MOBILE COMPUTING

UNIT-1 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION FUNDAMENTALS Introduction Wireless transmission Frequencies for radio transmission Signals Antennas Signal Propagation Multiplexing Modulations Spread spectrum MAC SDMA FDMA TDMA CDMA

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Overview of the Unit-1

UNIT-1 Introduction Use-cases, applications Definition of terms Challenges, history Wireless Transmission Frequencies & regulations Signals, antennas, signal propagation Multiplexing, modulation, spread spectrum, cellular system Medium Access SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA CSMA/CA, versions of Aloha Collision avoidance, polling

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Computers for the next decades?

Computers are integrated

small, cheap, portable, replaceable - no more separate devices

Technology is in the background

computer are aware of their environment and adapt (location awareness) computer recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g., call forwarding, fax forwarding, context awareness))

Advances in technology
more computing power in smaller devices flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption new user interfaces due to small dimensions more bandwidth per cubic meter multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, regional wireless telecommunication networks etc. (overlay networks) 1.3

Mobile communication

Two aspects of mobility:

user mobility: users communicate (wireless) anytime, anywhere, with anyone device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to the network

Wireless vs. mobile

Examples stationary computer notebook in a hotel wireless LANs in historic buildings Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks:
local area networks: standardization of IEEE 802.11 Internet: Mobile IP extension of the internet protocol IP wide area networks: e.g., internetworking of GSM and ISDN, VoIP over WLAN and POTS 1.4

Applications I

Vehicles
transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB/DVB-T personal communication using GSM/UMTS position via GPS local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance system, redundancy vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in advance for maintenance

Emergencies
early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc. crisis, war, ...
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Typical application: road traffic

UMTS, WLAN, DAB, DVB, GSM, cdma2000, TETRA, ...

Personal Travel Assistant, PDA, Laptop, GSM, UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth, ... 1.6

Mobile and wireless services Always Best Connected

DSL/ WLAN 3 Mbit/s GSM/GPRS 53 kbit/s Bluetooth 500 kbit/s UMTS, GSM 115 kbit/s LAN 100 Mbit/s, WLAN 54 Mbit/s

UMTS 2 Mbit/s

GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s, DSL/WLAN 3 Mbit/s GSM 115 kbit/s, WLAN 11 Mbit/s

UMTS, GSM 384 kbit/s

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Applications II

Traveling salesmen
direct access to customer files stored in a central location consistent databases for all agents mobile office

Replacement of fixed networks

remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities flexibility for trade shows LANs in historic buildings

Entertainment, education, ...

outdoor Internet access intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent information ad-hoc networks for multi user games
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Location dependent services

Location aware services

what services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local environment

Follow-on services
automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the current location

Information services
push: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket pull: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cheese Cake?

Support services
caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the mobile device through the fixed network

Privacy
who should gain knowledge about the location
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Mobile devices
Pager receive only tiny displays simple text messages Sensors, embedded controllers

PDA graphical displays character recognition simplified WWW

Laptop/Notebook fully functional standard applications

Mobile phones voice, data simple graphical displays www.scatterweb.net

Smartphone tiny keyboard simple versions of standard applications

performance
No clear separation between device types possible (e.g. smart phones, embedded PCs, ) 1.10

Effects of device portability

Power consumption
limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to limited battery capacity CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f
C: internal capacity, reduced by integration V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally

Loss of data

Limited user interfaces

higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design (e.g., defects, theft) compromise between size of fingers and portability integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols limited usage of mass memories with moving parts flash-memory or ? as alternative
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Limited memory

Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks

Higher loss-rates due to interference

Restrictive regulations of frequencies Low transmission rates
frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e.g., 53kbit/s with GSM/GPRS or about 150 kbit/s using EDGE connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred milliseconds for other wireless systems radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones secure access mechanisms important
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emissions of, e.g., engines, lightning

Higher delays, higher jitter

Lower security, simpler active attacking Always shared medium

Early history of wireless communication

Many people in history used light for communication

heliographs, flags (semaphore), ... 150 BC smoke signals for communication; (Polybius, Greece) 1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe

Here electromagnetic waves are

of special importance: 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic Fields, wave equations (1864) H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates with an experiment the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1888, in Karlsruhe, Germany)

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History of wireless communication I

1896 Guglielmo Marconi

first demonstration of wireless telegraphy (digital!) long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary (> 200kw)

1907 Commercial transatlantic connections

huge base stations (30 100m high antennas)

1915 Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco 1920 Discovery of short waves by Marconi
reflection at the ionosphere smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)

1926 Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin

wires parallel to the railroad track 1.14

History of wireless communication II

1928 many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, news) 1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong) 1958 A-Netz in Germany
analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers

1972 B-Netz in Germany

analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but location of the mobile station has to be known) available also in A, NL and LUX, 1979 13000 customers in D

1979 NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries) 1982 Start of GSM-specification

goal: pan-European digital mobile phone system with roaming

1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone

System, analog) 1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

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History of wireless communication III

1986 C-Netz in Germany

analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital signaling, automatic location of mobile device was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage

1991 Specification of DECT

Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries

1992 Start of GSM

in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels automatic location, hand-over, cellular roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 200 countries services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ... 1.16

History of wireless communication IV

1994 E-Netz in Germany

GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells as Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)

1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)

1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11

IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning

1998 Specification of GSM successors

for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) as European proposals for IMT-2000 Iridium
66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

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History of wireless communication V

1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs

IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4GHz, <1Mbit/s decision about IMT-2000
several members of a family: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT,

Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode

2000 GSM with higher data rates

first step towards a unified Internet/mobile communication system access to many services via the mobile phone

HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s first GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!) UMTS auctions/beauty contests
Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ paid in Germany for 6 licenses!)

2001 Start of 3G systems

Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan 1.18

Iridium goes bankrupt

History of wireless communication VI

2002
2003
WLAN hot-spots start to spread UMTS starts in Germany Start of DVB-T in Germany replacing analog TV WiMax starts as DSL alternative (not mobile) first ZigBee products HSDPA starts in Germany as fast UMTS download version offering > 3 Mbit/s WLAN draft for 250 Mbit/s (802.11n) using MIMO WPA2 mandatory for Wi-Fi WLAN devices over 3.3 billion subscribers for mobile phones (NOT 3 bn people!) real Internet widely available on mobile phones (standard browsers, decent data rates) 7.2 Mbit/s HSDPA, 1.4 Mbit/s HSUPA available in Germany, more than 100 operators support HSPA worldwide

2005
2006

2007 2008

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Areas of research in mobile communication

Wireless Communication
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay) modulation, coding, interference media access, regulations

Mobility
location dependent services location transparency quality of service support (delay, jitter, security)

Portability
power consumption limited computing power, sizes of display, ... usability

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Simple reference model used here

Application

Application

Transport
Network Data Link Network Data Link Network Data Link

Transport
Network Data Link

Physical

Physical

Physical
Medium

Physical

Radio

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Influence of mobile communication to the layer model

Application layer service location new/adaptive applications multimedia congestion/flow control quality of service addressing, routing device location hand-over authentication media access/control multiplexing encryption modulation interference attenuation frequency

Transport layer

Network layer

Data link layer

Physical layer

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Overlay Networks - the global goal

integration of heterogeneous fixed and mobile networks with varying transmission characteristics

regional
vertical handover metropolitan area

campus-based

horizontal handover

in-house

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