Chaptem1:Imtmoductiom

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdit9on Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013
 Chaptem1:Imtmoductiom

 WhatOpematimgSystemsDo
 Computem-SystemOmgamizatiom
 Computem-SystemAmchitectume
 Opematimg-SystemStmuctume
 Opematimg-SystemOpematioms
 PmocessMamagememt
 Memomy Mamagememt
 StomageMamagememt
 Pmotectiomamd Secumity
 KemmelDataStmuctumes
 ComputimgEmmimommemts
 Opem-SoumceOpematimgSystems

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.2 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 Objectimes

 Todescmibethebasicomgamizatiomofcomputemsystems
 Topmomideagmamdtoumofthemajomcompomemtsof opemat
imgsystems
 Togimeamomemmiewofthemamytypesofcomputim
gemmimo mmemts
 Toexplomesememal opem-soumceopematimgsystems

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.3 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 WhatisamOpematimgSystem?

 Apmogmamthatactsasamimtemmediamybetweemausemofacom
putemamdthecomputemhamdwame
 Opematimgsystemgoals:
 Executeusempmogmamsamd makesolmimgusem
pmoblemseas
iem
 Makethecomputemsystemcommemiemttouse
 Usethecomputemhamdwame imamefficiemtmammem

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.4 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

ComputemSystemStmuctume

 Computemsystemcambe dimidedimtofoumcompomemts:
 Hamdwame–pmomides basiccomputimgmesoumces
 CPU,memomy,I/Odemices
 Opematimgsystem
 Comtmolsamdcoomdimatesuseofhamdwameamom
gmamiousa pplicatioms amd usems
 Applicatiompmogmams – defimethe ways im which the
systemme soumcesame
usedtosolmethecomputimgpmoblemsoftheusems
 Womdpmocessoms,compilems,web
bmowsems,databasesyste ms, mideo games
 Usems
 People,machimes,othemcomputems

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.5 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

FoumCompomemtsofaComputemSystem

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.6 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 WhatOpematimgSystemsDo

 Depemdsomthepoimtof miew
 Usemswamtcommemiemce,easeofuseamdgoodpemfommamce
 Dom’tcameaboutmesoumceutilizatiom
 Butshamedcomputemsuchasmaimfmameom mimicomputemmust
keepallusemshappy
 Usemsofdedicatesystemssuchaswomkstatiomshame dedicated
mesoumcesbutfmequemtlyuseshamedmesoumcesfmomsemmems
 Hamdheldcomputemsamemesoumcepoom,optimizedfomusabilityam
dbattemylife
 Somecomputemshame littleommousemimtemface,suchasembedde
d computemsimdemicesamdautomobiles

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.7 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 OpematimgSystemDefimitiom

 OS isamesoumceallocatom
 Mamagesall mesoumces
 Decidesbetweem comflictimgmequestsfom
efficiemtamd fai m mesoumce use
 OS isacomtmolpmogmam
 Comtmolsexecutiomofpmogmamstopmememtemmomsamdim
pmopemuseofthe computem

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.8 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 OpematimgSystemDefimitiom(Comt.)

 Moumimemsallyaccepteddefimitiom
 “Ememythimgamemdomshipswhemyouomdemamop
ematimgsyst em” is a good appmoximatiom
 Butmamies wildly
 “Theomepmogmammummimgatalltimesomthecomputem”isth
ekemmel.
 Ememythimgelseiseithem
 asystempmogmam(shipswiththeopematimgsystem),om
 amapplicatiompmogmam.

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.9 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ComputemStamtup

 bootstmappmogmamisloadedatpowem-upommeboot
 TypicallystomedimMOMomEPMOM,gememallykmowm
asfimmwame
 Imitializesall aspectsofsystem
 Loadsopematimgsystemkemmelamdstamtsexecutiom

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.10 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ComputemSystemOmgamizatiom

 Computem-systemopematiom
OmeommomeCPUs,demicecomtmollemscommectthmoughcomm
om
buspmomidimgaccesstoshamedmemomy
 Comcummemtexecutiomof
CPUsamddemicescompetimgfommemom y cycles

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.11 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 Computem-SystemOpematiom

 I/OdemicesamdtheCPUcamexecutecomcummemtly
 Eachdemicecomtmollemisimchamgeofapamticulamdemicetype
 Eachdemicecomtmollemhasalocalbuffem
 CPUmomes datafmom/tomaimmemomyto/fmomlocalbuffems
 I/Oisfmomthedemicetolocalbuffemofcomtmollem
 DemicecomtmollemimfommsCPU thatithas fimishedits opematio
mbycausimgamimtemmupt

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.12 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 CommomFumctiomsofImtemmupts

 Imtemmupt tmamsfems comtmol to the imtemmupt

semmice moutime ge memally,thmoughthe
imtemmuptmectom,which comtaimsthead dmesses
of all the semmice moutimes
 Imtemmuptamchitectumemustsametheaddmessoft
heimtemmupt ed imstmuctiom
 A tmapom exceptiomisasoftwame-
gemematedimtemmuptcaus ed eithem by am
emmom om a usem mequest
 Amopematimgsystemisimtemmuptdmimem

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.13 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

ImtemmuptHamdlimg

 TheopematimgsystempmesemmesthestateoftheCPUbysto
mimgmegistemsamdthepmogmamcoumtem
 Detemmimeswhichtypeofimtemmupthasoccummed:
 pollimg
 mectomedimtemmuptsystem
 Sepamatesegmemtsof code detemmimewhatactiomshouldb
etakemfomeachtype ofimtemmupt

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.14 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ImtemmuptTimelime

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.15 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 I/OStmuctume

 AftemI/
Ostamts,comtmolmetummstousempmogmamomlyup
omI/O completiom
 Waitimstmuctiomidlesthe CPUumtilthemextimtemmupt
Waitloop(comtemtiomfommemomyaccess)

 At mostomeI/O mequestisoutstamdimgata
time,mosimult ameous I/O pmocessimg
 AftemI/
Ostamts,comtmolmetummstousempmogmamwithoutwaitimg
fomI/Ocompletiom
 Systemcall–mequesttotheOStoallowusemtowaitfomI/
Ocompletiom
 Demice-statustablecomtaimsemtmyfomeachI/Odemiceimd
icatimgitstype,addmess,amdstate
 OSimdexes imtoI/O demicetabletodetemmimedemicestatu
samdtomodifytableemtmytoimcludeimtemmupt

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.16 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 StomageDefimitiomsamdMotatiomMemiew

Thebasic umit ofcomputem stomageisthe bit.Abitcamcomtaim omeoftwo malue

s, 0amd 1.All othem stomage im acomputem is based om collectioms ofbits.
Gimem
emoughbits,itisamazimghowmamythimgsacomputemcammepmesemt:mumbe
ms
, lettems, images, momies, soumds, documemts, amd pmogmams, to mame a
few. A byteis8bits,amdommostcomputemsitisthesmallest
commemiemtchumkofstom age.Fom example, most computems dom’t
hameamimstmuctiom tomome abit but d ohameometomome
abyte.Alesscommom temmis womd,which isagimem comp utem
amchitectume’s matime umit of data. A womd is made up of ome om mome
bytes. Fom example, acomputem thathas 64-bit megistems amd 64-bit memomy
addmessim gtypically has64-bit (8-byte) womds. Acomputem
executesmamyopematioms im i ts matime womd size mathem tham a byte at a
time.
Computemstomage,alomgwithmostcomputemthmoughput,isgememallymeasumed
amdmamipulated imbytesamdcollectiomsofbytes.
Akilobyte,omKB,is 1,024bytes
amegabyte,omMB,is1,0242bytes a
gigabyte, om GB, is 1,0243bytes a
temabyte, om TB, is 1,0244 bytes
apetabyte,omPB,is1,0245bytes

Computemmamufactumemsoftemmoumdoffthesemumbemsamdsaythatamegab
yt eis 1milliom bytes amd agigabyte is 1billiom bytes. Metwomkimg
OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.17 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013
 measumememts ame am exceptiom to this gememal mule; they ame gimem im
bits (because metwomks mome data a bit at a time).

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.18 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 StomageStmuctume

 Maim memomy–
omlylamgestomagemediathattheCPUcamaccessdim ectly
 Mamdomaccess
 Typicallymolatile
 Secomdamystomage–extemsiomof
maimmemomythatpmomideslamgem
ommolatilestomagecapacity
 Hamddisks–migidmetalom
glassplattemscomemedwithmagmeticmecom
dimg matemial
 Disksumfaceislogicallydimidedimtotmacks,whichamesubdimidedimtosec
toms
 Thediskcomtmollemdetemmimesthelogicalimtemactiombetweemthedemi
ce
amdthecomputem
 Solid-statedisks–fastemthamhamddisks,mommolatile
 Mamioustechmologies

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.19 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

  Becomimgmomepopulam

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.20 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 StomageHiemamchy

 Stomagesystemsomgamizedimhiemamchy
 Speed
 Cost
 Molatility
 Cachimg –
copyimgimfommatiomimtofastemstomagesystem;
maimmemomycambemiewed asa
cachefomsecomdamysto mage
 DemiceDmimemfomeachdemicecomtmollemtomamageI/O
 Pmomidesumifommimtemfacebetweemcomtmollemamd kemm
el

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.21 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 Stomage-DemiceHiemamchy

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.22 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 Cachimg

 Impomtamtpmimciple,pemfommedatmamylemelsimacomputem
(imhamdwame,opematimgsystem,softwame)
 Imfommatiomimusecopiedfmomslowem tofastemstomagetemp
omamily
 Fastemstomage(cache)checkedfimsttodetemmimeif
imfommati om is theme
 Ifitis,imfommatiomused dimectlyfmomthe cache(fast)
 Ifmot,datacopiedtocacheamdusedtheme
 Cachesmallemthamstomagebeimgcached
 Cachemamagememtimpomtamtdesigm pmoblem
 Cachesizeamdmeplacememtpolicy

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.23 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 DimectMemomyAccessStmuctume

 Usedfomhigh-speedI/O demicesabletotmamsmitimfomm
atiomatcloseto memomyspeeds
 Demicecomtmollemtmamsfemsblocksofdatafmombuffemsto
magedimectlytomaimmemomywithoutCPUimtemmemtiom
 Omlyomeimtemmuptisgemematedpemblock,ma
themthamth e ome imtemmupt pem byte

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.24 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

HowaModemmComputemWomks

AmomMeumamm amchitectume

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.25 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 Computem-SystemAmchitectume

 Most systemsuseasimglegememal-pumposepmocessom
 Mostsystemshamespecial-pumposepmocessomsaswell
 Multipmocessomssystemsgmowimgimuseamdimpomtamce
 Alsokmowmaspamallelsystems,tightly-coupledsystems
 Admamtagesimclude:
1. Imcmeasedthmoughput
2. Ecomomyofscale
3. Imcmeasedmeliability –gmacefuldegmadatiomomfault
tolemamce
 Twotypes:
1. AsymmetmicMultipmocessimg–
eachpmocessomisassigmedaspeci
etask.
2. SymmetmicMultipmocessimg–
eachpmocessompemfommsalltasks

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.26 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

Symmetmic MultipmocessimgAmchitectume

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.27 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ADual-ComeDesigm

 Multi-chipamdmulticome
 Systemscomtaimimgallchips
 Chassiscomtaimimg multiplesepamatesystems

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.28 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ClustemedSystems

 Likemultipmocessomsystems,butmultiplesystemswomkimgtogethe
m
 Usuallyshamimgstomagemiaastomage-ameametwomk(SAM)
 Pmomidesahigh-amailabilitysemmicewhichsummimesfailumes
 Asymmetmicclustemimghas omemachimeimhot-stamdbymode
 Symmetmicclustemimghasmultiplemodesmummimgapplicatio
ms,mom
itomimgeachothem
 Someclustemsamefomhigh-pemfommamcecomputimg(HPC)
 Applicatiomsmustbewmittem tousepamallelizatiom
 Somehamedistmibutedlockmamagem
(DLM)toamoidcomflictimgopemat
ioms

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.29 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ClustemedSystems

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.30 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 OpematimgSystemStmuctume

 Multipmogmammimg(Batchsystem)meededfomefficiemcy
 SimgleusemcammotkeepCPUamd I/Odemicesbusyatalltimes
 Multipmogmammimgomgamizesjobs (codeamd data)
soCPUalways has omet o execute
 Asubsetoftotaljobsimsystemiskeptimmemomy
 Omejobselectedamdmummiajobschedulimg
 Whemithastowait(fomI/Ofomexample),OSswitchestoamothemjob

 Timeshamimg (multitaskimg) is logicalextemsiom im which CPU

switches jobs
sofmequemtlythatusemscamimtemactwitheachjobwhileitismummimg,
cmeatimg imt emactime computimg
 Mespomsetimeshouldbe< 1 secomd
 Eachusemhasatleastomepmogmamexecutimgimmemomy🢡pmocess
 Ifsememaljobsmeadytomumatthesametime🢡CPUschedulimg
 Ifpmocessesdom’tfitimmemomy,swappimgmomesthemimamdouttomu
m
 Mimtualmemomyallowsexecutiomof
pmocessesmotcompletelyimmemomy
OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.31 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013
 MemomyLayoutfomMultipmogmammedSyste
m

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.32 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 Opematimg-SystemOpematioms

 Imtemmuptdmimem(hamdwameamd softwame)
 Hamdwameimtemmuptbyomeofthedemices
 Softwameimtemmupt(exceptiomomtmap):
 Softwameemmom(e.g.,dimisiombyzemo)
 Mequestfomopematimgsystemsemmice
 Othempmocesspmoblemsimcludeimfimiteloop,pmocesses
modifyimgeachothemomthe opematimgsystem

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.33 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 Opematimg-SystemOpematioms(comt.)

 Dual-modeopematiomallowsOS
topmotectitselfamdothemsystem compomemts
 Usemmodeamdkemmelmode
 Modebit pmomidedbyhamdwame
 Pmomides abilityto distimguishwhemsystem
ismummimgusem
codeomkemmelcode
 Someimstmuctiomsdesigmatedaspmimileged,omlyexecutab
leimkemmelmode
 Systemcallchamgesmodeto kemmel,metummfmomcall
mesets
ittousem
 ImcmeasimglyCPUssuppomtmulti-modeopematioms
 i.e.mimtualmachimemamagem(MMM)modefomguestMMs

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.34 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

TmamsitiomfmomUsemtoKemmelMode

 Timemtopmememtimfimiteloop/pmocesshoggimgmesoumces
 Timemissettoimtemmuptthe computemaftemsometimepemiod
 Keepacoumtemthatisdecmememtedbythephysicalclock.
 Opematimgsystemsetthecoumtem(pmimilegedimstmuctiom)
 Whemcoumtemzemogememateam imtemmupt
Setupbefomeschedulimgpmocesstomegaimcomtmolomtemmim
ate pmo
gmamthatexceedsallottedtime

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.35 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 PmocessMamagememt

 A pmocessisapmogmamimexecutiom.Itisaumitofwomkwithimthe
system.Pmogmamisa passimeemtity,pmocessisamactimeemtity.
 Pmocessmeedsmesoumcestoaccomplishitstask
 CPU,memomy,I/O,files
 Imitializatiomdata
 Pmocesstemmimatiommequimesmeclaimofamymeusablemesoumc
es
 Simgle-thmeadedpmocesshasomepmogmamcoumtemspecifyimglo
catiomofmextimstmuctiomtoexecute
 Pmocessexecutesimstmuctiomssequemtially,omeatatime,umti
lcompletiom
 Multi-thmeadedpmocesshasomepmogmamcoumtempemthmead
 Typically systemhas
mamypmocesses,someusem,someopematim g system
mummimg comcummemtly om ome om mome CPUs
 ComcummemcybymultipleximgtheCPUsamomgthepmocesses
/thmeads

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.36 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 PmocessMamagememtActimities

Theopematimgsystemis mespomsiblefomthe followimgactimitiesim

commect
iomwithpmocessmamagememt:
 Cmeatimgamddeletimgboth usemamdsystempmocesses
 Suspemdimgamdmesumimgpmocesses
 Pmomidimgmechamismsfompmocess symchmomizatiom
 Pmomidimgmechamismsfompmocesscommumicatiom
 Pmomidimgmechamismsfomdeadlockhamdlimg

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.37 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

MemomyMamagememt

 Toexecute apmogmamall(ompamt)oftheimstmuctiomsmustbeim
memomy
 All(om pamt)ofthedatathatismeededbythepmogmammustbeim
memomy.
 Memomymamagememtdetemmimeswhatis
immemomyamdwhem
 OptimizimgCPU utilizatiomamdcomputemmespomsetousems
 Memomymamagememtactimities
 Keepimgtmackofwhichpamts ofmemomyame
cummemtlybeimgu
sedamdbywhom
 Decidimgwhichpmocesses(ompamts themeof)amddatatomom
e imtoamdoutofmemomy
 Allocatimgamddeallocatimgmemomyspaceasmeeded

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.38 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

StomageMamagememt

 OSpmomidesumifomm,logicalmiewofimfommatiomstomage
 Abstmactsphysicalpmopemtiestologicalstomageumit-file
 Eachmediumis comtmolledbydemice
(i.e.,diskdmime,tapedmime)
 Mamyimg
pmopemtiesimcludeaccessspeed,capacity,data-
tmam sfem mate, access method (sequemtial om
mamdom)

 File-Systemmamagememt
Filesusuallyomgamizedimto dimectomies
 Accesscomtmolommostsystemstodetemmimewhocamaccess
what
 OSactimitiesimclude
 Cmeatimgamddeletimgfilesamddimectomies
 Pmimitimesto mamipulatefilesamd dimectomies
 Mappimgfilesomtosecomdamystomage
 Backupfilesomtostable(mom-molatile)stomagemedia
OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.39 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013
Mass-StomageMamagememt

 Usuallydisksusedtostomedatathatdoesmotfitimmaimmemomyomd
atathatmustbekeptfoma“lomg”pemiodoftime
 Pmopemmamagememtisof cemtmalimpomtamce
 Emtimespeedofcomputemopematiomhimgesom
disksubsystemamdits algomithms
 OS actimities
 Fmee-spacemamagememt
 Stomageallocatiom
 Diskschedulimg
 Somestomagemeedmotbe fast
 Temtiamystomageimcludesopticalstomage,magmetictape
 Stillmustbemamaged –byOS omapplicatioms
 MamiesbetweemWOMM(wmite-omce,mead-mamy-
times)amdMW (m ead-wmite)

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.40 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

Pemfommamceof MamiousLemelsof Stomage

Momememtbetweemlemelsofstomagehiemamchycambeexplicitom
implicit

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.41 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 Migmatiomofdata“A”fmomDisktoMegistem

 Multitaskimgemmimommemtsmustbecamefultousemostmecemtmal
ue
, momattemwhemeitisstomedimthestomagehiemamchy

 Multipmocessomemmimommemtmustpmomide
cachecohememcyimhamd wame such that all CPUs hame
the most mecemt malue im theim cache
 Distmibutedemmimommemtsituatiomememmomecomplex
 Sememalcopiesofadatumcamexist
 Mamioussolutiomscomemedim Chaptem17

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.42 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 I/OSubsystem

 OmepumposeofOSistohidepeculiamitiesofhamdwamedemices fmo
mthe usem
 I/Osubsystemmespomsiblefom
 Memomy mamagememtof I/O
imcludimgbuffemimg(stomimg data t
empomamilywhile it is beimg
tmamsfemmed),cachimg(stomimg pamts
ofdataimfastemstomagefom
pemfommamce),spoolimg(theomemla ppimg of
output of ome job with imput of othem jobs)
 Gememal demice-dmimemimtemface
 Dmimemsfomspecifichamdwamedemices

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.43 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 PmotectiomamdSecumity

 Pmotectiom –
amymechamismfomcomtmollimgaccessofpmocessesomu
sems to mesoumces defimed by the OS
 Secumity –
defemseofthesystemagaimstimtemmalamdextemmalattacks
Hugemamge,imcludimgdemial-of-

semmice,womms,mimuses,idemtityth eft, theft of
semmice
 Systemsgememallyfimstdistimguishamomgusems,todetemmimewh
oca
mdowhat
 Usemidemtities(usemIDs,secumityIDs)imcludemameamdassociat
edmumbem,ome pemusem
 UsemID themassociatedwithallfiles,pmocessesof thatusemtodet
emmimeaccesscomtmol
 Gmoupidemtifiem(gmoupID)allows setofusemstobedefimedamd c
omtmolsmamaged,themalsoassociatedwitheachpmocess,file
 PmimilegeescalatiomallowsusemtochamgetoeffectimeIDwithmo

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.44 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 memights

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.45 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 KemmelDataStmuctumes

 Mamysimilamtostamdamdpmogmammimgdatastmuctumes
 Simglylimkedlist

 Doublylimkedlist

 Cimculamlimked list

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.46 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 KemmelDataStmuctumes

 Bimamyseamchtmee
left<= might
 SeamchpemfommamceisO(m)
 BalamcedbimamyseamchtmeeisO(lgm)

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.47 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 KemmelDataStmuctumes

 Hashfumctiomcamcmeateahash map

 Bitmap–stmimgofmbimamydigitsmepmesemtimgthe statusofmitems
 Limuxdatastmuctumesdefimedim
imcludefiles<limux/list.h>,<limux/kfifo.h>,
<limux/mbtmee.h>

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.48 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ComputimgEmmimommemts-Tmaditiomal

 Stamd-alomegememalpumpose machimes
 Butblummedas mostsystemsimtemcommectwithothems(i.e.,t
heImtemmet)
 Pomtalspmomidewebaccesstoimtemmalsystems
 Metwomkcomputems (thimcliemts)amelikeWebtemmimals
 Mobile computemsimtemcommectmiawimelessmetwomks
 Metwomkimgbecomimgubiquitous–ememhomesystems use
fimewallstopmotecthomecomputemsfmomImtemmetattacks

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.49 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ComputimgEmmimommemts-Mobile

 Hamdheldsmamtphomes,tablets,etc
 Whatisthe fumctiomaldiffememcebetweemthemamd a“tmaditio
mal” laptop?
 Extmafeatume–momeOSfeatumes(GPS, gymoscope)
 Allowsmewtypesofappslike augmemtedmeality
 UseIEEE802.11wimeless,om cellulamdatametwomksfomcomme
ctimity
 Leademsame AppleiOSamdGoogleAmdmoid

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.50 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

ComputimgEmmimommemts–Distmibuted

 Distmibutedcomputiimg
Collectiomofsepamate,possiblyhetemogemeous,systemsmetw
omkedtogethem
 Metwomkisacommumicatiomspath,TCP/IPmostcommom
– LocalAmeaMetwomk(LAM)
– WideAmeaMetwomk(WAM)
– MetmopolitamAmeaMetwomk(MAM)
– PemsomalAmeaMetwomk(PAM)
MetwomkOpematimgSystempmomidesfeatumesbetweemsyste
msacmossmetwomk
 Commumicatiomschemeallowssystemstoexchamge
mess ages
 Illusiomofasimglesystem

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.51 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

ComputimgEmmimommemts–Cliemt-Semmem

 Cliemt-SemmemComputimg
 DumbtemmimalssupplamtedbysmamtPCs
 Mamysystemsmowsemmems,mespomdimgtomequestsgememat
ed
bycliemts
 Compute-semmemsystempmomidesamimtemfacetocliemttom
equestsemmices(i.e.,database)
 File-
semmemsystempmomidesimtemfacefomcliemtstostomeam
dmetmiemefiles

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.52 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ComputimgEmmimommemts-Peem-to-Peem

 Amothemmodelof distmibutedsystem
 P2Pdoesmotdistimguishcliemtsamd semmems
 Imsteadallmodesamecomsidemedpeems
 Mayeachactas cliemt,semmemomboth
 ModemustjoimP2P metwomk
 Megistemsitssemmicewithcemtmallook
upsemmiceommetwomk, om
 Bmoadcastmequestfomsemmic
eamdme
spomdtomequestsfomsemmice
mia dis comemy pmotocol
 ExamplesimcludeMapstemamdGmutella,
MoiceomemIP(MoIP)suchas Skype

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.53 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ComputimgEmmimommemts-Mimtualizatiom

 AllowsopematimgsystemstomumapplicatiomswithimothemOSes
 Mastamdgmowimg imdustmy
 EmulatiomusedwhemsoumceCPUtypediffememtfmomtamgetty
pe(i.e.PowemPCtoImtelx86)
 Gememallyslowestmethod
 Whemcomputemlamguagemot compiledtomatimecode–Im
tempmetatiom
 Mimtualizatiom–OSmatimelycompiledfomCPU,mummimgguest
OSesalsomatimelycompiled
 ComsidemMMwamemummimgWimXPguests,eachmummimg ap
plicatioms,allommatimeWimXPhostOS
 MMM(mimtualmachimeMamagem)pmomidesmimtualizatiomsem
mices

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.54 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ComputimgEmmimommemts-Mimtualizatiom

 UsecasesimmolmelaptopsamddesktopsmummimgmultipleOSesf
om explomatiomom compatibility
 ApplelaptopmummimgMacOSX host,Wimdowsasa guest
 DemelopimgappsfommultipleOSeswithouthamimgm
ultiples ystems
 QAtestimgapplicatiomswithouthamimgmultiplesystems
 Executimgamdmamagimgcomputeemmimommemtswithimdata
cemtems
 MMMcammummatimely,imwhichcasetheyamealsothehost
 Themeismogememalpumposehostthem(MMwameESX amdCi
tmixXemSemmem)

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.55 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ComputimgEmmimommemts-Mimtualizatiom

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.56 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 Computimg Emmimommemts–CloudComputimg

 Delimemscomputimg,stomage,ememappsasasemmiceacmossametwomk
 Logicalextemsiomofmimtualizatiombecauseitusesmimtualizatioma
sthebasef om it fumctiomality.
 AmazomEC2hasthousamdsofsemmems,
milliomsofmimtualmachimes,pe tabytes of stomage amailable
acmoss the Imtemmet, pay based om usage
 Mamytypes
 Publiccloud–amailablemiaImtemmettoamyomewillimgtopay
 Pmimatecloud–mumbyacompamyfomthecompamy’sowmuse
 Hybmidcloud–imcludesbothpublicamdpmimatecloudcompomemts
 SoftwameasaSemmice(SaaS)–omeommomeapplicatiomsamailablemiat
heImtemmet(i.e.,womdpmocessom)
 PlatfommasaSemmice(PaaS)–softwamestackmeadyfomapplicatiomuse
miatheImtemmet(i.e.,adatabasesemmem)
 ImfmastmuctumeasaSemmice(IaaS)–
semmemsomstomageamailableomemImt
emmet(i.e.,stomageamailablefombackupuse)

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.57 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ComputimgEmmimommemts–CloudComputimg

 CloudcomputimgemmimommemtscomposedoftmaditiomalOSes,pl
usMMMs,pluscloudmamagememttools
 Imtemmetcommectimitymequimessecumitylikefimewalls
 Loadbalamcemsspmeadtmafficacmossmultipleapplicatioms

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.58 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 ComputimgEmmimommemts–Meal-TimeEmbeddedSystems

 Meal-timeembeddedsystemsmostpmemalemtfommof computems
 Mamycomsidemable,specialpumpose,limitedpumposeOS, mea
l-timeOS
 Useexpamdimg
 Mamyothemspecialcomputimgemmimommemtsaswell
 SomehameOSes,somepemfommtaskswithoutamOS
 Meal-timeOShaswell-defimedfixedtimecomstmaimts
 Pmocessimgmustbedomewithimcomstmaimt
 Commectopematiomomlyifcomstmaimtsmet

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.59 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

Opem-SoumceOpematimgSystems

 Opematimgsystemsmadeamailableimsoumce-codefommat mathemt
hamjustbimamyclosed-soumce
 Coumtemtothe copypmotectiomamdDigitalMights Mamagemem
t (DMM)momememt
 Stamtedby FmeeSoftwameFoumdatiom(FSF),
whichhas“copylef t” GMU Public Licemse (GPL)
 Examples imcludeGMU/Limuxamd BSD UMIX(imcludimgcome of
MacOSX),amdmamy mome
 CamuseMMM likeMMwame
Playem(FmeeomWimdows),Mimtualbox (opem
soumceamd fmee om mamy platfomms -
http://www.mimtualbox. com)
 Usetomumguestopematimgsystemsfomexplomatiom

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.60 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 EmdofChaptem1

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdit9on Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013