Beam-Columns
Members Under Combined Forces
Most beams and columns are subjected to some degree of both bending and axial load
e.g. Statically Indeterminate Structures
P1
P2
Interaction Formulas for Combined Forces
Load Effects 1.0
Resistance
e.g. LRFD
If more than one resistance is involved consider interaction
Rn
LS 1
Rn
1.0
LS 2
Basis for Interaction Formulas
Tension/Compression & Single Axis Bending
Pu
Mu
1.0
c Pn b M n
Tension/Compression & Biaxial Bending
M ux
M uy
Pu
c Pn b M nx b M ny
1 .0
Quite conservative when compared to actual ultimate strengths
especially for wide flange shapes with bending about minor axis
AISC Interaction Formula CHAPTER H
AISC Curve
Pr 8 M rx M ry
P
1.0 for r 0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc
Pr M rx M ry
P
1.0 for r 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc
r = required strength
c = available strength
Pr 8 M rx M ry
P
1.0 for r 0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc
Pr M rx M ry
P
1.0 for r 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc
REQUIRED
Pr
CAPACITY
Pc
Mrx
Mcx
Mry
Mcy
Pr 8 M rx M ry
Pr
1.0 for
0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc
Pr M rx M ry
Pr
1.0 for
0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc
Axial Capacity Pc
Pn Fcr Ag
0.658
QFy
QFy
Fe
KL
E
if
4.71
r
QFy
or Fe 0.44QFy
Fcr
0.877 Fe
otherwise
Axial Capacity Pc
Fe:
Elastic Buckling Stress corresponding to the controlling mode of
failure (flexural, torsional or flexural torsional)
Theory of Elastic Stability (Timoshenko & Gere 1961)
Flexural Buckling
2E
Fe
KL / r 2
Torsional Buckling Flexural Torsional
2-axis of symmetry Buckling
1 axis of symmetry
AISC Eqtn
E4-4
AISC Eqtn
E4-5
Flexural Torsional
Buckling
No axis of symmetry
AISC Eqtn
E4-6
Effective Length Factor
Free to rotate and translate
Fixed on bottom
2 EA
Pcr
2
2L
r
Fixed on top
Free to rotate
Fixed on bottom
Fixed on bottom
2 EA
Pcr
2
0.5L
r
2 EA
Pcr
2
0.7 L
r
Effective Length of Columns
I c Lc
Ig Lg
A
I g Lg
Assumptions
All columns under
consideration reach buckling
Simultaneously
Ic Lc
All joints are rigid
Consider members lying in the
plane of buckling
Define:
GA
Lc
Lg
GB
Lc
Lg
All members have constant A
Effective Length of Columns
Use alignment charts (Structural Stability Research Council SSRC)
LRFD Commentary Figure C-C2.2 p 16.1-241,242
Connections to foundations
(a) Hinge
G is infinite - Use G=10
(b) Fixed
G=0 - Use G=1.0
Axial Capacity Pc
LRFD
Pc c Pn
c resistance factor for compression 0.90
c Pn design compressive strength
Axial Capacity Pc
ASD
Pn
Pc
c
c safety factor for compression 1.67
Pn c allowable compressive strength
Pr 8 M rx M ry
Pr
1.0 for
0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc
Pr M rx M ry
Pr
1.0 for
0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc
Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy
M p for Lb Lp
Lb Lp
M p M p Mr
M p for Lp Lb Lr
Lr Lp
M n Cb
F S M for L L
p
r
b
cr x
M r 0.7 Fy S x
Cb E
Jc Lb
Fcr
1 0.078
2
S x ho rts
Lb rts
2
REMEMBER TO CHECK FOR NONCOMPACT SHAPES
Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy
REMEMBER TO ACCOUNT FOR LOCAL
BUCKLING IF APPROPRIATE
M p for p
p
Mn M p M p Mr
M p for p r
r p
F S M for
p
r
cr x
Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy
LRFD
ASD
M c b M n
Mn
Mc
b
b 0.90
b 1.67
Demand
Pr 8 M rx M ry
Pr
1.0 for
0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc
Pr M rx M ry
Pr
1.0 for
0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc
Axial Demand Pr
LRFD
ASD
Pr Pu
Pr Pa
factored
service
Demand
Pr 8 M rx M ry
Pr
1.0 for
0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc
Pr M rx M ry
Pr
1.0 for
0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc
Second Order Effects & Moment Amplification
P
P
W
y
M
ymax @ x=L/2 =
Mmax @ x=L/2 = PwL2/8 + P
additional moment causes additional
deflection
Second Order Effects & Moment Amplification
Consider
P
Mmax = P
additional moment causes additional
deflection
Second Order Effects & Moment Amplification
Total Deflection cannot be Found Directly
Additional Moment Because of Deformed Shape
First Order Analysis
Undeformed Shape - No secondary moments
Second Order Analysis (P-and P-)
Calculates Total deflections and secondary moments
Iterative numerical techniques
Not practical for manual calculations
Implemented with computer programs
Design Codes
AISC Permits
Second Order Analysis
or
Moment Amplification Method
Compute moments from 1st order analysis
Multiply by amplification factor
Derivation of Moment Amplification
x
yo e sin
Derivation of Moment Amplification
Moment Curvature
d2y
M
2
dx
EI
M P yo y
x
yo e sin
d2y
P
x
e sin y
2
dx
EI
L
d2y P
Pe
x
y sin
2
dx
EI
EI
L
2nd order nonhomogeneous DE
Derivation of Moment Amplification
d2y P
Pe
x
y sin
2
dx
EI
EI
L
Boundary Conditions
@x 0
y0
@x L
y0
Solution
x
y B sin
L
Derivation of Moment Amplification
Substitute
x
y B sin
L
in DE
2
x P
x
Pe
x
2 B sin
B sin
sin
L
L EI
L
EI
L
Solve for B
Pe
e
e
e
EI
B
2
2
Pe
P
EI EI
1
2 1
1
2
2
P
EI L
PL
PL
Derivation of Moment Amplification
Deflected Shape
x
e
x
y B sin
sin
L Pe P 1
L
1
x
1
P P 1 e sin L P P 1 yo
e
e
Derivation of Moment Amplification
Moment
M P yo y
x
e
x
P e sin
sin
L Pe P 1
L
x
P e sin
L
Mo(x)
P
P
e
Amplification
Factor
Braced vs. Unbraced Frames
M r B1M nt B2 M lt
Eq. C2-1a
M r required moment strength
M u for LRFD
M a for ASD
Braced vs. Unbraced Frames
M r B1M nt B2 M lt
Eq. C2-1a
Mnt = Maximum 1st order moment assuming no
sidesway occurs
Mlt = Maximum 1st order moment caused by sidesway
B1 = Amplification factor for moments in member
with no sidesway
B2 = Amplification factor for moments in member
resulting from sidesway
Braced Frames
M P yo y
1
Mo
P
P
e
Braced Frames
Braced Frames
Cm
B1
1
1 aPr Pe1
AISC Equation C2 - 2
Pr = required axial compressive strength
= Pu for LRFD
= Pa for ASD
Pr has a contribution from the P effect and is given by
Pr Pnt B2 Plt
Braced Frames
Cm
B1
1
1 aPr Pe1
a = 1 for LRFD
= 1.6 for ASD
2 EI
Pe1
2
K1L
AISC Equation C2 - 2
Braced Frames
Cm coefficient accounts for the shape of the moment
diagram
Braced Frames
Cm For Braced & NO TRANSVERSE LOADS
M1
AISC C2 - 4
Cm 0.6 0.4
M2
M1: Absolute smallest End Moment
M2: Absolute largest End Moment
Braced Frames
Cm For Braced & NO TRANSVERSE LOADS
aPr
AISC Commentary C2 - 2
Cm 1
Pe1
2 o EI
-1
2
MoL
AISC Commentary Table C - C2.1
COSERVATIVELY
Cm= 1
Unbraced Frames
M r B1M nt B2 M lt
Eq. C2-1a
Mnt = Maximum 1st order moment assuming no
sidesway occurs
Mlt = Maximum 1st order moment caused by sidesway
B1 = Amplification factor for moments in member
with no sidesway
B2 = Amplification factor for moments in member
resulting from sidesway
Unbraced Frames
Unbraced Frames
Unbraced Frames
B2
a Pnt
1
Pe 2
a = 1.00 for LRFD
= 1.60 for ASD
= sum of required load capacities for all columns in
the story under consideration
= sum of the Euler loads for all columns in the
story under consideration
nt
e2
Unbraced Frames
2 EI
Pe 2 K L 2
2
Used when shape is known
e.g. check of adequacy
e2
Rm
HL
H
Used when shape is NOT known
e.g. design of members
Unbraced Frames
EI
Pe 2 K L 2
2
2
e2
Rm
I = Moment of inertia about axis of bending
K2 = Unbraced length factor corresponding to the
unbraced condition
L = Story Height
Rm = 0.85 for unbraced frames
H = drift of story under consideration
H = sum of all horizontal forces causing H
HL
H
