Microprocessor o m
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Chapter 19
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Chapter Objectives
Explain the functions of Microprocessor
Explain the role of Microprocessor as ac o
CPU
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Describe the Pentium processor rs
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Recall
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Computer organization refers to the operational unit of
o
the computers
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Main functional units of a computer are input unit,
e
i n e
central processing unit, and output unit
n g
Four basic functions of a computer are data
processing, data storage, data movement and control
O E
Three main techniques through which the
D o
microprocessor speed can be increased are by using
a a
branch prediction, data flow analysis and speculative
F
execution.
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Microprocessors
m
A microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable
o
storage device called memory s . c
logic device that reads binary instruction from a
e r
i n e
n g
It accepts binary data as input,
according to those instructions
processes data
and provides results as
output O E
D o
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A set of instructions written for the microprocessor to
perform a task is called a program and a group of
programs is called software
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Binary Digits
The microprocessor operates in binary digits, 0 and 1
which are also known as bits. Bit is an abbreviationo m
. c
for the term binary digit
e rs
i n e
These digits are represented in terms of electrical
n g
voltages in the machine. Generally, 0 represents low
O E
voltage level (e.g. 0.3V) and 1 represents high
o
voltage level (e.g. 5V)
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Each microprocessor recognizes and processes a
group of bits called the word.
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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins
What is a microprocessor?
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Microprocessor as a Programmable
Device
Microprocessors can be instructed to perform given
o m
tasks within its capability
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It is a multipurpose device that can be used to
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perform various sophisticated computing functions as
well as simple tasks such as turning devices on or off
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Memory
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Memory is like the pages of a notebook with space
o
These pages are generally made upsof . c
for a fixed number of binary numbers on each
a
line.
semiconductor material e r
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Each line is an 8-bit register that can store eight
binary bits O E
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The registers are arranged in a sequence called
memory
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Input/Output Devices
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The user can enter instructions and data into the
o
memory through devices such as keyboard.
devices are called input devices. s.
c These
e r
e
The result is displayed byian
segment LEDs (Lightn
g device such as seven-
Emitting Diodes) or printed by a
O E
printer. These devices are called output devices.
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Microprocessor as CPU
Microprocessor is a primary component of a
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computer
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Computer with Microprocessor - I
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The CPU is the primary device in communicating with
o
s . c
devices such as memory, input and output.
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Computer with Microprocessor - II
ALU – Performs the entire arithmetic and logic
functions o m
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Control Unit – Controls the entire process of a
microprocessor
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Instruction Cache – Determine how the
microprocessorO Efunction and respond to external
will
commands o
a D
a
F Unit – Analyzes the data and decides how
Prefetch
to process it by looking for instructions in the
instruction cache
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Computer with Microprocessor - III
Decode Unit – Decodes or translates complex
machine language instructions into a simple format
o m
understood by the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and
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the Registers
e rs
i n e
Bus Unit – Manages the flow in and out of
n g
instructions between the microprocessors and the
E
main memory of computer.
O
Registers D –
oALU uses registers to store the data in
orderatoacomplete the task requested by the Control
F
Unit
Data Cache – Data from the Decoder Unit which will
be used by the ALU are stored
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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins
Draw the Block Diagram of a Computer with
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Microprocessor . c
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Pentium microprocessor
Developed by Intel
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Branch is a point in a program which causes program
i n e
execution to jump to a new point instead of executing
the next instruction
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Pentium Features I
Power management
Dual processing support o m
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Performance monitoring
e rs
On-chip APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt
Controller)
i n e
3.3V operation
n g
data bus O E
Integer Processor - two pipelines: U and V: 64 bit
D o
On chip cache memory – separate code cache and
a
data cache each 8 KB
a
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Parity Logic – available for data bus, address bus
and internal transfers
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Pentium Package
Packaging - Process or method used for connecting
o m
the microprocessor to the motherboard
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i n e
Previously microprocessors were packed by using
g
highly protective enclosure
n
O E
o
Packaging is done by considering the electrical and
D
a
thermal characteristics of the microprocessor
a
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PGA package able to accommodate a large number
of I/O connections in a small area
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Intel Pentium Package Types
Intel generally uses different package types for
o m
packing its microprocessors.
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Single Edge Contact Cartridge (SECC)
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Single Edge Processor Package (SEPP)
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Plastic Pin Grid Array (PPGA)
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Pin Grid Array (PGA)
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Flip Chip Pin Grid Array (FC-PGA)
F
Flip Chip Pin Grid Array 2 (FC-PGA2)
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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins
List down the intel pentium package types
o m
. c
1. __________ e rs
2. __________ i n e
__________ n g
3.
O E
4.
D o
__________
5.
a a
__________
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6. __________
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SECC
Microprocessor was entirely covered with a black
o m
plastic housing
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Housing consisted of a heat sink and a fan
e rs
Used by Pentium II and Pentium III
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SEPP
Its black plastic housing did not entirely cover the
o m
processor
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Used in Celeron processors in slot 1 with 242 pins
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Question for GD Time Limit
What is the difference between SECC and
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PPGA
Used a square box to pack the microprocessor
It had pins under the housing and heatc o
sink
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or fans
were fixed on top of them used in r s .
Celeron processors
using 370 pins e e
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PGA
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Pins at the bottom part of the housing are spread out
o
s . c
called as Staggered Pin Grid Array (SPGA)
Used in Xeon processors with 603rpins
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FC-PGA
Has a provision for attaching a cooler fan on top of
o m
the housing
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rs
Used by Pentium III and Celeron microprocessors
e
having 370 pins
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FC-PGA2
Heat sink is attached directly to the die of the
o m
package
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Used with Pentium III and Celeron processors with
e
370 pins and Pentium IV with 478 pins
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Hands on
Identify the various processors
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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins
List down the difference between PGA,
o m
FC-PGA and FC-PGA2 . c
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Pentium Organization
Pentium processor has 32 bit and 64 bit address bus
o m
s
Pentium processors use the RISCrconcept
. c to execute
instruction e e
g i n
E n
Pentium RISC is Superscalar technology which helps
o O
in performing multiple execution units
a D
It F a
has a dual pipeline architecture
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Internal Units of Pentium II
Bus Interface – Helps in providing an interface between
m
the processor and the remaining units of the system
o
s . c
arithmetic operations e r
Floating Point Unit – Performs the floating point
i n e
recently or mostly usedn
g
Data Cache – Helps in keeping copies or records of the
O E data requested by the two integer
pipelines and the Floating Point Unit
D o
used a
a
Code Cache – Keeps copies or records of the regularly
F instructions
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Internal Units of Pentium II
Prefetcher – Requests the instructions present in the
code cache o m
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Prefetch Buffers – There are four prefetch buffers in
i n e
the processor which work as two independent pairs
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Instruction Decode Unit – Decodes the instructions
O
fetched. Process E
of decoding an instruction occurs in
two stages o
a D
F a
Control Unit – It consists of two units namely;
Microcode Sequencer and Microcode Control ROM
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Internal Units of Pentium III
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) – Used for performing
o
the arithmetic and logic operations set by respectivem
pipelines . c
e rs
i n e
Registers – Used in microprocessors to temporarily
store the results and to check how a program is
executed n g
O E
o
Address Generator - Used or generating temporary
D
a
memory addresses for data
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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins
List down the Internal Units of Pentium
1. __________ o m
. c
2. __________
3. __________ e rs
4. __________
i n e
5. __________
n g
6. __________
O E
o
7. __________
D
a
8. __________
a
F
9. __________
10. __________
11. __________
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Functional Organization of
Pentium Microprocessor
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Pipelining
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Process where the microprocessor starts executing a
second instruction before the execution ofofirst
instruction is completed s . c
e r
i n e
Multiple instructions can be executed in less time
n gTypes
O E Of
D o Pipeline
a a Floating
F
Integer
Point
Load Store Branch
Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline Pipeline
Pipeline
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Integer Pipeline
Main execution units are the two integer pipelines
o m
and a floating point pipeline
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Question for GD Time Limit-2mins
What is the advantage of Pipelining?
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Summary - I
Microprocessor is a device that reads binary
instruction from memory, accepts binary data as o m
. c
and provides results as output e rs
input, processes data according to the instructions
i n e
n g
Microprocessor operates on binary digits 0 and 1
O E
Do
Memory is like the pages of a notebook with space
a a number of binary numbers on each line
for a fixed
F
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Summary - II
After processing the data according to those
instructions, the results can be displayed o
m
devices s . c using output
e r
i n e
functions n g
ALU performs the entire arithmetic and logic
O E
D o
a a
Devices from which the user can enter instructions
F into memory are known as input devices
and data
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Summary - III
m
Control Units creates control signals to execute the
o
operate the instructions s . c
instruction by telling ALU and Registers how to
e r
i n e
on the chip n g
Instruction Cache Unit stores the set of instructions
O E
D o
a a
Prefetch Unit analyzes the data and checks in the
F
instruction cache or computer's main memory for the
instructions that can be used to process it
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Summary - IV
The Pentium processor has 32 bit and 64 bit address
o m
bus
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e rs
i n e
Some of the main features of Pentium are
n g
Superscalar Architecture, Functional Redundancy
Check, Halt input and Power management
O E
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Different stages of an Integer pipelining unit are
a
F
prefetch, decode 1, decode 2, execute and write back
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Mind Map
Draw a mind map to summarize this chapter
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