INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY QUESTION BANK

Course Name : EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DESIGN AND

PROGRAMMING
Course Code : AEC024
Program : B.Tech
Semester : VIII
Branch : ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
Section : A
Course Faculty : Ms. M Suguna Sri

OBJECTIVES:
I To help students to consider in depth the terminology and nomenclature used in the syllabus.
II To focus on the meaning of new words / terminology/nomenclature.

DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGYQUESTION BANK

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UNIT-I
EMBEDDED COMPUTING
1 Define a The definition of a system Remember CO1 CLO 1 AEC024.1
System. With is a set of rules, an
examples? arrangement of things, or a
group of related things that
work toward a common
goal. An example of a
system is the laws and
procedures of a democratic
government. An example
of a system is the way
someone organizes their
closet.
2 Define A general-purpose Remember CO1 CLO 1 AEC024.1
general computer is one that, given
computing the appropriate application
systems? and required time, should
be able to perform most
common computing tasks.
The term is used to
differentiate general
purpose computers from
other types, in particular
embedded computers used
3 Define An embedded system is a Remember CO1 CLO 1 AEC024.1
embedded combination of computer

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systems? hardware and software,
fixed in capability or
programmable, designed
for a specific function or
functions within a larger
system.
An embedded system is a
combination of 3 things:
· Hardware
· Software
Mechanical Components
4 Write the Advantages of embedded Understand CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
advantages of system are:
embedded system? · Small size and faster to
load
· More specific to one
task
· Easy to manage
· Low cost
· Spend less resources
These operating system is
dedicated to one device so
performance is good and
use less resources like
memory and micro-
processors
5 Write the sequence The sequence of design Understand CO1 CLO 3 AEC024.3
of design process process of an embedded
of an embedded system is,
system. · Requirements,
· Specification,
· Architecture,
· Designing hardware
and software
Components and
integration
6 Write the Disadvantages of embedded Understand CO1 CLO 1 AEC024.1
disadvantages of operating system are,
embedded system? · Difficult to upgrade
· If any problem occurs
then you need to
reset settings
· Nearly not scalable
· Hardware is limited
· Troubleshooting is
difficult
· Difficult to transfer
data from one system
to other
7 Give the The application areas and Understand CO1 CLO 3 AEC024.3
applications of an the products in the
embedded system? embedded domain are
countless.
· Consumer Electronics:
· Household
appliances: Washing
machine,Refrigerator
· Automotive industry:

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Anti-lock breaking
system (ABS), engine
control.
· Home automation &
security systems: Air
conditioners,
sprinklers, fire
alarms.
· Telecom: Cellular
phones, telephone
switches.
· Computer
peripherals: Printers,
scanners.
· Computer networking
systems: Network
routers and switches.
· Healthcare: EEG, ECG
machines.
· Banking & Retail:
Automatic teller
machines, point of
sales.
· Card Readers:
Barcode, smart card
readers.
8 Expalin the criteria The classification of Understand CO1 CLO 3 AEC024.3
based embedded system is based
classifications of on following criteria's:
embedded · On generation
systems? · On complexity &
performance
· On deterministic
behaviour
· On triggering
9 Give two essential Processors inside a system Understand CO1 CLO 3 AEC024.3
units of a have two essential units:
processor on an Ø Control unit: This
embedded system? unit in processors
performed the
program flow control
operation inside an
embedded system.
The control unit also
acts as a fetching unit
for fetching the set of
instructions stored
inside a memory.
Ø Execution unit: This
unit is used for
execution the various
tasks inside a
processors. It mainly
comprises of
arithmetic and logical
unit (ALU) and it also
include a circuit that
executes the

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instruction sets used
to perform program
control operation
inside processors.
10 Analyze the Execution unit is used for Understand CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
execution unit execution the various tasks
of a processor in inside a processors. It
an embedded mainly comprises of
system do? arithmetic and logical unit
(ALU) and it also include a
circuit that executes the
instruction sets used to
perform program control
operation inside processors.
11 Differentiate Microprocessor is typically Remember CO1 CLO 1 AEC024.1
Between designed to be general
Microcontroller purpose processor which
and requires separate external
Microprocessor. memory and I/O interfaces.
Example: ARM Processor
Microcontrollers can be
considered as self
contained, cost effective
systems with a processor,
on chip memory and
Input/output peripherals
built into a single package.
Example: 8051
Microcontroller
12 Discuss briefly These types of embedded Understand CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
about small scale systems are designed with
embedded a single 8 or 16- bit
systems? microcontroller that may
even be activated by a
battery. For developing
embedded software for
small scale embedded
systems, the main
programming tools are an
editor, assembler, cross
assembler and integrated
development environment
(IDE).
13 Discuss briefly These types of embedded Understand CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
about medium systems design with a
scale embedded single or 16 or 32 bit
systems? microcontroller, RISCs or
DSPs. These types of
embedded systems have
both hardware and software
complexities. For
developing embedded
software for medium scale
embedded systems, the
main programming tools
are C, C++, RTOS,
debugger, source code
engineering tool, simulator
and IDE.

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14 Discuss briefly These types of embedded Understand CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
about sophisticated systems have enormous
embedded hardware and software
systems? complexities that may need
ASIPs, IPs, PLAs, scalable
or configurable processors.
They are used for cutting-
edge applications that need
hardware and software Co-
design and components
which have to assemble in
the final system.
15 Give some Some examples for Understand CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
examples for mediumscale embedded
medium scale systems
embedded systems · Stepper motor
controllers for a
robotic system
· Washing or cooking
system
· Multitasking toys
· ACVM
16 Give some Some examples for Understand CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
examples for mediumscale embedded
medium scale systems
embedded · Router, a hub and a
systems gateway
· Entertainment systems
· Banking systems
· Signal tracking
systems
17 Give some Some examples for Understand CO1 CLO 1 AEC024.1
examples for sophisticated embedded
sophisticated systems
embedded systems · Embedded system for
wireless LAN
· Embedded systems
for real time video
· Security products
· ES for space lifeboat.
18 What are the Before designing a system, Understand CO1 CLO 3 AEC024.3
requirements of it must to understand what
embedded system? has to be designed. This can
be known from the starting
steps of a design process.
· Reliability
· Low power
consumption
· Cost effectiveness
· Efficient use of
processing power
19 What are · Hardware needed Remember CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
the · Meeting the deadlines
challenges · Minimizing the power
of consumption
embedded · Design for
systems? upgradeability

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20 Give the steps in Required steps for Remember CO1 CLO 3 AEC024.3
embedded embedded system
system design? design is
· Requirements
· Specifications
· Architecture
· Components
· System integration
21 Define is the These are attributes related Remember CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4
Operational to operation or functioning
quality of an embedded system.
attribute? The way an embedded
system operates affects its
overall quality. The
operational quality attribute
are, Response, Throughput,
Reliability Maintainability,
Security Safety.
22 Define is the These are attributes not Remember CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4
non- operational related to operation or
quality functioning of an
attribute? embedded system. The
way an embedded system
operates affects its overall
quality. the non-
operational quality
attributes are, Testability
and Debug-ability,
Evolvability, Portability,
Time to prototype and
market Per unit and total
cost.
23 What is a A processor on a single Remember CO1 CLO 1 AEC024.1
microprocessor? integrated circuit. In the
world of personal
computers, the terms
microprocessor and CPU
are used interchangeably
24 What are the The memory functions are Understand CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
functions · To provide storage
of for the software that it
memory? will run.
· To store program
variables and the
intermediate results
· Used for storage of
information
25 What is the Activities within the system Understand CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
function of Event (e.g., task run-times) are
Triggered in dynamic and depend upon
embedded system? occurrence of different
events
26 What is the Activities within the system Understand CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
function of Time follow a statically computed
triggered in schedule (i.e., they are
embedded system? allocated time slots during
which they can take place)
and thus by nature are

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predictable.
27 What are Functional description Understand CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4
functional and gives the basic functions of
non-functional the embedded system
requirements? being designed. Non-
functional requirements
are the other requirements
such as performance, cost,
physical size and weight,
power consumption etc.
28 Why system System integration is Understand CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4
integration phase difficult because it usually
is difficult? uncovers problems. It is
often hard to observe the
system in sufficient detail
to determine exactly what
is wrong because the
debugging facilities for
embedded systems are
usually much more limited
than what you would find
on desktop systems.
29 Name some of the The hardware parts of Remember CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
hardware parts of embedded systems
embedded are,
systems? · Power source
· Clock oscillator circuit
· Timers
· Memory units
· DAC and ADC
· LCD and LED displays
· Keyboard/Keypad
30 What is a RISC RISC stands for Reduced Remember CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
processor? Instruction Set Computer. It
is designed to reduce the
execution time by
simplifying the instruction
set of the computer
31 What is a CISC CISC stands for Complex Remember CO1 CLO 2 AEC024.2
processor? Instruction Set Computer. It
is designed to minimize the
number of instructions
per program, ignoring the
number of cycles per
instruction
32 What is mean by Harvard architecture is a Understand CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4
Harvard type of computer
Architecture architecture that separates
its memory into two parts so
data and instructions are
stored separately. The
architecture also has
separate buses for data
transfers and instruction
fetches. This allows the
CPU to fetch data and
instructions at the same
time.
33 What is mean by Von Neumann Understand CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4

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Von Architecture also known
Neumann as the Von Neumann
Architecture model, the computer
? consisted of a CPU,
memory and I/O devices.
The program is stored in the
memory. The CPU fetches
an instruction from the
memory at a time and
executes it. Data and
instructions stored in a
single memory unit.
34 Define Unified UML was designed to be Remember CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4
Modeling useful at many levels of
Language (UML) abstraction in the design
process. UML is useful
because it encourages
design by successive
refinement and
progressively adding detail
to the design, rather than
rethinking the design at
each new level of
abstraction. UML is
an object- oriented
modeling language.
35 What is mean Many embedded Understand CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4
by Real time? computing systems have to
perform in real time— if
the data is not ready by a
certain deadline, the
system breaks. In some
cases, failure to meet a
deadline is unsafe and can
even endanger lives.
36 What is mean by Not only must operations Understand CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4
MultiMate? be completed by deadlines,
but many embedded
computing systems have
several real- time activities
going on at the same time.
They may simultaneously
control some operations
that run at slow rates
and others that run at high
rate
37 What are the System on Chip (SoC) Understand CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4
major trends in SoC are now available for
processor a wide variety of diverse
architecture applications like Set Top
in boxes, Media Players,
embedded PDA, etc. SoC integrate
developmen multiple functional
t components on the same
chip thereby saving board
space which helps to
miniaturize the overall
design. Multicore
Processors/ Chiplevel

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Multi Processor: these
processors are known as:
· Dual Core – 2
cores
· Tri Core – 3 cores
· Quad Core – 4
cores
Reconfigurable
Processors: These
processors contain an Array
of Programming Elements
(PE) along with a
microprocessor. The PE can
be used as a computational
engine like ALU or a
memory element.
38 Why use · Microprocessors are a Understand CO1 CLO 1 AEC024.1
microprocessors? very efficient way to
implement digital
systems.
· Microprocessors make
it easier to design
families of products
that can be built to
provide various feature
sets at different price
points and can be
extended to provide
new features to keep
up with rapidly
changing
markets.
39 Define User User interface: Remember CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4
Interface? Microprocessors are
frequently used to control
complex user
interfaces that may include
multiple menus and many
options. The moving maps
in Global Positioning
System (GPS) navigation
are good examples of
sophisticated user
interfaces.
40 Define ASICs. Application Specific Remember CO1 CLO 4 AEC024.4
Integrated Circuits. (ASIC)
is a microchip design to
perform a specific and
unique application. As a
single chip ASIC consumes
a very small area in the total
system. Thereby helps in
the design of smaller system
with high capabilities or
functionalities.
UNIT-II
PROGRAMMING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN C
1 What is an Embedded C is an Remember CO 2 CLO 5 AEC024.5
Embedded C? extension of C programming

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language. C programming
language is used to develop
desktop based applications.
While, Embedded C is used
to develop micro-controller
based applications such as
device drivers (memory
device driver, camera
device driver, WIFI device
drive etc.)
2 What are some There are some of the cases Remember CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
common causes (causes), when segmentation
for the fault error may occur,
segmentation fault · Usages of the
error in C? dereferenced
pointer (i.e. a
pointer which may
not have a valid
address/memory
location to point).
· If you are trying to
access a memory
area which is read-
only. In that case,
the program may
return segmentation
fault error.
· Segmentation fault
is the reason to
generate stack
overflow error in C.
3 what is the need Embedded systems require Remember CO 2 CLO 5 AEC024.5
for an infinite infinite loops for repeatedly
loop in embedded processing or monitoring
the state of the program. For
systems?
instance, the case of a
program state continuously
being verified for any
exceptional errors that might
just happen during run-time
such as memory outage
or divide by zero, etc.
4 List out some of Some of the commonly found CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
the commonly errors in embedded systems Understand
found errors in are
Embedded · Damage of memory
Systems?
devices static
discharges and
transient current
· Address line
malfunctioning due
to a short in circuit
· Data lines
malfunctioning
· Due to garbage or
errors some memory
locations being

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inaccessible in
storage
· Inappropriate
insertion of memory
devices into the
memory slots
· Wrong control
signals
5 Explain what is Interrupt latency is a time CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
Interrupt taken to return from the Understand
latency? How interrupt service routine post
can you reduce handling a specific interrupt.
it? By writing minor ISR
routines, interrupt latency can
be reduced.
6 Mention how The I/O devices of embedded CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
I/O devices are system are classified in to two Understand
Classified for categories
embedded · Serial
system? · Parallel
7 What is stack This error may occur if the Remember CO 2 CLO 8 AEC024.8
overflow‘ error program tries to access the
in memory beyond its
C? available maximum limit. We
can also say that if a pointer
exceeds the stack
limitations(boundaries) When
this error occurs program
terminates and does not
execute further instructions.
Therefore, we must be careful
while using the pointer and
limit boundaries.
8 Why do we volatile is used to prevent the Remember CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
use ‗volatile‘ compiler to optimize any
keyboard in C? variable.When any variable is
used frequently, the compiler
optimizes it and keeps the
variables in
his memory (there are some
specific memory blocks
(registers), from there variable
is accessibility is fast) to serve
its value faster to the program.
9 How to use a Extern keyboard can be to Understand CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
variable in a declare a variable which
source file which allows accessing the variable
is defined in in another file.
another source
file?
10 How will you Constant character pointer Understand CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
protect a character (const char*) prevents the
pointer by some unnecessary modifications
accidentally with the pointer address in the
modification with string.
the pointer
address?
11 How do you write An infinite loop is the main Remember CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6

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code for an infinite component of an embedded
loop? application, which is used to
run an application all time, an
infinite loop can be coded by
using while(1) and for(;;)
12 Write a declaration An array of 10 pointers to an Understand CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
for ‗an array of integer is declared as,int
10 pointers to an *ptr(10);
integer‘.
13 Why do we use The purposes to use a static Understand CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
‗static‘ variable variable are:A static variable
in C? does not redeclare that means
if it is declared in a function it
will not redeclare on each
function call, therefore, static
is able to maintain the value.
14 What are the main Three main components of Remember CO 2 CLO 5 AEC024.5
components of an embedded systems:
embedded system? The
Hardware
Applicatio
n Software
RTOS
15 What is the need It used for displaying and Understand CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
for LC and LED messaging. The system must
display? provide necessary circuit and
software for the output to
LCD controller.
16 Define device A device driver is Remember CO 2 CLO 8 AEC024.8
driver. software for controlling,
reading, sending a byte of
stream of bytes from/to the
device.
17 Whatare the Synchronous serial input and Remember CO 2 CLO 5 AEC024.5
Classifications of output Asynchronous serial
I/O devices? UART input and output
Parallel one bit
input and output
Parallel port input
and output
18 Give some Audio input, video input, dial Remember CO 2 CLO 8 AEC024.8
examples for serial tone, transceiver input,
input I/O devices. scanner, serial IO bus
input, etc.
19 What do you mean The most basic way of Understand CO 2 CLO 8 AEC024.8
By asynchronous sharing data is by copying the
communication? data in question to each
server. This will only work if
the data is changed
infrequently and always by
someone with administrative
access to all the servers in the
cluster.
20 What are the Variable bit rate - need not Understand CO 2 CLO 8 AEC024.8
characteristics of maintain constant phase
asynchronous difference Handshaking
communication? method is used Transmitter
need not transmit clock
information along with data

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bit stream
21 What are the Separate clock pulse along Understand CO 2 CLO 8 AEC024.8
three ways of with data bits Data bits
communication modulated with clock
for a device? information Embedded clock
information with data bits
before transmitting
22 What is MBasic From version 5.3.0.0 onward, Remember CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
Compiler Basic Micro offers one
Software? version of its MBasic
compiler, the ―Professional‖
version. MBasic runs under
Microsoft‟s Windows
operating system in any
version from Windows 95 to
Windows XP. The computer
requires an RS-232 port for
connection to the ISP-PRO
programmer board.
23 Definepseudo- Pseudo-code is a useful tool Remember CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
code. when developing an idea
before writing a line of true
code or when explaining how
a particular procedure or
function or even an entire
program
24 Whatisdesign Design technology involves Remember CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
technology? the manner in which we
convert our concept of
desired system functionality
into an implementation.
Design methodologies are
used in taking the decisions at
the time of designing the
large systems with multiple
design team members.
25 What are the goals A design process has several Remember CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
of design process? important goals beyond
function, performance, and
power. They are time to
market, design cost and
quality
26 Why is the Verifying the requirements Remember CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
verification of and specification is very
specification very important for the simple
important? reason that bugs in the
requirements or
specification can be
extremely expensive to fix
later on. A bug introduced in
the requirements or
specification and left until
maintenance could force an
entire redesign of the
product
27 What is Prototype is the model of the Remember CO 2 CLO 8 AEC024.8
prototype? system being designed.
Prototypes are a very useful
tool when dealing with end

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users—rather than simply
describe the system to them in
road, technical terms, a
prototype can let them see,
hear, and touch at least some
of the important aspects of the
system.
28 What Is The Use The C's volatile keyword is Understand CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
Of Volatile a qualifier that tells the
Keyword? compiler not to optimize
when applied to a variable.
By declaring a variable
volatile, we can tell the
compiler that the value of the
variable may change any
moment from outside of the
scope of the program. A
variable should be declared
volatile whenever its value
could change unexpectedly
and beyond the
comprehension of the
compiler.
29 What Is Size Of The sizeof character is 1 byte. Remember CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
Character, Size of integer is 4 bytes. Size
Integer, Integer of integer pointer and
Pointer, character is 8 bytes on 64 bit
Character machine and 4 bytes on 32 bit
Pointer? machine.
30 What Are Inline The ARM compilers support Remember CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
Functions? inline functions with the
keyword inline.
These functions have a small
definition and the function
body is substituted in each
call to the inline function.
The argument passing and
stack maintenance is skipped
and it results in faster code
execution, but it increases
code size, particularly if the
inline function is large or
one inline function is used
often.
31 What Are The Static keyword can be Remember CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
Uses Of The used with variables as well
Keyword Static? as functions. A variable
declared static will be of
static storage class and within
a function, it maintains its
value between calls to that
function. A variable declared
as static within a file, scope of
that variable will be within
that file, but it can't be
accessed by other
files.
32 What Are The Volatile keyword is used to Remember CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
Uses Of The prevent compiler to optimize

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Keyword a variable which can change
Volatile? unexpectedly beyond
compiler's comprehension.
Suppose, we have a variable
which may be changed from
scope out of the program,
say by a signal, we do not
want the compiler to
optimize it. Rather than
optimizing that variable, we
want the compiler to load
the variable every time it is
encountered. If we declare a
variable volatile, compiler
will not cache it in its
register.
33 Advantages And The advantage of the macro Understand CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
Disadvantages Of and inline function is that
Using Macro And the overhead for argument
Inline Functions? passing and stuff is reduced
as the function are in-lined.
The advantage of macro
function is that we can write
type insensitive functions. It
is also the disadvantage of
macro function as macro
functions can't do validation
check. The macro and inline
function also increases the
size of the executable.
34 What Happens Inlining an recursive function Understand CO 2 CLO 7 AEC024.7
When Recursive reduces the overhead of
Functions Are saving context on stack. But,
Declared Inline? inline is merely a suggestion
to the compiler and it does
not guarantee that a function
will be inlined. Obviously,
the compiler won't be able to
inline a recursive function
infinitely. It may not inline it
at all or it may inline it, just a
few levels deep.
35 What Is Job Of The preprocessor commands Remember CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
Preprocessor, are processed and expanded
Compiler, by the
Assembler And preprocessor before actual
Linker ? compilation. After
preprocessing, the compiler
takes the output of the
preprocessor and the source
code, and generates
assembly code. Once
compiler completes its work,
the assembler takes the
assembly code and produces
an assembly listing with
offsets and generate object
files.The linker combines
object files or libraries and

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produces a single executable
file. It also resolves
references to external
symbols, assigns final
addresses to functions and
variables, and revises code
and data to reflect new
addresses.
36 What is a A function pointer is similar Remember CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
Function to the other pointers but the
Pointer? only difference is that it
points to a function instead of
the variable. In the other
word, we can say, a function
pointer is a type of pointer
that store the address of a
function and these pointed
function can be invoked by
function pointer in a program
whenever required.
37 Where can the There are a lot of places, Understand CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
function pointers where the function pointers
be used? can be used. Generally,
function pointers are used in
the implementation of the
callback function, finite state
machine and to provide the
feature of polymorphism in
C language etc.
38 What Is Wild A pointer that is not Remember CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
Pointer? initialized to any valid
address or NULL is
considered as wild pointer.
Consider the following code
fragment -int *p;*p = 20;Here
p is not initialized to any
valid address and still we are
trying to access the address.
The p will get any garbage
location and the next
statement will corrupt that
memory location.
39 What Is Dangling If a pointer is de-allocated Remember CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
Pointer? and freed and the pointer is
not assigned to NULL, then it
may still contain that address
and accessing the pointer
means that we are trying to
access that location and it will
give an error. This type of
pointer is called dangling
pointer.
40 What is the The endianess is the order Remember CO 2 CLO 6 AEC024.6
endianness? of bytes to store data in
memory and it also describes
the order of byte transmission
over a digital link. In memory
data store in which order it
depends on the endianness of

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the system, if the system is
big-endian then the MSB
byte store first (means at
lower address) and if the CLO
8system is little-endian then
LSB byte
store first (means at lower
address).
UNIT-III
EMBEDDED C APPLICATIONS
1 What is Keil Keil MicroVision is a free Understand CO 3 CLO 10 AEC024.10
MicroVision? software which solves many
of the pain points for an
embedded program
developer. This software is
an integrated development
environment (IDE), which
integrated a text editor to
write programs, a compiler
and it will convert your
source code to hex files too
2 Define Keil MDK Keil MDK is the complete Understand CO 3 CLO 10 AEC024.10
software development
environment for a wide
range of Arm Cortex-M
based microcontroller
devices. MDK includes the
µVision IDE and debugger,
Arm C/C++ compiler, and
essential middleware
components.
3 What do you mean An integrated development Understand CO 3 CLO 10 AEC024.10
by IDE? environment (IDE) is a
software suite that
consolidates basic tools
required to write and test
software.
4 Define Super loop. while(1) // ‘for ever’ (Super Remember CO 3 CLO 9 AEC024.9
Loop)
5 Define To determine the speed at Understand CO 3 CLO 11 AEC024.11
Performance which the code will execute
Analyzer on the real system, you need
functions. to use the ‘Performance
Analyzer’ functions provided
in the simulator
6 Define pull up When the switch is open, it Understand CO 3 CLO 9 AEC024.9
resistor. has no impact on the port
pin. An internal resistor
on the port ‘pulls up’ the pin
to the supply voltage of the
microcontroller (typically
5V). If we read the pin, we
will see the value ‘1’.
7 Define Project The ‘Project Header’ is Remember CO 3 CLO 12 AEC024.12
Header. simply a header file,
included in all projects, that
groups the key information
about the 8051 device you
have used, along with other

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key parameters – such as the
oscillator frequency – in one
file
8 Define device The first entry in the project Understand CO 3 CLO 12 AEC024.12
header header is the link to the
appropriate ‘device header’
file. These files will, in most
cases, have been produced
by your compiler
manufacturer, and will
include the addresses of the
special function registers
(SFRs) used for port access,
plus similar details for other
on-chip components such as
analog-to-digital converters.
9 Define Switch In practice, all mechanical Understand CO 3 CLO 9 AEC024.9
bounce. switch contacts bounce (that
is, turn on and off,
repeatedly, for a short period
of time) after the switch is
closed or opened.
UNIT-IV
INTRODUCTION TO REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS
1 Define process. Process is a computational Understand CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
unit that processes on a CPU
under the control of
a scheduling kernel of an
OS. A process defines a
sequentially executing
program and its state.
2 What is meant by It is a data structure which Understand CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
Process contains all the information
Control and components regarding
Block? with the process.
3 Define task. A task is a set of Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
computations or actions that
processes on a CPU under
the control of a scheduling
kernel. It also has a process
control structure called a
task control block that saves
at the memory.
4 Define Task state. It has states in the system as Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
follows: idle, ready,
running, blocked and
finished.
5 Define Task A memory block that holds Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
Control information of program
Block (TCB). counter, memory map, the
signal dispatch table, signal
mask, task ID, CPU state and
a kernel stack.
6 What is a thread? A process or task is Understand CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
characterized by a collection
of resources that are utilized
to execute a program. The
smallest subset of these
resources that is necessary for

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the execution of the program
is called a thread.
7 Define Inter An output from one task Understand CO 4 CLO 15 AEC024.15
process passed to another task
communication. through the scheduler and
use of signals, exception,
semaphore, queues, mailbox,
pipes, sockets, and RPC.
8 What is shared If a variable is used in Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
data two different processes and
problem? another task if interrupts
before the operation on that
data is completed then the
value of the variable may
differ from the one expected
if the earlier operation had
been completed. This ids
known as shared data
problem.
9 Describe Semaphore provides a Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
Semaphore. mechanism to let a task wait
till another finishes. It is a
way of synchronizing
concurrent processing
operations. When a
semaphore is taken by a task
then that task has access to
the necessary resources.
When given the resources
unlock. Semaphore can be
used as an event flag or as a
resource key.
10 Define Mutex. Mutex is a semaphore that Remember CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
gives at an instance two tasks
mutually exclusive access to
resources.
11 Differentiate Binary semaphore Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
counting When the value of binary
semaphore and semaphore is one it is
binary semaphore. assumed that no task has
taken it and that it has been
released. When the value is 0
it is assumed that it has been
taken.
Counting semaphore
Counting semaphore is a
semaphore which can be
taken and given number of
times. Counting semaphores
are unsigned integers.
12 What is Priority A problem in which a low Remember CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
inversion? priority task inadvertently
does not release the process
for a higher priority task.
13 What is Deadlock A set of processes or threads Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
situation? is deadlocked when each
process or thread is waiting
for a resource to be freed
which is controlled by
another process.

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14 Define Message A task sending the multiple Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
Queue. FIFO or priority messages
into a queue for use by
another task using queue
messages as an input.
15 Define Mailbox. A mailboxes are software- Remember CO 4 CLO 15 AEC024.15
engineering components used
for interprocess
communication, or for inter-
thread communication within
the same process.
16 Define Socket. It provides the logical link Understand CO 4 CLO 15 AEC024.15
using a protocol between the
tasks in a client server or peer
to peer environment.
17 Define Remote A remote procedure call is an Understand CO 4 CLO 15 AEC024.15
Procedure Call. interprocess communication
technique that is used for
client-server based
applications. It is also known
as a subroutine call or a
function call.
18 What are the goals Facilitating easy implantation Understand CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
of RTOS? of the application software
Maximizing system
performance Providing
management functions for the
processes, memory, and I/Os
and for other functions for
which it is designed.
Providing management and
organization functions for the
devices and files and file like
devices.
Portability.
19 What is RTOS? An RTOS is an OS for Understand CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
response time controlled and
event controlled processes.
RTOS is an OS for embedded
systems, as these have real
time programming issues to
solve.
20 List the functions Process management Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
of a kernel. Process Creation to
deletion
Processing
resource requests
Scheduling
Memory
manageme
nt
I/O
managent
Device
manageme
nt
21 List the set of OS Create and open Remember CO 4 CLO 15 AEC024.15
Command Write
functions for a Delete

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device. Close and delete

22 What are the The benefits of multithreaded Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17

benefits programming can be broken
of multithreaded down into four major
programming? categories: Responsiveness,
Resource sharing, Economy,
Utilization of multiprocessor
architectures
23 Define RTOS. A real-time operating system Remember CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
(RTOS) is an operating
system that has been
developed for real-time
applications. It is typically
used for embedded
applications, such as mobile
telephones, industrial robots,
or scientific research
equipment
24 Define CPU scheduling is the Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
CPU process of switching the
schedulin CPU among various
g. processes. CPU scheduling is
the basis of multi-
programmed operating
systems. By switching the
CPU among processes, the
operating system can make
the computer more
productive.
25 Define Message passing can be Understand CO 4 CLO 15 AEC024.15
Synchronization. either blocking or non-
blocking. Blocking is
considered
to be synchronous and non-
blocking is considered to be
asynchronous.
26 Define Inter Inter-process communication Remember CO 4 CLO 15 AEC024.15
process (IPC) is a set of techniques
communication. for the exchange of data
among multiple threads in
one or more processes.
Processes may be running on
one or more computers
connected by a network.
27 Classify the IPC IPC techniques are divided Understand CO 4 CLO 15 AEC024.15
techniques. into methods for message
passing, synchronization,
shared memory, and remote
procedure calls (RPC). The
method of IPC used may vary
based on the bandwidth and
latency of communication
between the threads, and the
type of data being
communicated.
28 Define Semaphore is simply a Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
Semaphore. variable. This variable is used
to solve the critical section

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problem and to achieve
process synchronization in
the multiprocessing
environment.
29 Give syntax for The classic definition of Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
wait semaphore. _wait
Wait(s)
{
While(S<=0);
S--;
}

30 Give syntax for The classic definition of Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17

signal semaphore. ‗signal
Signal(S)
{
S++;
}

31 Give the The two operations can be Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17

operations performed by semaphore. i.e.
of semaphore. Wait and signal.
32 Give the A semaphore enforces mutual Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
semaphore exclusion and controls access
related functions. to the process critical
sections. Only one process at
a time can call the function.
SR Program: A Semaphore
Prevents the Race Condition.
SR Program: A Semaphore
Prevents Another Race
Condition
33 Define Message A message queue is a Remember CO 4 CLO 15 AEC024.15
Queue. buffer managed by the
operating system.
Message queues allow a
variable number of messages,
each of variable length, to be
queued. Tasks and ISRs can
send messages to a message
queue, and tasks can receive
messages from a message
queue (if it is nonempty).
34 Define debugging. Debugging is the process of Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
finding and resolving defects
or problems within a
computer program that
prevent correct operation of
computer software or a
system.
35 Define host. Host system is any networked Understand CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
computer that provides
services to other systems or
users. Host System's usually
run a multi- user operating
system such as Unix, MVS or
VMS, or at least an
operating system with
network services such as
Windows

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36 Define target An executable image built for Understand CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
machine. a target embedded system can
be transferred from the host
development system onto the
target, which is called loading
the image, by Programming
the entire image into the
EEPROM or flash memory.
37 Define linkers. The linker combines object Understand CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
modules into a single,
executable program. The
linker processes object
modules created by the
Compiler and Assembler
and automatically includes
the appropriate run-time
library modules. You may
invoke the linker from the
command line or
automatically from within
the µVision IDE
38 Define locators. The locator combines object Remember CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
modules into a single,
executable program. It
resolves external and public
references and assigns
absolute addresses to
relocatable programs
segments. The linker
processes object modules
created by the Compiler and
Assembler and
automatically includes the
appropriate run-time library
modules.
39 Define An interpreter does Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
interpreter. expression
(line by line ) transulation to
the machine executable codes.
40 Define compiler. The job of compiler is mainly Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
to translate programs written
in some human- readable
language into an equivalent
set of opcodes for a particular
processor.
41 Define A dissembler translates the Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
dissembler object codes into the
mnemonics form of assembly
language. It helps in
understanding the previously
made object code.
42 Define cross A cross compiler is a Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
compiler. compiler capable of creating
executable code for a
platform other than the
one on which the
compiler is running. For
example, a compiler that runs
on a Windows 7 PC but
generates code that runs on
Android

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Level
smartphone is a cross
compiler. but generates
code that runs on Android
smartphone is a cross
compiler.
43 Define An assembler is a program Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
assembler. that translates the assembly
mnemonics into the binary
opcode and instruction that is
into an executable file called
object file.It also creates a
link file that can be printed.
44 Define A cross assembler is a Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
cross program which generates
assembler machine code for a processor
.
other than the one it is
currently run on.
45 Write the High performance processor Understand CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
hardware with caches, Large RAM
used in Host memory, read only memory
system in a PC. input-output system, disk,
keyboard, display monitor,
Mice, Network connection.
46 Expand IDE Integrated Development Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
Environment.
47 Define software The tools which Remember CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
tools. required for the
application of software high
level language programming
are software tools example
development kit, compiler,
linkers etc.
48 What is the Development kit is used for Understand CO 4 CLO 16 AEC024.16
application of editing, configuring, GUIs
development kit development and compiling.
in
software tools.
49 Define simulator. A simulator is a program Understand CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
which runs on the
development system (i.e.
your PC) and imitates the
architecture of the target
processor.
50 Write The examples of Remember CO 4 CLO 17 AEC024.17
laboratory laboratory tools are
tools. simple volt-ohm meter,
LED tests and logic
probes, oscilloscope etc.
UNIT-V
INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED ARCHITECTURES
1 What is I2C? I2C is a serial bus for Remember CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
interconnecting ICs. It has a
start bit and a stop bit like an
UART. It has seven fields for
start, 7 bit address, defining a
read or a write, defining byte
as acknowledging byte, data

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byte, NACK and end.
2 What are the bits It has seven fields for start,7 Remember CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
in I2C bit address, defining a read or
corresponding to? a write, defining byte as
acknowledging byte, data
byte, NACK and end.
3 What is a CAN CAN is a serial bus for Remember CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
bus? interconnecting a central
Control network. It is mostly
used in automobiles. It has
fields for bus arbitration bits,
control bits for address and
data length data bits, CRC
check bits, acknowledgement
bits and ending bits.
4 State the special • Low cost Understand CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
features on I 2 C • Easy implementation
• Moderate speed upto 100
kbps
5 What are the • Slave hardware does not Understand CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
disadvantages provide much support
of I2C? • Open collector drivers
at the master leads to be
confused
6 Define ARM. In the early 'pre-ARM' days, Remember CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
ARM stood for Acorn RISC
Machines. Then when ARM
became a separate company
ARM became Advanced
RISC Machines and the
modern name is just ARM .
RISC stands for Reduced
Instruction Set Computer
which is the type of
microprocessor design.
7 Define SHARC. The Super Harvard Remember CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
Architecture Single- Chip
Computer (SHARC) is a high
performance floating-point
and fixed- point DSP from
Analog Devices. SHARC is
used in a variety of signal
processing applications
ranging from single-CPU
guided artillery shells to
1000-CPU over-the-horizon
radar processing computers.
8 Define networked Embedded systems connected Understand CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
embedded system. internally on same IC or
systems at very short, short
and long distances can be
networked using a type of the
i/o buses- CAN, I 2C, USB,
PCI.
9 Define Serial In telecommunication and Understand CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
bus protocol. data transmission, serial
communication is the
process of sending data one

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bit at a time, sequentially,
over a communication
channel or computer bus.
examples of serial bus
protocol are CAN, I 2C,
USB.
10 What is Parallel Parallel transmission Understand CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
bus protocol. protocols are now mainly
reserved for applications like
a CPU bus or between IC
devices that are physically
very close to each other,
usually measured in
just a few centimeters.
11 Define elevator An Elevator controller is a Understand CO 5 CLO 20 AEC024.20
controller. system to control the
elevators, either manual or
automatic. The controller
usually tune down the voltage
between 12V to 24V to the
controlling system, only the
motor needs 3-phase power
supply.
12 What is the use These electromechanical Understand CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
of elevator systems used relay logic
controller? controllers of increasing
complexity to control the
speed, position and door
operation of an elevator
or bank of elevators. It
helped reduce the waiting
time on any given floor by
coordinating the movement
of the building's elevators.
13 Define memory Memory organization Remember CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
organization. defines how memory
space is organized for a
microprocessor/microcontroll
er.
14 What is meant An ARM processor is one of Remember CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
by ARM a family of CPUs based on
architecture? the RISC (reduced
instruction set computer)
architecture developed by
Advanced RISC Machines
(ARM). ARM makes 32-bit
and 64-bit RISC multi-core
processors.
15 What is the latest ARM Cortex-A72,ARM is Remember CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
ARM processor? announcing its next
generation ARM Cortex-
A72 processor based on the
64-bit ARM v8-A design.
ARM claims that the new
chip delivers as much as
50 times the performance

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gain compared to processors
from just five years ago, or
3.5 times the performance
gain of the ARM Cortex-
A15 processor.
16 Discuss about I2C Protocol. Transmitting Understand CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
I2C? and receiving the information
between two or more than
two devices require a
communication path called as
a bus system. A I2C bus is a
bidirectional two- wired serial
bus which is used to transport
the data between integrated
circuits.The I2C stands for
―Inter Integrated Circuit‖
17 Write uses of CAN A Controller Area Network Understand CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
bus . (CAN bus) is a robust vehicle
bus standard designed to
allow microcontrollers and
devices to communicate
with each other in
applications without a host
computer.
18 What is ARM An Instruction Set Remember CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
instruction set? Architecture (ISA) is part of
the abstract model of a
computer. It defines how
software controls the CPU.
The Arm ISA family allows
developers to write software
and firmware that
conforms to the Arm
specifications, secure in the
knowledge that any Arm-
based processor will execute
it in the same way.
19 Draw the data Remember CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
frame format of
CAN?

20 Discuss the The address space of ARM Remember CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18

address space in processor is 232 and it
ARM processor? supports both Little & Big
Endian
21 Demonstrate the An embedded processor is Understand CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
important Processor designed
embedded especially for handling the
Proccessor needs of an embedded
system. An ordinary
microprocessor only comes
with the processor in the
chip. The peripherals are

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separate from the main chip,
resulting in more power
consumption.
22 What are the two 1. Program flow control unit Remember CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
essential units of a (CU)
processor on an 2. Execution unit (EU)
embedded system?
23 State the special Most significant features Remember CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
features on I2C? include:
· Only two bus lines
are required.
· No strict baud rate
requirements like
for instance with
RS232, the master
generates a bus
clock.
· Simple
master/slave
relationships exist
between all
components.
· I2C is a true multi-
master bus
providing
arbitration and
collision detection.
24 Give the size of 512 Kbytes embedded Flash Remember CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
ARM flash l 96 Kbytes embedded
memory SRAM
25 Describe The embedded system was Remember CO 5 CLO 20 AEC024.20
networking for originally designed to work
embedded system on a single device.The most
efficient types of network
used in the embedded
system are BUS network and
Ethernet network. A BUS is
used to connect different
network devices and to
transfer a huge range of data,
for example, serial bus, I2C
bus, CAN bus,
Etc
26 Give some Audio input, video input, dial Remember CO 5 CLO 20 AEC024.20
examples for serial tone, transceiver input,
input I/O devices. scanner, serial IO bus input,
etc.
27 Define bus. Buses: The exchange of Remember CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
information. Information is
transferred between units of
the microcomputer by
collections of conductors
called buses. There will be
one conductor for each bit of
information to be passed, e.g.,

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16 lines for a 16 bit address
bus. There will be address,
control, and data buses.
28 What are the three i. Separate clock pulse along Understand CO 5 CLO 20 AEC024.20
ways of with data bits
communication ii. Data bits modulated
for a device? with clock information
iii. Embedded clock
information with data
bits before transmitting.
29 Write about I2C I2C uses only two wires: Understand CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
Interface. SCL (serial clock) and SDA
(serial data). Both need to be
pulled up with a resistor to
+Vdd. There are also I2C
level shifters which can be
used to connect to two I2C
buses with different voltages.
30 What is A processor is an Remember CO 5 CLO 18 AEC024.18
processor? integrated electronic circuit
that performs the calculations
that run a computer. A
processor performs
arithmetical, logical,
input/output (I/O) and other
basic instructions that are
passed from an operating
system (OS). Most other
processes are dependent on
the operations of a processor.
31 What is CAN CAN protocol can be defined Remember CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
Protocol? as the set of rules for
transmitting and receiving
messages in a network of
electronic devices. It means
that it defines how data is
transferred from one device to
another in a network. It was
designed specifically looking
into the needs of the
automobile
industry.
32 Write applications CAN's robust architecture and Understand CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
of CAN advantages has forced many
architecture industries like Railway,
Aircrafts, medical etc to
adopt CAN protocol in their
systems.
33 Write about It serves as a window for Understand CO 5 CLO 20 AEC024.20
application layer . users and application
processes to access network
services. The common
functions of the layers are
resource sharing, remote file
access, network management,
electronic messages and so
on.
34 Write about The most important function Understand CO 5 CLO 20 AEC024.20
Presentation layer. of this layer is defining data
formats such as ASCII text,

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Level
EBCDIC text BINARY, BCD
and JPEG. It acts as a
translator for data into a
format used by the
application layer at
the receiving end of the
station.
35 Write about It allows to establishing, Understand CO 5 CLO 20 AEC024.20
Session layer communicating and
terminating sessions
between processes running
on two different devices
performing security, name
recognition and logging.
36 Write about The transport layer ensures Understand CO 5 CLO 20 AEC024.20
Transport layer that messages are delivered
error-free, in sequence, and
without loss or duplication. It
relieves the higher layer from
any concern with the transfer
of data between them and
their peers.
37 Write about It provides end to end logical Understand CO 5 CLO 20 AEC024.20
Network layer addressing system so that a
packet of data can be routed
across several layers and
establishes, connects and
terminates network
connections.
38 Write about It packages raw data into Understand CO 5 CLO 20 AEC024.20
Data link layer frames transferred from
physical layer. This layer is
responsible for transferring
frames from one device to
another without errors. After
sending the frame it waits
for the acknowledgement
from receiving device.
39 Write about The physical layer transmits Understand CO 5 CLO 20 AEC024.20
Physical bit from one device to another
Layer and regulates the transmission
of bit streams. It defines the
specific voltage and the type
of cable to be used for
transmission protocols. It
provides the hardware means
of sending and receiving data
on a carrier defining cables,
cards and physical aspects.
40 What is message Messages in CAN are sent Remember CO 5 CLO 19 AEC024.19
framing in CAN ? in a format called frames. A
frame is defined structure,
carrying meaningful sequence
of bit or bytes of data within
the network. Framing of
message is done by MAC sub
layer of Data Link Layer
.There are two type of

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frames standard or extended
.These frames can be
differentiated on the basis
of identifier fields.

Signature of the Faculty HOD, EEE

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