THE SKIN
Ruffini corpuscle (warmth receptor) Sweat (eccrine) gland Meissner's corpuscle (touch receptor) Pigment granules Freckle Pacinian corpuscle (pressjre receptor) Scales of dead skin (keratin) Pain receptor Melanocyte Hair shaft Sebaceous gland Epidermis
Erector muscle Hair follicle Apocrine gland Hair bulb Arterial and venous capillaries Dermis
Collagen and elastic fibres Subcutis Subcutaneous
(fat) Krause corpuscle (cold receptor) Nerve supply to hari follicles, sweat gland and skin receptors
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THE SKIN (CONTD.)
Outermost organised layer.
Contributes 16% body weight.
Body surface area 1.5 - 2 sq mts. Performs specialized functions like other body organs. Thickness varies from 0.05-0.3 cm.
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THE SKIN (CONTD.)
Skin consists of outer epithelial layer [epidermis] Inner connective tissue layer [dermis] Dermis merges with subcutaneous tissue [subcutis]
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THE SKIN (CONTD.)
Epidermis
Dermis
[Avascular]
[Vascular]
Subcutis [Consists of lobules of fat cells]
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THE SKIN (CONTD.)
Epidermis stratified squamous epithelial cells. Composed of three basic cell types.
Keratinocytes protein compound as keratin.
Melanocytes pigments for colour.
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THE SKIN (CONTD.)
Langerhans cells involved in immune system, interact with helper T cells. Granstein cells interacts with suppressor T cells.
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EPIDERMIS [FIVE EPITHELIAL
CELL LAYER ] Stratum corneum [Keratin layer] Stratum lucidum [Clear cell layer]
Stratum granulosum [Granular cell layer] Stratum spinosum [Spiny / prickly cells] Stratum basale [Inner most single layer of columnar cells]
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Diagram of Epidermis
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EPIDERMIS (CONTD.)
Stratum Corneum Flattened dead epithelial cells containing keratin. Water repellent protein.
Barrier to water loss and to environmental threats, microbes, chemicals, trauma.
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EPIDERMIS (CONTD.)
Stratum Lucidum 3-5 rows of clear flat dead cells. Contains droplets of eleidin.
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EPIDERMIS (CONTD.)
Stratum Granulosum 3-4 rows of spindle shaped cells. Contains darkly stained granules of keratohyalin.
This becomes keratin of the outermost layer.
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EPIDERMIS (CONTD.)
Stratum Spinosum
8-10 rows of cuboidal cells. Connected by outer cellular bridges. Bridges appears as spikes (prickly cells). Langerhans cells are scattered. Primary role in immune reaction allergic, contact dermatitis. Rich in RNA, initiates protein synthesis for keratin production. Sales Training
EPIDERMIS (CONTD.)
Stratum Basale
Single row of actively reproducing columnar cells. Contains melanocytes Secrete melanin Capable of mitosis. Stratum spinosum Sales Training Stratum basale
Stratum germinativum
EPIDERMIS (CONTD.)
Keratin Formation Stratum Corneum [Keratin] Stratum Lucidum [Droplets Of Eleidin] Stratum Granulosum [Keratohyalin] Stratum Spinosum [Keratinocytes]
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DERMIS
Provide mechanical strength, made up of connective tissues, collagenous & elastic fibers, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, network of nerves & nerve endings. Holds appendages of skin, hairs, eccrine & apocrine sweat glands, nails, sebaceous glands.
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DERMIS
Serves as reservoir storage area for water & electrolytes. Thick in palms & soles.
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DERMIS (CONTD.)
Layer 1 Thin Papillary Region or Layer
Loose connective tissue.
Network of thin collagenous & elastic fibers.
Fine finger like projection (Dermal papillae) They project in to epidermis.
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DERMIS (CONTD.)
Layer 1 Thin Papillary Region or Layer
Unique fingerprints are due to ridges of dermal papillae provides grip.
Contains nerve endings sensitive to touch.
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DERMIS (CONTD.)
Layer 2 Thicker Reticular Region or Layer
Composed of irregular connective tissue. Collagenous & elastic fibers. Between fibers contains adipose tissue, hairs follicles, sweat & oil glands.
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DERMIS (CONTD.)
Glands Sebaceous Glands [Oil Glands]
Connected to hair follicles.
Opens directly to the surface.
Secretes sebum. Sebum mixture of fats / cholesterol, protein, inorganic salts.
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DERMIS (CONTD.)
Glands Sebaceous Glands [Oil Glands]
Prevents hair from drying and brittle.
Prevents excess evaporation.
Keeps skin soft.
Inhibits growth of certain bacteria.
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DERMIS (CONTD.) Glands
SWEAT GLANDS Apocrine sweat glands [Axillae,
Pubic areas.]
Eccrine sweat glands [Soles of
feet, Fore head, Upper torso]
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MELANIN FORMATION
Melanocytes
Contains Amino Acid
Tyrosine Tyrosinase [enzyme]
MELANIN
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MELANIN
Melanin production
(CONTD.)
with UV
radiation.
Epidermis cells takes melanin from melanocytes through phagocytosis.
Melanin protects skin from UV
damage.
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MELANIN
(CONTD.)
Colour of the Skin
Melanin Epidermis
Carotene
Blood capillaries
Mostly in dermis
Dermis
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MELANIN
(CONTD.)
Difference in colour depends on amount of melanin produced & dispersed. Albinism Melanin absent. Vitiligo Partial / complete loss of melanocytes. Freckles Melanin in patches.
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THE SKIN (CONTD.)
Subcutis
Rich in fat & loose connective tissue contains blood supply and nerves site for subcutaneous injections.
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THE SKIN (CONTD.) Functions
Protection to internal organs from environment. Temperature regulation alteration in blood supply & sweat glands. Sensory perception contains nerve endings & receptors to detect stimuli.
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THE SKIN (CONTD.)
Excretion water, salts, organic
compounds.
Synthesis of hormones & chemicals
vitamin D.
Absorption of fat soluble vitamins hormones, corticoids, drugs.
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