Control Systems
Engineering
Control System – An Introduction
✔ Control system theory evolved as an engineering discipline and
due to universality of the principals involved, it is extended to
various fields like economy, sociology, biology, medicine, etc.
✔ Control theory has played a vital role in the advance of
engineering and science. The automatic control has become an
integral part of modern manufacturing and industrial processes.
For example, numerical control of machine tools in manufacturing
industries, controlling pressure, temperature, humidity, viscosity
and flow in process industry.
✔ In a system when the output quantity is controlled by varying the
input quantity, the system is called control system. The output
quantity is called controlled variable or response and input quantity
is called command signal or excitation.
Control System – Open Loop
Any physical system which does not automatically correct the
variation in its output, is called an open loop system, or control
system in which the output quantity has no effect upon the input
quantity are called open-loop control system.
Control System – Closed Loop
Control systems in which the output has an effect upon the input
quantity in order to maintain the desired output value are called
closed loop systems.
Advantages
Open Loop Closed Loop
1. The open loop systems are 1. The closed loop systems are
simple and economical. accurate.
2. The open loop systems are 2. The closed loop systems are
easier to construct. accurate even in the presence of
non-linearities.
3. Generally the open loop systems
are stable. 3. The sensitivity of the systems
may be made small to make the
system more stable.
4. The closed loop systems are
less affected by noise.
Disadvantages
Open Loop Closed Loop
1. The open loop systems are 1. The closed loop systems are
inaccurate and unreliable. complex and costly.
2. The changes in the output 2. The feedback in closed loop system
due to external disturbances may lead to oscillatory response.
are not corrected
3. The feedback reduces the overall
automatically.
gain of the system.
4. Stability is a major problem in
closed loop system and more care
is needed to design a stable closed
loop system.
Mathematical Modelling
and Transfer
• Function
We use quantitative mathematical models of physical
systems to design and analyze control systems.
• The dynamic behavior is generally described by ordinary
differential equations.
• We will then proceed to obtain the input–output relationship
for components and subsystems in the form of transfer
functions.
• The transfer function blocks can be organized into block
diagrams.
• Block diagrams (and signal-flow graphs) are very convenient
and natural tools for designing and analyzing complicated
control systems
Block Diagram Rules
Rules Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram
Combining
blocks in
series
Combining
blocks in
Parallel
Moving the
branch
point ahead
of the block
Block Diagram Rules (Contd….)
Rules Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram
Moving the
branch
point before
the block
Moving the
summing
point ahead
of the block
Moving the
summing
point before
the block
Block Diagram Rules (Contd….)
Rules Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram
Interchanging
summing point
Splitting
summing
points
Combining
summing
points
Block Diagram Rules (Contd….)
Rules Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram
Elimination of
feedback
(negative) loop
Proof:
Block Diagram Rules (Contd….)
Rules Original Diagram Equivalent Diagram
Elimination of
feedback
(positive) loop
example1
Example2 &3
example4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Block Diagram ( Example 8)
Reduce the block diagram shown here and find C/R
Block Diagram ( An Example)
Step 1: Move the branch point after the block
Block Diagram ( An Example)
Step 2: Eliminate the feedback path and combining blocks in cascade
Block Diagram ( An Example)
Step 3: Combining parallel blocks
Block Diagram ( An Example)
Step 4: Combining blocks in series
The overall transfer function of the system is
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