Lecture Notes :BASIC LAWS IN

MODELING
Principles of Formulation of model:
•Basis
•Assumptions
•Mathematical consistency of model
•Solution of the model equations
•Verification
Equations of Motion:
The basis is Newton’s second law of motion i.e. force is equal to
mass time acceleration for a system with constant mass, where F
is force, M mass a acceleration.

Ma
F
gc

In a more general form, where mass can vary with time,

where vi is velocity in the i direction and Fij is the jth force
acting in the i direction.

1 d ( Mvi ) N
  Fij
gc dt j 1
• The above equation implies that the time rate of change of
momentum in the i direction (mass times velocity in the i
direction) is equal to the net sum of the force pushing in the
i direction.
• This is a dynamic force balance and it is conservation of
momentum.
• In practice there are three directions x, y, and z. Thus three
force balance equations can be written for any system.
• Normal practice is to write the three force balance
equations as one vector equation.

N.B. The field of fluid dynamics makes extensive use of the

conservation of momentum.

• [Therefore each system has three equations of motion plus

one total mass balance, one energy equation and NC-1
component balance equations.]
Ex.9:
The gravity flow tank system as below provides a simple example
of the application of the equations of motion to a macroscopic
system.
As in fig below the length of the exit line be L (m) and its cross
sectional area be Ap (m2). The vertical cylindrical tank has a cross
sectional area of AT (m2).

F0 (t)

F (t), h

F (t)

Gravity Flow Tank

• In the tank an incompressible (constant density) liquid is
pumped at a variable rate F0 (m3/s). This inflow rate can vary
with time because of changes in operations upstream (plug
flow).
• The height of liquid in the vertical cylinder tank is h m.
• The flow rate out of the tank is F (m3/s).
• Now F0, h and F all vary with time.
• Liquid leaves the base of the tank via a long horizontal pipe and
discharges into the top of another tank.
• Both tanks are open to the atmosphere.
• At steady state the flow rate out of the tank must equal the flow
rate into the tank.
• [Mathematically at steady state all time derivatives equal to
zero or to allowing time to become very large i.e. go to infinity.]
 At steady state

F0  F
• The height of liquid in the tank at steady state would
also be constant h.
• The value of h would be that height that provides
enough hydraulic pressure head at the inlet of the pipe
to overcome the frictional losses of liquid flowing down
the pipe.
• The higher the flow rate F, the higher h will be.
• In a steady state design of the tank we would naturally
size the diameter of the exit line and the height of the
tank so that at the maximum flow rate expected the
tank would not overflow.
• The force balance in the liquid flow through the pipe have a
mass equal to the volume of the pipe (ApL) time the density
of the liquid .
• This mass of liquid will have a velocity v (m/s).
M  Ap L 
F
v 
Ap

• As the system is in plug flow condition and incompressible

liquid therefore all the liquid is moving at the same velocity,
more or less like a solid rod.
• The amount of liquid in the pipe will not change with time but
if we want to change the rate of outflow the velocity of the
liquid must be changed .
• To change the velocity or momentum of the liquid a force
must be exerted on the liquid.
 • The direction of interest in this problem is horizontal,
since the pipe is assumed to be horizontal. Therefore
pushing at the left end of pipe is the hydraulic pressure
force in the liquid in the tank.

g
Hydraullic force  Ap  h
gc

Where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

The static pressure in the tank and at end of the pipe are
same so we do not have to include them.

Frictional force  K F Lv2

 1 d ( Ap L  v) g
 Ap  h  K F Lv 2
gc dt gc

or
dv g K F gc 2
 h v
dt L  Ap
The sign of the frictional force is –ve because it acts in the
direction opposite to the flow.
Ex.10:
Consider a petroleum pipe line where several products are
transferred from one location to another on a batch basis.
To reduce the product contamination at the end of a batch
transfer, a ball called pig that just fits the pipe is inserted in one
end of the line.
Inert gas is introduced behind the pig to push it through the line
thus purging the line of whatever liquid is in it.

Inert gas P0 v
Liquid

L-z

PIPE LINE AND PIG

Assumptions:

• The pig is weightless and frictionless compared with the

liquid in the line.
• Let z be the axial position of the pig at anytime.
• The liquid is incompressible and flows in plug flow. It exerts
frictional force proportional to the square of its velocity and
to the length of pipe still containing liquid.
• The cross sectional area of the pipe is Ap.
• The mass of the fluid in the pipe is (L-Z)Ap.
• The pressure P0 of inert gas behind the pig is constant all
the down the pipeline.
• The tank into which the liquid dumps ia at atm. Pressure.
• The pipe is horizontal.

Frictional force  K F ( L  Z )v 2
A force balance in the horizontal z direction

1 d [  Ap v( L  Z )]
 P0 Ap  K F ( L  Z )v 2
gc dt
dz
Nowv 
dt
dz
d [( L  Z ) ] 2
P g g K
dt  0 c  c F ( L  Z )  dz 
 
dt   Ap  dt 
 Ex.11:
Ex of a microscopic system, laminar flow of an incompressible
newtonian liquid in a cylindrical pipe.
Newtonian means force is proportional to the shear rate or the
velocity gradient.
 vz
 rz  
g c r
Since the system is incompressible there is no radial flow of
fluid or vr=0.
The system is symmetrical with respect to the angular
coordinate and therefore we need to consider only two
dimensions r and z.
The forces in the z direction acting on the element are as
follows.
Forces acting left to right:
Shear force on face r   rz (2 rdz)

 (2 rdr ) P
Pressure forces on face
at z

Forces acting right to left

 (2 rdz rz )
Shear force on face at r+dr  2 rdz rz  dr
r

 (2 rdrP)
Pressure forces on face  2 rdrP  dz
at z+dz z
The rate of change of momentum of the system is

1  (2 rdzdr  vz )
gc t
Combining all the above equation we get

r  vz  (r rz ) P
 r
g c t r z
Quantity
q NA  rz

T C A v z
z z r

KT DA μ
 h  C pT
H  C pT  v

T
h   C p (T ) dT
T0

C p (T )  A1  A2T

T2 T A2 2
h  [ AT     
2
1 A2 ]T0 A1 (T T0 ) (T T0 )
2 2
 NC

x h M
j 1
j j j

h NC

x M
j 1
j j
 PV  nRT
nM MP
v  
V RT
NC

v 
j 1
j j 0


Va A 
 Vb B
k1

k2

vb  B  va  A  0
 j   j  RT ln p j
0
vb (   RT ln PB )  va (   RT ln PA )  0
0
B
0
A

RT ln( PB )  RT ln( PA )  va   vb 
vb va 0
A
0
B

( PB ) vb
va   vb 
0 0
ln va
 A B

( PA ) RT
vb
( PB )
K p  ln va
( PA )
  Ij   IIj

Pj  Pyi
NC
P   xjP j
s

j 1

x j Pjs
yj 
P
 Aj
ln P 
j
s
 Bj
T

yi
xi
 ji 
yj
xj
 y
 x
(1  y )
(1  x)
x
y
1  (  1) x