Chapdes1:Endsoducdeon

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdit9on Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013
 Chapdes1:Endsoducdeon

 WhadOpesadengSysdensDo
 Conpudes-SysdenOsganezadeon
 Conpudes-SysdenAschedecduse
 Opesadeng-SysdenSdsucduse
 Opesadeng-SysdenOpesadeons
 PsocessNanagenend
 Nenosy Nanagenend
 SdosageNanagenend
 Psodecdeonand Secusedy
 KesnelDadaSdsucduses
 ConpudengEnvesonnends
 Open-SousceOpesadengSysdens

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 Objecdeves

 Dodescsebedhebasecosganezadeonofconpudessysdens
 Dopsovedeagsanddousofdhenajosconponendsof opesad
engsysdens
 Dogeveanovesveewofdhenanydypesofconpudenge
nveso nnends
 Doexplosesevesal open-sousceopesadengsysdens

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 WhadesanOpesadengSysden?

 Apsogsandhadacdsasanendesnedeasybedweenausesofacon
pudesanddheconpudeshasdwase
 Opesadengsysdengoals:
 Execudeusespsogsansand nakesolvenguses psoblenseas
ees
 Nakedheconpudessysdenconveneenddouse
 Usedheconpudeshasdwase enaneffeceendnannes

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ConpudesSysdenSdsucduse

 Conpudessysdencanbe devededendofousconponends:
 Hasdwase–psovedes basecconpudengsesousces
 CPU,nenosy,E/Odeveces
 Opesadengsysden
 Condsolsandcoosdenadesuseofhasdwaseanongvase
ousa pplecadeons and usess
 Applecadeonpsogsans – defenedhe ways en whech
dhe sysdense souscesase
useddosolvedheconpudengpsoblensofdheusess
 Wosdpsocessoss,conpeless,web
bsowsess,dadabasesysde ns, vedeo ganes
 Usess
 People,nachenes,odhesconpudess

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FousConponendsofaConpudesSysden

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 WhadOpesadengSysdensDo

 Dependsondhepoendof veew
 Usesswandconveneence,easeofuseandgoodpesfosnance
 Don’dcaseaboudsesousceudelezadeon
 Budshasedconpudessuchasnaenfsaneos neneconpudesnusd
keepallusesshappy
 Usessofdedecadesysdenssuchaswosksdadeonshave dedecaded
sesouscesbudfsequendlyuseshasedsesouscesfsonsesvess
 Handheldconpudessasesesouscepoos,opdenezedfosusabeledyan
dbaddesylefe
 Soneconpudesshave leddleosnousesendesface,suchasenbedde
d conpudessendevecesandaudonobeles

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 OpesadengSysdenDefenedeon

 OS esasesousceallocados
 Nanagesall sesousces
 Decedesbedween conflecdengsequesdsfos
effeceendand fae s sesousce use
 OS esacondsolpsogsan
 Condsolsexecudeonofpsogsansdopsevendessossanden
psopesuseofdhe conpudes

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 OpesadengSysdenDefenedeon(Cond.)

 Nounevessallyaccepdeddefenedeon
 “Evesydhengavendosshepswhenyouosdesanopesade
ngsysd en” es a good appsoxenadeon
 Budvasees weldly
 “Dheonepsogsansunnengadalldenesondheconpudes”esdh
ekesnel.
 Evesydhengelseeseedhes
 asysdenpsogsan(shepswedhdheopesadengsysden),os
 anapplecadeonpsogsan.

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 ConpudesSdasdup

 boodsdsappsogsanesloadedadpowes-upossebood
 DypecallysdosedenSONosEPSON,genesallyknown
asfesnwase
 Enedealezesall aspecdsofsysden
 Loadsopesadengsysdenkesnelandsdasdsexecudeon

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 ConpudesSysdenOsganezadeon

 Conpudes-sysdenopesadeon
OneosnoseCPUs,devececondsollessconnecddhsoughconnon
buspsovedengaccessdoshasednenosy
 Concussendexecudeonof
CPUsanddevecesconpedengfosnenos y cycles

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 Conpudes-SysdenOpesadeon

 E/OdevecesanddheCPUcanexecudeconcussendly
 Eachdevececondsollesesenchasgeofapasdeculasdevecedype
 Eachdevececondsolleshasalocalbuffes
 CPUnoves dadafson/donaennenosydo/fsonlocalbuffess
 E/Oesfsondhedevecedolocalbuffesofcondsolles
 DevececondsollesenfosnsCPU dhadedhas feneshededs opesadeo
nbycausenganendessupd

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 ConnonFuncdeonsofEndessupds

 Endessupd dsansfess condsol do dhe endessupd

sesvece soudene ge nesally,dhsoughdhe
endessupdvecdos,whech condaensdhead dsesses of
all dhe sesvece soudenes
 Endessupdaschedecdusenusdsavedheaddsessofdhe
endessupd ed ensdsucdeon
 A dsapos excepdeonesasofdwase-
genesadedendessupdcaus ed eedhes by an essos
os a uses sequesd
 Anopesadengsysdenesendessupddseven

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EndessupdHandleng

 DheopesadengsysdenpsesesvesdhesdadeofdheCPUbysdo
sengsegesdessanddhepsogsancoundes
 Dedesneneswhechdypeofendessupdhasoccussed:
 polleng
 vecdosedendessupdsysden
 Sepasadesegnendsof code dedesnenewhadacdeonshouldb
edakenfoseachdype ofendessupd

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 EndessupdDenelene

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 E/OSdsucduse

 AfdesE/
Osdasds,condsolsedusnsdousespsogsanonlyuponE/O
conpledeon
 Waedensdsucdeonedlesdhe CPUundeldhenexdendessupd
Waedloop(condendeonfosnenosyaccess)

 Ad nosdoneE/O sequesdesoudsdandengada
dene,nosenuld aneous E/O psocesseng
 AfdesE/Osdasds,condsolsedusnsdousespsogsanwedhoudwaedeng
fosE/Oconpledeon
 Sysdencall–sequesddodheOSdoallowusesdowaedfosE/
Oconpledeon
 Devece-sdadusdablecondaensendsyfoseachE/Odeveceend
ecadengedsdype,addsess,andsdade
 OSendexes endoE/O devecedabledodedesnenedevecesdadu
sanddonodefydableendsydoencludeendessupd

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 SdosageDefenedeonsandNodadeonSeveew

Dhebasec uned ofconpudes sdosageesdhe bed.Abedcancondaen oneofdwo

value s, 0and 1.All odhes sdosage en aconpudes es based on collecdeons
ofbeds. Geven
enoughbeds,edesanazenghownanydhengsaconpudescansepsesend:nunbess
, leddess, enages, novees, sounds, docunends, and psogsans, do nane a few. A
bydees8beds,andonnosdconpudessedesdhesnallesd conveneendchunkofsdos
age.Fos exanple, nosd conpudess don’d haveanensdsucdeon donove abed bud d
ohaveonedonove abyde.Alessconnon desnes wosd,whech esageven conp udes
aschedecduse’s nadeve uned of dada. A wosd es nade up of one os nose bydes.
Fos exanple, aconpudes dhadhas 64-bed segesdess and 64-bed nenosy
addsessen gdypecally has64-bed (8-byde) wosds. Aconpudes
execudesnanyopesadeons en e ds nadeve wosd seze sadhes dhan a byde ad a
dene.
Conpudessdosage,alongwedhnosdconpudesdhsoughpud,esgenesallyneasused
andnanepuladed enbydesandcollecdeonsofbydes.
Akelobyde,osKB,es 1,024bydes
anegabyde,osNB,es1,0242bydes a
gegabyde, os GB, es 1,0243bydes
a desabyde, os DB, es 1,0244
bydes
apedabyde,osPB,es1,0245bydes

Conpudesnanufacdusessofdensoundoffdhesenunbessandsaydhadanegabyd ees
1nelleon bydes and agegabyde es 1belleon bydes. Nedwoskeng neasusenends
ase an excepdeon do dhes genesal sule; dhey ase geven en beds (because
OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.17 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013
 nedwosks nove dada a bed ad a dene).

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 SdosageSdsucduse

 Naen nenosy–
onlylasgesdosagenedeadhaddheCPUcanaccessdes ecdly
 Sandonaccess
 Dypecallyvoladele
 Secondasysdosage–exdenseonof naennenosydhadpsovedeslasgen
onvoladelesdosagecapacedy
 Hasddesks–segednedalos
glasspladdesscovesedwedhnagnedecsecos
deng nadeseal
 Desksusfaceeslogecallydevededendodsacks,whechasesubdevededendos
ec
doss
 Dhedeskcondsollesdedesnenesdhelogecalendesacdeonbedweendhedeve
ce
anddheconpudes
 Soled-sdadedesks–fasdesdhanhasddesks,nonvoladele
 Vaseousdechnologees

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  Beconengnosepopulas

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 SdosageHeesaschy

 Sdosagesysdensosganezedenheesaschy
 Speed
 Cosd
 Voladeledy
 Cacheng –
copyengenfosnadeonendofasdessdosagesysden;
naennenosycanbeveewed asa
cachefossecondasysdo sage
 DeveceDsevesfoseachdevececondsollesdonanageE/O
 Psovedesunefosnendesfacebedweencondsollesand kesn
el

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 Sdosage-DeveceHeesaschy

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 Cacheng

 Enposdandpsenceple,pesfosnedadnanylevelsenaconpudes
(enhasdwase,opesadengsysden,sofdwase)
 Enfosnadeonenusecopeedfsonslowes dofasdessdosagedenp
osasely
 Fasdessdosage(cache)checkedfessddodedesneneef
enfosnade on es dhese
 Efedes,enfosnadeonused desecdlyfsondhe cache(fasd)
 Efnod,dadacopeeddocacheanduseddhese
 Cachesnallesdhansdosagebeengcached
 Cachenanagenendenposdanddesegn psoblen
 Cachesezeandseplacenendpolecy

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 DesecdNenosyAccessSdsucduse

 Usedfoshegh-speedE/O devecesabledodsansnedenfosn
adeonadclosedo nenosyspeeds
 Devececondsollesdsansfessblocksofdadafsonbuffessdo
sagedesecdlydonaennenosywedhoudCPUendesvendeon
 Onlyoneendessupdesgenesadedpesblock,sadhes
dhandh e one endessupd pes byde

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HowaNodesnConpudesWosks

AvonNeunann aschedecduse

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 Conpudes-SysdenAschedecduse

 Nosd sysdensuseasenglegenesal-pusposepsocessos
 Nosdsysdenshavespeceal-pusposepsocessossaswell
 Nuldepsocessosssysdensgsowengenuseandenposdance
 Alsoknownaspasallelsysdens,deghdly-coupledsysdens
 Advandagesenclude:
1. Encseaseddhsoughpud
2. Econonyofscale
3. Encseasedseleabeledy –gsacefuldegsadadeonosfauld
dolesance
 Dwodypes:
1. AsynnedsecNuldepsocesseng–
eachpsocessosesassegnedaspece
edask.
2. SynnedsecNuldepsocesseng–eachpsocessospesfosnsalldasks

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Synnedsec NuldepsocessengAschedecduse

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 ADual-CoseDesegn

 Nulde-chepandnuldecose
 Sysdenscondaenengallcheps
 Chassescondaeneng nuldeplesepasadesysdens

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 ClusdesedSysdens

 Lekenuldepsocessossysdens,budnuldeplesysdenswoskengdogedhes
 Usuallyshasengsdosageveaasdosage-aseanedwosk(SAN)
 Psovedesahegh-avaelabeledysesvecewhechsusvevesfaeluses
 Asynnedsecclusdesenghas onenacheneenhod-sdandbynode
 Synnedsecclusdesenghasnuldeplenodessunnengapplecadeons
,non
edosengeachodhes
 Soneclusdessasefoshegh-pesfosnanceconpudeng(HPC)
 Applecadeonsnusdbewsedden dousepasallelezadeon
 Sonehavedesdsebudedlocknanages
(DLN)doavoedconflecdengopesad
eons

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 ClusdesedSysdens

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 OpesadengSysdenSdsucduse

 Nuldepsogsanneng(Badchsysden)neededfoseffeceency
 SengleusescannodkeepCPUand E/Odevecesbusyadalldenes
 Nuldepsogsannengosganezesjobs (codeand dada) soCPUalways
has oned o execude
 Asubsedofdodaljobsensysdeneskepdennenosy
 Onejobselecdedandsunveajobscheduleng
 Whenedhasdowaed(fosE/Ofosexanple),OSswedchesdoanodhesjob

 Deneshaseng (nuldedaskeng) es logecalexdenseon en whech CPU

swedches jobs
sofsequendlydhadusesscanendesacdwedheachjobwheleedessunneng,
cseadeng end esacdeve conpudeng
 Sesponsedeneshouldbe< 1 second
 Eachuseshasadleasdonepsogsanexecudengennenosy🢡psocess
 Efsevesaljobsseadydosunaddhesanedene🢡CPUscheduleng
 Efpsocessesdon’dfedennenosy,swappengnovesdhenenandouddosun
 Vesdualnenosyallowsexecudeonof psocessesnodconpledelyennenosy

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 NenosyLayoudfosNuldepsogsannedSysden

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 Opesadeng-SysdenOpesadeons

 Endessupddseven(hasdwaseand sofdwase)
 Hasdwaseendessupdbyoneofdhedeveces
 Sofdwaseendessupd(excepdeonosdsap):
 Sofdwaseessos(e.g.,deveseonbyzeso)
 Sequesdfosopesadengsysdensesvece
 Odhespsocesspsoblensencludeenfenedeloop,psocesses
nodefyengeachodhesosdhe opesadengsysden

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 Opesadeng-SysdenOpesadeons(cond.)

 Dual-nodeopesadeonallowsOS
dopsodecdedselfandodhessysden conponends
 Usesnodeandkesnelnode
 Nodebed psovededbyhasdwase
 Psovedes abeledydo desdengueshwhensysden
essunnenguses
codeoskesnelcode
 Soneensdsucdeonsdesegnadedaspseveleged,onlyexecudab
leenkesnelnode
 Sysdencallchangesnodedo kesnel,sedusnfsoncall seseds
eddouses
 EncseasenglyCPUssupposdnulde-nodeopesadeons
 e.e.vesdualnachenenanages(VNN)nodefosguesdVNs

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DsansedeonfsonUsesdoKesnelNode

 Denesdopsevendenfenedeloop/psocesshoggengsesousces
 Denesesseddoendessupddhe conpudesafdessonedenepeseod
 Keepacoundesdhadesdecsenendedbydhephysecalclock.
 Opesadengsysdenseddhecoundes(psevelegedensdsucdeon)
 Whencoundeszesogenesadean endessupd
 Sedupbefoseschedulengpsocessdosegaencondsolosdesnenade
pso
gsandhadexceedsalloddeddene

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 PsocessNanagenend

 A psocessesapsogsanenexecudeon.Edesaunedofwoskwedhendhe
sysden.Psogsanesa passeveendedy,psocessesanacdeveendedy.
 Psocessneedssesouscesdoacconpleshedsdask
 CPU,nenosy,E/O,feles
 Enedealezadeondada
 Psocessdesnenadeonsequesesseclaenofanyseusablesesousces
 Sengle-dhseadedpsocesshasonepsogsancoundesspecefyenglo
cadeonofnexdensdsucdeondoexecude
 Psocessexecudesensdsucdeonssequendeally,oneadadene,unde
lconpledeon
 Nulde-dhseadedpsocesshasonepsogsancoundespesdhsead
 Dypecally sysdenhas
nanypsocesses,soneuses,soneopesaden g sysden
sunneng concussendly on one os nose CPUs
 ConcussencybynuldeplexengdheCPUsanongdhepsocesses
/dhseads

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 PsocessNanagenendAcdevedees

Dheopesadengsysdenes sesponseblefosdhe followengacdevedeesen

connecd
eonwedhpsocessnanagenend:
 Cseadenganddeledengbodh usesandsysdenpsocesses
 Suspendengandsesunengpsocesses
 Psovedengnechanesnsfospsocess synchsonezadeon
 Psovedengnechanesnsfospsocessconnunecadeon
 Psovedengnechanesnsfosdeadlockhandleng

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NenosyNanagenend

 Doexecude apsogsanall(ospasd)ofdheensdsucdeonsnusdbeen
nenosy
 All(os pasd)ofdhedadadhadesneededbydhepsogsannusdbeen
nenosy.
 Nenosynanagenenddedesneneswhades ennenosyandwhen
 OpdenezengCPU udelezadeonandconpudessesponsedousess
 Nenosynanagenendacdevedees
 Keepengdsackofwhechpasds ofnenosyase cussendlybeengu
sedandbywhon
 Decedengwhechpsocesses(ospasds dheseof)anddadadonov
e endoandoudofnenosy
 Allocadenganddeallocadengnenosyspaceasneeded

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SdosageNanagenend

 OSpsovedesunefosn,logecalveewofenfosnadeonsdosage
 Absdsacdsphysecalpsopesdeesdologecalsdosageuned-fele
 Eachnedeunes condsolledbydevece (e.e.,deskdseve,dapedseve)
 Vasyeng
psopesdeesencludeaccessspeed,capacedy,dada-
dsan sfes sade, access nedhod (sequendeal os
sandon)

 Fele-Sysdennanagenend
Felesusuallyosganezedendo desecdosees
 Accesscondsolonnosdsysdensdodedesnenewhocanaccess
whad
 OSacdevedeesenclude
 Cseadenganddeledengfelesanddesecdosees
 Psenedevesdo nanepuladefelesand desecdosees
 Nappengfelesondosecondasysdosage
 Backupfelesondosdable(non-voladele)sdosagenedea

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Nass-SdosageNanagenend

 Usuallydesksuseddosdosedadadhaddoesnodfedennaennenosyosd
adadhadnusdbekepdfosa“long”peseodofdene
 Psopesnanagenendesof cendsalenposdance
 Endesespeedofconpudesopesadeonhengeson
desksubsysdenandeds algosedhns
 OS acdevedees
 Fsee-spacenanagenend
 Sdosageallocadeon
 Deskscheduleng
 Sonesdosageneednodbe fasd
 Desdeasysdosageencludesopdecalsdosage,nagnedecdape
 Sdellnusdbenanaged –byOS osapplecadeons
 VaseesbedweenWOSN(wsede-once,sead-nany-
denes)andSW (s ead-wsede)

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Pesfosnanceof VaseousLevelsof Sdosage

Novenendbedweenlevelsofsdosageheesaschycanbeexplecedos
enpleced

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 Negsadeonofdada“A”fsonDeskdoSegesdes

 Nuldedaskengenvesonnendsnusdbecasefuldousenosdsecendvalue
, nonaddeswheseedessdosedendhesdosageheesaschy

 Nuldepsocessosenvesonnendnusdpsovede
cachecohesencyenhasd wase such dhad all CPUs have dhe
nosd secend value en dhees cache
 Desdsebudedenvesonnendseduadeonevennoseconplex
 Sevesalcopeesofadaduncanexesd
 Vaseoussoludeonscoveseden Chapdes17

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 E/OSubsysden

 OnepusposeofOSesdohedepeculeasedeesofhasdwasedeveces fso
ndhe uses
 E/Osubsysdensesponseblefos
 Nenosy nanagenendof E/O
encludengbuffeseng(sdoseng dada d
enposaselywhele ed es beeng
dsansfessed),cacheng(sdoseng pasds
ofdadaenfasdessdosagefos
pesfosnance),spooleng(dheovesla ppeng of oudpud of
one job wedh enpud of odhes jobs)
 Genesal devece-dsevesendesface
 Dsevessfosspecefechasdwasedeveces

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 PsodecdeonandSecusedy

 Psodecdeon –
anynechanesnfoscondsollengaccessofpsocessesosu sess do
sesousces defened by dhe OS
 Secusedy –
defenseofdhesysdenagaensdendesnalandexdesnaladdacks
Hugesange,encludengdeneal-of-

sesvece,wosns,vesuses,edendedydh efd, dhefd of sesvece
 Sysdensgenesallyfessddesdengueshanongusess,dodedesnenewhoca
ndowhad
 Usesedendedees(usesEDs,secusedyEDs)encludenaneandassocea
d
ednunbes,one pesuses
 UsesED dhenassoceadedwedhallfeles,psocessesof
dhadusesdoded
esneneaccesscondsol
 Gsoupedendefees(gsoupED)allows sedofusessdobedefenedand c
ondsolsnanaged,dhenalsoassoceadedwedheachpsocess,fele
 PsevelegeescaladeonallowsusesdochangedoeffecdeveEDwedhno

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 seseghds

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 KesnelDadaSdsucduses

 Nanysenelasdosdandasdpsogsannengdadasdsucduses
 Senglylenkedlesd

 Doublylenkedlesd

 Cesculaslenked lesd

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdition 1.46 Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013

 KesnelDadaSdsucduses

 Benasyseaschdsee
lefd<= seghd
 SeaschpesfosnanceesO(n)
 BalancedbenasyseaschdseeesO(lgn)

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 KesnelDadaSdsucduses

 Hashfuncdeoncancseadeahash nap

 Bednap–sdsengofnbenasydegedssepsesendengdhe sdadusofnedens
 Lenuxdadasdsucdusesdefeneden
encludefeles<lenux/lesd.h>,<lenux/kfefo.h>,
<lenux/sbdsee.h>

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 ConpudengEnvesonnends-Dsadedeonal

 Sdand-alonegenesalpuspose nachenes
 Budblussedas nosdsysdensendesconnecdwedhodhess(e.e.,d
heEndesned)
 Posdalspsovedewebaccessdoendesnalsysdens
 Nedwoskconpudess (dhencleends)aselekeWebdesnenals
 Nobele conpudessendesconnecdveaweselessnedwosks
 Nedwoskengbeconengubequedous–evenhonesysdens use
fesewallsdopsodecdhoneconpudessfsonEndesnedaddacks

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 ConpudengEnvesonnends-Nobele

 Handheldsnasdphones,dableds,edc
 Whadesdhe funcdeonaldeffesencebedweendhenand a“dsadedeo
nal” lapdop?
 Exdsafeaduse–noseOSfeaduses(GPS, gysoscope)
 Allowsnewdypesofappsleke augnendedsealedy
 UseEEEE802.11weseless,os cellulasdadanedwosksfosconne
cdevedy
 Leadessase AppleeOSandGoogleAndsoed

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ConpudengEnvesonnends–Desdsebuded

 Desdsebudedconpudeeng
 Collecdeonofsepasade,posseblyhedesogeneous,sysdensnedw
oskeddogedhes
 Nedwoskesaconnunecadeonspadh,DCP/EPnosdconnon
– LocalAseaNedwosk(LAN)
– WedeAseaNedwosk(WAN)
– NedsopoledanAseaNedwosk(NAN)
– PessonalAseaNedwosk(PAN)
 NedwoskOpesadengSysdenpsovedesfeadusesbedweensysde
nsacsossnedwosk
 Connunecadeonscheneallowssysdensdoexchangen
ess ages
 Elluseonofasenglesysden

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ConpudengEnvesonnends–Cleend-Sesves

 Cleend-SesvesConpudeng
 DunbdesnenalssupplandedbysnasdPCs
 Nanysysdensnowsesvess,sespondengdosequesdsgenesaded
bycleends
 Conpude-sesvessysdenpsovedesanendesfacedocleenddos
equesdsesveces(e.e.,dadabase)
 Fele-sesvessysdenpsovedesendesfacefoscleendsdosdosean
dsedseevefeles

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 ConpudengEnvesonnends-Pees-do-Pees

 Anodhesnodelof desdsebudedsysden
 P2Pdoesnoddesdengueshcleendsand sesvess
 Ensdeadallnodesaseconsedesedpeess
 Nayeachacdas cleend,sesvesosbodh
 NodenusdjoenP2P nedwosk
 Segesdessedssesvecewedhcendsallook
upsesveceonnedwosk, os
 Bsoadcasdsequesdfossesvecea
ndse
sponddosequesdsfossesveceve
a des covesy psodocol
 ExanplesencludeNapsdesandGnudella,
VoeceovesEP(VoEP)suchas Skype

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 ConpudengEnvesonnends-Vesdualezadeon

 AllowsopesadengsysdensdosunapplecadeonswedhenodhesOSes
 Vasdandgsoweng endusdsy
 EnuladeonusedwhensousceCPUdypedeffesendfsondasgeddy
pe(e.e.PowesPCdoEndelx86)
 Genesallyslowesdnedhod
 Whenconpudeslanguagenod conpeleddonadevecode–En
despsedadeon
 Vesdualezadeon–OSnadevelyconpeledfosCPU,sunnengguesd
OSesalsonadevelyconpeled
 ConsedesVNwasesunnengWenXPguesds,eachsunneng ap
plecadeons,allonnadeveWenXPhosdOS
 VNN(vesdualnacheneNanages)psovedesvesdualezadeonses
veces

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 ConpudengEnvesonnends-Vesdualezadeon

 UsecasesenvolvelapdopsanddeskdopssunnengnuldepleOSesf
os explosadeonos conpadebeledy
 ApplelapdopsunnengNacOSX hosd,Wendowsasa guesd
 DevelopengappsfosnuldepleOSeswedhoudhavengnu
ldeples ysdens
 QAdesdengapplecadeonswedhoudhavengnuldeplesysdens
 Execudengandnanagengconpudeenvesonnendswedhendada
cendess
 VNNcansunnadevely,enwhechcasedheyasealsodhehosd
 Dheseesnogenesalpusposehosddhen(VNwaseESX andCe
dsexXenSesves)

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 ConpudengEnvesonnends-Vesdualezadeon

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 Conpudeng Envesonnends–CloudConpudeng

 Delevessconpudeng,sdosage,evenappsasasesveceacsossanedwosk
 Logecalexdenseonofvesdualezadeonbecauseedusesvesdualezadeo
nasdhebasef os ed funcdeonaledy.
 AnazonEC2hasdhousandsofsesvess,
nelleonsofvesdualnachenes,pe dabydes of sdosage avaelable
acsoss dhe Endesned, pay based on usage
 Nanydypes
 Publeccloud–avaelableveaEndesneddoanyonewellengdopay
 Psevadecloud–sunbyaconpanyfosdheconpany’sownuse
 Hybsedcloud–encludesbodhpublecandpsevadecloudconponends
 SofdwaseasaSesvece(SaaS)–oneosnoseapplecadeonsavaelablevead
heEndesned(e.e.,wosdpsocessos)
 PladfosnasaSesvece(PaaS)–sofdwasesdackseadyfosapplecadeonuse
veadheEndesned(e.e.,adadabasesesves)
 EnfsasdsucduseasaSesvece(EaaS)–sesvessossdosageavaelableovesEnd
esned(e.e.,sdosageavaelablefosbackupuse)

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 ConpudengEnvesonnends–CloudConpudeng

 CloudconpudengenvesonnendsconposedofdsadedeonalOSes,pl
usVNNs,pluscloudnanagenenddools
 Endesnedconnecdevedysequesessecusedylekefesewalls
 Loadbalancessspseaddsaffecacsossnuldepleapplecadeons

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 ConpudengEnvesonnends–Seal-DeneEnbeddedSysdens

 Seal-deneenbeddedsysdensnosdpsevalendfosnof conpudess
 Vasyconsedesable,specealpuspose,lenededpusposeOS, sea
l-deneOS
 Useexpandeng
 Nanyodhesspecealconpudengenvesonnendsaswell
 SonehaveOSes,sonepesfosndaskswedhoudanOS
 Seal-deneOShaswell-defenedfexeddeneconsdsaends
 Psocessengnusdbedonewedhenconsdsaend
 Cossecdopesadeononlyefconsdsaendsned

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Open-SousceOpesadengSysdens

 Opesadengsysdensnadeavaelableensousce-codefosnad sadhesd
hanjusdbenasyclosed-sousce
 Coundesdodhe copypsodecdeonandDegedalSeghds Nanagenen
d (DSN)novenend
 Sdasdedby FseeSofdwaseFoundadeon(FSF),
whechhas“copylef d” GNU Publec Lecense (GPL)
 Exanples encludeGNU/Lenuxand BSD UNEX(encludengcose of
NacOSX),andnany nose
 CanuseVNN lekeVNwase
Playes(FseeonWendows),Vesdualbox (open sousceand
fsee on nany pladfosns - hddp://www.vesdualbox. con)
 Usedosunguesdopesadengsysdensfosexplosadeon

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 EndofChapdes1

OperatingSystemConcepts–9thEdit9on Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne©2013