORI CYCLE During muscle fatigue there is low level ATP now glucose will undergoes glycolises TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS red muscle fibers (aerobic muscle fibre) white muscle fibre {anerobic) MUSCLE TONE : low impulses from CNS keeps the muscle in a contracted state but this cannot cause moement it help in maintaining shape and posture of body. OXYGEN DEBT Extra oxygen is taken in even after a person stops excersising this is known as oxygen debt. this oxygen is required to dissolve death acid and refill the myoglobin DISORDER LECTURE 2 HUMAN SKELETON Embryo more than 300 bones adults have 206 axial skeleton and appendicular. axial skeleton is present at the longtitudnal axis of the body. there are 80bones. 22 bones of skull - hyoid bone only 1 u shaped present at the base of buccal cavity.ear ossicals are 6. 3 pairs malleus-hammer shape, ineus anvil shaped , stapes stirrup shapes, 1 sternum and 12 pairs of ribs 26 vertebral column. SKULL cranial bones and facial bones cranial bones frontall parietal2 temporal2 sphenoid] -- bone has a seat for pituitary gland known as sellaturica. ethamoid1 6. occipital has a whole called foramen magnum spinal cord passes from here. there is occipital condyle. human skull dicondylic skull(2 occipital condyles) facial bones 14 1. vomerl conchae2 nasal2 maxillae2 mandiblet palatine2 zygomatic2 lacrimalAppendicular skeleton is present laterally. there are 126 bones. STERNUM Breast bone present in the thoracis cavity(ventral midline) dagger shape structure: supernatural notch clavicular notch clavieular notch facet for 1 rib costal cartilage (hyaline) Clavicular Jugular (suprasternal) notch. notch Costal cartilage of 1st rib ManubriumSternal angle (manubriosternal joint) Transverse ridge Costal notches | 4th Body of sternum Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process (A) igs Flat bones and bicophalic(2 heads) facets for thoracis vertebrae facets for sternum ribs true /Vertebrae sternal 4-7 pairs they are dorsally attached to thoracic vertebrae and ventrally to sternum. false/Vertebrae chondral ribs 89,10 dorsal vertebrae ventral costal cartilage of 7th ribs floating/vertebral uz ‘they are only attached to the vertebral dorsally. First thoracic vertebra First rib Jugular notch A lnviinulas natahVlavicurar uw rue ribs (1-7) Sternum + Xiphoid process Costal cartilage Twelfth thoracic vertebra First lumbar vertebra Floating ribs (11 and 12) VERTEBRAL COLUMN Backbone present dorsally function: support the body posture to the body protect the spinal cord. neural canal: the hollow cavity inside the V.C in which spinal cord is present. infant: vertebral column cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coceyx. vertebral column made up of irregular bone ,intervetebral disc (contains white fibrous cartilage} provides flexibility. Cervical vertebraeThoracic al vertebrae one Lumbar Detat ona vertebrae ne Coccygeal vertebrae, scenes. APPENDICULAR SKELETON 126 BONES Limbs 120 forelimb(2) and hind timb(2) girdle 6 1. pectoral- scapulae(2)--shoulder blade, clavicle(2}- collar bone, beauty bone 2. pelvic~(2) -hip bones coxal bones, innominate bone Cranium Skull Facial Bones Clavicie ) Pectoral or shoulder Seaputa / girdie ‘Sternum (breastbone) Humerus Rib cage Vertebral column Pelvic virdieMm Re Phalanges Femur (thigh) Tarsais Metatarsals Phatanges PECTORAL GIRDLE Scapulae triangular bone made up of 2 hip bones Lhip bones--by fusion of 3 bones (0) lah elavet, serie view Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) mw seman = Clavicle — anterior: collar bone “Sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially Acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally = Scapula — posterior: shoulder bladelac fossa Posterior ‘superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine ‘Auricular surface Greater sciatic notch Ischial spine (f pubis (at pubic symphysis) FORE LIMB humerus 1 radius 1 meta carpals § ulna carpals 8 phalanges 14 von PI major metacars! vi A arta cotta) mous nr m ila Ml snarsanta 6) HINDLIMB. Bones femur patella knee cap 1tibia fibula tarsal7 metatarsal 5 phalenges 14 toe2 finger 3 tarsals tallest part of foot 1 calcaneus head 1 naviculard cuboid 1 conciforms 3 JOINTS Fibrous, cartilagenous, synovial fibrous: immovable bones are tightly joined satures of skulls, gamphoses teeth socket. shindylases ethamoid vamper. Cartilegenous: lightly movable, pubic synthesis, between 2 vertebrae, rib sternum. Synovial/Diarthrosis: highly movable. 1. Balls, socket joint: found in hip joint, shoulder joint. 2. Hindge joint: knee joint, interphalangel, elbow joint Saddle joint poorly developed ball and socket: carpel and meta carpel of thumb. angularfelipsoidal/candyloidthey are called atlanto occipital joint. Pivot: 1. atlantoaxial 2. radius ulna PIVOT JO! U roa Maloy (eyiai orn proximal ends of the radius and Lua -Me late +A pivot joint functions in the Taleo ere Ian il =) al =1=1] iin micegmsiel=s ot sn he aro cosiie ey ie sPnacpnetin NoBMceanst NT Gliding 1. carpals 2. tarsal Vertebral Column