Beam-column Connection or Member
Subjected to Bending and Axial Tension
Members Under Combined Forces
Most beams and columns are subjected to some degree of both bending and axial load
e.g. Statically Indeterminate Structures
A B
P1
C D
P2
E F
Effective Length Approach (K
(Kx>1)
Concentrically Loaded Compression Members
Pu c Pn
Approach 1a elastic critical buckling load is determined
by using the AISI torsional
torsional--flexural buckling provisions
Approach 1b
1b elastic critical buckling load is determined
by performing an elastic buckling analysis
Effective Length Approach (Kx>1)
Combined Compressive Axial Load and Bending
Pu Mu
1
c Pn b M n
Approach 1c elastic critical buckling load is determined
by using the AISC torsional
torsional--flexural buckling provisions
Approach 1d
1d elastic critical buckling load is determined
by performing an elastic buckling analysis
Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Tension
Design of Members for Combined Forces
Pr
For 0.2
Pc
Pr 8 M rx M ry
1.0
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pr
For 0.2
Pc
Pr M M ry
rx
2 Pc M cx M cy 1.0
where,
• x = subscript relating symbol to strong axis bending
• y = subscript relating symbol to weak axis bending
Design of Members for Combined Forces
• Pr = required axial compressive strength using
LRFD load combinations
• Mr = required flexural strength using LRFD
load combinations
• Pc = c Pn = design axial compressive strength
according to Chapter E
• Mc = b Mn = design flexural strength
according to Chapter F.
• c = 0.90 and b = 0.90
Design of Members for Combined Forces
Pr 8 M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy Pc
Pr M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy Pc
Axial Capacity Pc
Pn Fcr Ag
QF y
KL E
0.658 F
e
QFy if 4.71
r QFy
Fcr or Fe 0.44QFy
0.877 Fe otherwise
Axial Capacity Pc
Fe: Elastic Buckling Stress corresponding to the controlling mode of
failure (flexural, torsional or flexural torsional)
Theory of Elastic Stability (Timoshenko & Gere 1961)
Flexural Buckling Torsional Buckling Flexural Torsional Flexural Torsional
2-axis of symmetry Buckling Buckling
1 axis of symmetry No axis of symmetry
2E AISC Eqtn AISC Eqtn AISC Eqtn
Fe E4-4 E4-5 E4-6
KL / r 2
Axial Capacity Pc
LRFD
Pc c Pn
c resistance factor for compression 0.90
c Pn design compressive strength
Axial Capacity Pc
ASD
Pn
Pc
c
c safety factor for compression 1.67
Pn c allowable compressive strength
Moment Capacities
Pr 8 M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy Pc
Pr M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy Pc
Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy
M p for Lb Lp
Lb Lp
M n Cb M p M p M r M p for Lp Lb Lr
Lr Lp
F S M for L L
cr x p r b
M r 0.7 Fy S x
2
2
Cb E Jc Lb
Fcr 2
1 0.078
Lb rts S x ho rts
REMEMBER TO CHECK FOR NON-
COMPACT SHAPES
Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy
REMEMBER TO ACCOUNT FOR LOCAL BUCKLING IF
APPROPRIATE
M p for p
p
M n M p M p M r M p for p r
r p
F S M for
cr x p r
Moment Capacity Mcx or Mcy
LRFD ASD
M bM Mn
c n Mc
b
b 0.90 b 1.67
Axial Demand
Pr 8 M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy Pc
Pr M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy Pc
Axial Demand Pr
LRFD ASD
Pr Pu Pr Pa
factored service
Demand
Pr 8 M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy Pc
Pr M rx M ry Pr
1.0 for 0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy Pc
Second Order Effects & Moment
Amplification
P P
ymax @ x=L/2 = d
Mmax @ x=L/2 = M o + Pd =wL2/8 + Pd
additional moment causes additional
deflection
Second Order Effects & Moment
Amplification
Consider
P P
H H
Mmax = M o + PD
additional moment causes additional
deflection
Design Codes
AISC Permits
Second Order Analysis
or
Moment Amplification Method
Compute moments from 1st order analysis
Multiply by amplification factor
Braced vs. Unbraced Frames
M r B1M nt B2 M lt
Eq. C2-1a
M r required momentstrength
M u for LRFD
M a for ASD
Braced vs. Unbraced Frames
Mr B1Mnt B2Mlt AISC Eq. A-8-1
Mnt = Maximum 1st order moment assuming no
sidesway occurs
Mlt = Maximum 1st order moment caused by sidesway
B1 = Magnification factor for moments in member
with no sidesway
B2 = Magnification factor for moments in member
resulting from sidesway
Braced Frames
Cm
B1 1 AISC Equation C2 - 2
1 aPr Pe1
Pr = required axial compressive strength
= Pu for LRFD
= Pa for ASD
Final axial strength Pr has a contribution from the PD
effect and is given by
Pr Pnt B2 Plt AISC Eq. A-8-2
Braced Frames
Cm
B1 1 AISC Equation C2 - 2
1 aPr Pe1
a = 1 for LRFD
= 1.6 for ASD
2 EI
Pe1 2
K1L
Braced Frames
Cm coefficient accounts for the shape of the
moment diagram
Braced Frames
Cm For Braced & NO TRANSVERSE LOADS
M1
Cm 0.6 0.4 AISC C2 - 4
M2
M1: Absolute smallest End Moment
M2: Absolute largest End Moment
Braced Frames
Cm For Braced & NO TRANSVERSE LOADS
aPr
Cm 1 AISC Commentary C2 - 2
Pe1
2 o EI
2
-1
MoL
AISC Commentary Table C - C2.1
COSERVATIVELY Cm = 1
Unbraced Frames
M r B1M nt B2 M lt AISC Eq. A-8-1
Mnt = Maximum 1st order moment assuming no
sidesway occurs
Mlt = Maximum 1st order moment caused by sidesway
B1 = Magnification factor for moments in member
with no sidesway
B2 = Magnification factor for moments in member
resulting from sidesway
Unbraced Frames
Unbraced Frames
Unbraced Frames
1
B2 1 a = 1.00 for LRFD
a Pnt = 1.60 for ASD
1
Pe 2
Pnt = sum of required load capacities for all columns in the story under
consideration
e 2 consideration
P = sum of the Euler loads for all columns in the story under
Unbraced Frames
2 EI
Pe 2 K L 2 P Rm HL
e2
2 H
Used when shape is known Used when shape is NOT known
e.g. check of adequacy e.g. design of members
Unbraced Frames
EI
Pe 2 K L 2
2
P Rm HL
e2
2 H
I = Moment of inertia about axis of bending
K2 = Unbraced length factor corresponding to the unbraced
condition
L = Story Height
Rm = 0.85 for unbraced frames
DH = drift of story under consideration
SH = sum of all horizontal forces causing DH
Example
