ZTE

Basic knowledge of CDMA

MSC Based WLL
(BSNL)

Compiled by: M.Pandian, Divisional Engineer

CDOT Installation, Salem-1
E-Mail: [email protected]
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 Advantages of CDMA
• Frequency reuse
• Large coverage
• High spectrum capacity
• High Privacy
• Soft Handoff
• Good Voice quality (using Voice Coding)
• Perfect Power Control
• Smooth migration to 3G
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 Advantages of CDMA
AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS
Frequency 1 3 1 Users 2
reuse facto is 1; 7
6
1
3
4
Vulnerability: 5
network C/I @ 17 dB
30 30 10 kHz
design and Typical Frequency Reuse N=7

expanding GSM
become much Vulnerability: 2
8 Users C/I @ 12-14 dB 1
easier 4
3

200 kHz
Typical Frequency Reuse N=4

CDMA Vulnerability: 1
Eb/No @ 6--7 dB 1 1
1
1 1
20 Users 1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1250 kHz 1
Typical Frequency Reuse N=1
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 Advantages of CDMA

large coverage
almost 2 times than GSM, save money for
operator

Example:cover 1000 km2： GSM

need 200 BTS ，CDMA
only need 50 BTS
Attention: exact result need
“Link Budget ”

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 Advantages of CDMA
High spectrum capacity:
8--10 times than AMPS,
FDMA
4—6 times than GSM
FDMA---Different user use different Power

frequency
TACS、AMPS
TDMA
TDMA---Different user use different
time slot of one frequency Power

GSM、DAMPS

CDMA---Different user use same CDMA

frequency at the same time,but with
different spreading code Power

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 Advantages of CDMA
High privacy,hard to wiretapping

Each user is below

Spread signal the noise deeply

Information Demodulated
signal signal

TX RX

Spread code Spread code

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 Advantages of CDMA
Use soft handoff, decrease drop-call rate

CDMA: “make before break”---soft handoff

Other systems: “make after break”---hard handoff
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 Advantages of CDMA
Good voice quality, use 8k,13K(QCELP,EVRC)voice
coding—the best coding method in the world.

Voice quality
(MOS)

64k 13k 8k 13k 8kEVRC

PCM GSM CDMA CDMA CDMA

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 Advantages of CDMA

Perfect Power Control and voice activation make the MS

Power low, healthy for humanbody—green mobile phone.

Mean Power Max Power

GSM: 125mW 2W
CDMA: 2mW 200mW
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 Advantages of CDMA
Smooth migration to 3G and the operator’s benefit
is protected at the most

95A  95B 95B  1X 1X  1XEV

 Software update  Add 1X channel  Add 1XEV
Technical channel board
 Replace MS to board
Scheme:
get new service  Software update  Software update
 Replace MS to ge  Replace MS to

new service get new service

Economic
Scheme:  Almost free  inexpensive  inexpensive

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 ZTE’s Activities in CDMA
• In 1995, CDMA mobile telecommunication project was started

• In November, 1999, ZTE signed the “Agreement on CDMA R&D” with Qualcomm

• In August, 2000, the first field trial was set up.

• In September, 2000, ZTE presented the first CDMA handset with UIM in the
world.

• In January, 2001, the first cdma2000-1x call was passed through in lab

• In March, 2001, ZTE cdma2000-1x realized the integrated transmission of voice,

data & image. The data rate reach up to 153.6Kbps.

• The certificates acquired:

– CDMA 800M ZXC10-MSC/VLR, HLR/AUC,BSC, BTS network access licenses
– CDMA 800M/1.9G ZXC10-BTS type approval certificates

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 ZTE - CDMA
PSTN/PLMN

MSC/VLR HLR/AUC
Abis
E1
Um BTS（IS-95） SC

IS95 BSC（IS-95）

Abis

BTS（IS-95）
WIN
IP HA
Um Abis
BSC/ PCF (1X)
IS2000 E1 OMC
E1 Internet
STM-1
2G/3G BTS（1X） Ethernet
终端 路由器 路由器
IP
Abis Ethernet
BSC/ PCF (1X) PDSN/FA
E1
STM-1
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BTS（1X） AAA 业务服务器
 ZXC10 MSC / VLR
• ZXC10 MSC/VLR/SSP 1X stands for The
CDMA mobile switching center/visitor
location register product.
• MSC is a functional entity that performs the
controlling and switching of mobile
subscribers within the area it serves, and it is
automatic switching equipment for the traffic
between MSCs or between MSC of CDMA
network and switches of other public
networks.
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 ZXC10 MSC / VLR
• MSC performs the common signaling
function and billing function, and offers
network interfaces.
• It performs the management of signaling
system, wireless resource and A interface
signaling between BSS and MSC.
• It also sets up the calling route for the
called mobile subscribers if the function
of GMSC has been integrated.
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 ZXC10 MSC / VLR
• VLR is a database and responsible for
the storage and updating of data of
mobile subscribers that roam to the
service area of this VLR.
• The information includes user number,
property, and location identification and
service parameters.

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 Technical specifications
• MSC system capacity: 600,000
• Max Number of subscribers: 600,000
(64K*64K)
• Call Processing Capacity for Single Module:
500K BHCA
• Max Call Processing Capacity: 5,000K BHCA
• Max Traffic: 21,000Erl
• Max Number of No.7 signaling links: 640 links
• VLR System Capacity: 800,000
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 Architecture of CDMA system

MS MSC PSTN

Um E Ai

Abis A B
BTS BSC MS C/SSP VLR

BSS
Q C D

M N N
MC MC HLR AUC

MSS

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 Architecture of CDMA system

•MS: Mobile Station

•BSC: Base Station Controller
•BTS: Base Transceiver Station
•MSC: Mobile Switching Center
•VLR: Visitor Location Register
•HLR: Home Location Register
•AUC: Authentication Center
•OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center
•MC: Message Center
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 Other Terminologies used

• PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network

• ESN: Electronic Serial Number
• MIN: Mobile Station Identification Number
• IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber
Identification
• MSIN: Mobile Station Identification Number
• MCC: Mobile Country Code
• MNC: Mobile Network Code
• SID: System Identification
• NID: Network Identification

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 Architecture of CDMA system

Main components of CDMA

•MSS (Mobile Switching Sub-system)

•BSS (Base Station Sub-system)
•MS (Mobile Station)
•OMC (Operation and Maintenance Center)

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 Architecture of CDMA system

1. Base Station Sub-system

•Function: It provides trunks between wireless
part and fixed part of PLMN network.

---BSC
BSC performs the controlling function and
management.
---BTS
BTS is in charge of wireless transmission.

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 Architecture of CDMA system

2. Mobile Switching Sub-system

•Function:
•CDMA switching function
—Manage mobile subscriber data
—Manage database for mobile service
—Interface between CDMA network and other
network (such as PSTN, other PLMN etc.).
•It includes 4 function units:
---MSC ---VLR
---HLR ---AUC
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 Architecture of CDMA system

1) Mobile Switching Center(MSC)

•It is responsible for setting up, managing and clearing
connections as well as routing the calls to the proper
user.

• It provides the network interfaces, the charging

function and the function of processing the signaling.

• MSC get data for call handling from 3 databases:

VLR/HLR/AUC

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 Architecture of CDMA system
2) Visitor Location Register(VLR)
• VLR is a dynamic database used by MSC for information
index. It stores all related information of mobile
subscribers that enter its coverage area, which enables
MSC to set up incoming and outgoing calls.
• Subscriber parameters include: subscriber number,
location area identity(LAI), user’s status, services which
subscriber can use and so on.
• When the subscriber leaves this area, it should register
in another VLR, and the previous VLR will delete all the
data about this subscriber.
• VLR can be built together with the MSC or set
separately 24
 Architecture of CDMA system
3) Home Location Register (HLR)

• HLR: It is a static database. When a user apply for

mobile service, all data about this subscriber will be
stored in HLR.
•Information:
----Subscriber information (ESN, MDN, IMSI, MIN),
service information and valid term.
----The mobile subscriber location (MSC/VLR address),
so as to set up the call route to the MS.
• HLR can be built together with the MSC or set
separately. 25
 Architecture of CDMA system
4) Authentication Center
• Conception: It is an entity to prevent illegal
subscribers from accessing CDMA network. It can
generate the parameter to confirm the subscriber’s
identity. At the same time it can encrypt user’s data
according to user’s request.
• Composition:
— Database: save MIN,ESN, authentication key)
— Generator of random number
— Algorithm(CAVE algorithm)
— AUC can be built separately or together with HLR
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 Architecture of CDMA system
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
OMC provides operation and maintenance services to
the network operator, manages the registered
subscriber information and conducts network planning
to enhance the overall working efficiency and service
quality of the system.

Based on the main maintenance functions, there are two

types of operation and maintenance centers: OMC-S
and OMC-R. The OMC-S is mainly responsible for
maintenance of MSS while the OMC-R is mainly for BSS.

We also call OMC as background. 27

ZXC10 BSC

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 ZXC10 BSC-FEATURES
• Two layer high rate packet network structure based on ATM
technology
• Circuit-supporting data service such as asynchronous data, G3
fax.
• Supporting various types of voice conversion algorithm: QCELP
(IS-95), 13kbps Pure Voice (IS-733), EVRC (IS-127) and echo
cancellation.
• Built-in PCF, which supports high rate packet data service
primarily based on mobile IP
• Providing E1/STM-1, which supports A3 and A7 interfaces
defined by IOS4.0 and implements the interconnection of BSCs.
• Providing E1/STM-1, which supports A1, A2 and A5 interfaces
defined by IOS4.0 and implements the interconnection of MSCs.
• Providing Fast Ethernet/ATM., which supports A10 and A11
interfaces defined by IOS4.0 and implements the
interconnection of PDSNs.

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The basic performances of ZXC10 BSC
• Each BSC owns a HIRS network providing 256 high rate
serial ports. Each serial port affords 10Mbps
transmission capacity.
• Each BSC/PCF provides 240 E1 links with MSC maximum.
• Each BSC/PCF provides 380 E1 inks with BTSs maximum.
• Each BSC/PCF supports 7200-selectors/ vocoders
maximum.
• Each BSC/PCF has the maximum traffic processing
capacity of 5040 Erl.
• Each BSC/PCF processes 170,000 voice users maximum
(based on 0.03Erl/sub)
• Each BSC/PCF can connect with 380 BTSs (single
carrier/single sector) maximum.
• The BSC/PCF supports packet data services. Each
Supports 1260 active PPP connections and 24,000
dormant PPP connections.
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ZXC10 BTS

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The basic performances-BTS
– RAKE receiving, diversity sending, and smart antenna
– Softer handoff between sectors, soft handoff, and hard
handoff
– Cell breathing, blossoming, wilting, and TPTL
– High efficient wireless resource management
– Hot standby for key components
– Automatic and periodical performance test to ensure
reliability
– All boards can be hot swapped, supporting on line
maintenance
– Module function is relatively independent. Single rack of BTS
can accomplish 1,2,3 and 4 carriers, supporting Omni-, 2-
sector, 3-sector and 6-sector cell. Supporting capacity
expansion in stacking method

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 The basic performances-BTS
• Supporting 128 forward channels among which 55 channels
are traffic channels with data rate of 9.6kbps (Practically
40 x 3 = 120 traffic channels per ‘3sector’ BTS is
possible.)
• All the channel units in a rack form a sharing pool
• Providing optic fiber interface between base band digital
subsystem and radio frequency subsystem.
• Base station supports indoor modules, outdoor modules and
remote RF modules in various packing styles
• Supporting two types of clock systems: GPS and
GLONASS Simultaneously
• Supporting voice services and mobile IP-based high rate
packet data services
• Providing E1 or STM-1 links between BTS and BSC
according to the capacity of BTS
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 BDS: Base band Digital Subsystem

• CHM: Channel Processing Module

• CCM: Communication Control Module
• RFIM: RF Interface Module
• SAM: Site alarm module
 BTS_CDSU: BTS-side CDSU module

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TFS:Timing Frequency Subsystem
• GPSTM:GPS Timing Module
• FDM: Frequency Distribution Module
• TCM: Timing Control Module

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 RFS:RF Subsystem
• TRX: RF Transceiver
• HPA: High Power Amplifier
• RFE: RF Front End
• RFCM: RF Control Module
• BTM: Base station testing module

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 CDMA Forward Traffic
Channels CDMA Cell Site
Pilot

Forward Traffic Channel

Forward Traffic Channel Sync

• Forward Traffic Channel

Paging

Forward Traffic Channel

•Used for the transmission of user and signaling

information to a specific mobile station during a call.
•Maximum number of traffic channels: 64 minus one Pilot
channel, one Sync channel, and 7 Paging channel.
•This leaves each CDMA frequency with at least 55
traffic channels.
•Unused paging channels can provide up to 6 additional
channels.
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 Pilot Channel
• Used by the mobile station for initial system acquisition
• Transmitted constantly by the base station
• The same Short PN sequences are shared by all base stations
– Each base station is differentiated by a phase offset
• Provides tracking of:
– Timing reference
– Phase reference
• Separation by phase provides for extremely high reuse
within one CDMA channel frequency
• Acquisition by mobile stations is enhanced by:
– Short duration of Pilot PN sequence
– Uncoded nature of pilot signal
• Facilitates mobile station-assisted handoffs
– Used to identify handoff candidates
– Key factor in performing soft handoffs
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 Sync Message Parameters
• Message Type (MSG_TYPE) – Identifies this message and
determines its structure (set to the fixed value of ‘00000001’)
• Protocol Revision Level (P_REV) – Shall be set to ‘00000001’
• Minimum Protocol Revision Level (MIN_P_REV) – 8-bit unsigned
integer identifying the minimum protocol revision level required to
operate on the system. Only mobile stations that support revision
numbers greater than or equal to this field can access the system.
• System ID (SID) – 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the system
• Network ID (NID) – 16-bit unsigned integer identifying the
network within the system (defined by the owner of the SID)
• Pilot PN Sequence Offset Index (PILOT_PN) – Set to the pilot PN
offset for the base station (in units of 64 chips), assigned by the
network planner
• Long Code State (LC_STATE) – Provides the mobile station with
the base station long code state at the time given by the
SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically
• System Time (SYS_TIME) – GPS system-wide time as 320 ms
after the end of the last superframe containing any part of this
message, minus the pilot PN offset, in units of 80 ms, generated
dynamically
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 Sync Channel Message (cont.)
• Leap Seconds (LP_SEC) – Number of leap seconds that have occurred
since the start of system time (January 6, 1980 at 00:00:00 hours) as
given in the SYS_TIME field, generated dynamically
• Local Time Offset (LTM_OFF) – Two’s complement offset of local time
from system time in units of 30 minutes, generated dynamically
– Current local = SYS_TIME – LP_SEC + LTM_OFF
• Daylight savings time indicator (DAYLT) – Determined by the network
planner
– 1 if daylight savings in effect in this base station
– 0 otherwise
• Paging Channel Data Rate (PRAT) – The data rate of the paging channel
for this system, determined by the network planner
– 00 if 9600 bps
– 01 if 4800 bps
• CDMA Frequency Assignment (CDMA_FREQ)

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 Paging Channels
Paging Channel

Used by the base station to

transmit system overhead information
and mobile station-specific messages.

•There is one paging channel per sector per CDMA

carrier
•The Paging Channel uses Walsh function 1
•Two rates are supported: 9600 and 4800 bps

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 CDMA Reverse Traffic Channels

Reverse Traffic Channel

Used when a call is in progress to send:

•Voice traffic from the subscriber
•Response to commands/queries from the base station
•Requests to the base station
Supports variable data rate operation for:
8 Kbps vocoder
•Rate Set 1 - 9600, 4800, 2400 and 1200 bps
13 Kbps vocoder
•Rate Set 2 - 14400, 7200, 3600, 1800 bps
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 Access Channels
4800 bps

• Used by the mobile station to:

– Initiate communication with the base station
– Respond to Paging Channel messages
• Has a fixed data rate of 4800 bps
• Each Access Channel is associated with only one
Paging Channel
• Up to 32 access channels (0-31) are supported per
Paging Channel
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 CDMA MS Call Processing
Power-Up

Initialization
Mobile station Mobile station is in idle handoff
has fully acquired with NGHBR_CONFG equal to
system timing ‘011’ or is unable to receive
Paging Channel Message

Mobile station ends use

Idle of the Traffic Channel

Mobile station receives an ACK to

an Access Channel transmission
Mobile station receives a Paging other than an Origination Message
Channel message requiring ACK or a Page Response Message
or response, originates a call, or
performs registration System
Access

Mobile station is directed Traffic

to a Traffic Channel

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 Field Problems
• ZTE Instruments reading the Primary Channel
42 and 83 in the same instrument; example
felt at Namakkal and Attur.
• Cell Demarcation: Subscriber of one SDCA
has to work in the BTS located in the other
SDCA with the dominated signal. Example at
Kandhampayam and Puduchathiram. This has
been experimented at Madurai MSC and to be
tried at Pondichery MSC also.

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Thanks for listening

Contact me at
9443200325
04272452266

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