Citation Management
Bibliography
• A bibliography is a list of books, scholarly articles, speeches,
private records, diaries, interviews, laws, letters, websites, and
other sources you use when researching a topic and writing a
paper. The bibliography appears at the end.
• The main purpose of a bibliography entry is to give credit to
authors whose work you've consulted in your research. It also
makes it easy for a reader to find out more about your topic by
delving into the research that you used to write your paper
• Bibliography entries must be written in a very specific format, but
that format will depend on the particular style of writing you
follow.
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Components of Bibliography Entry
• Bibliography entries will contain:
– Authors and/or editors (and translator, if applicable)
– Title of your source (as well as edition, volume, and the
book title if your source is a chapter or article in a multi-
author book with an editor)
– Publication information (the city, state, name of the
publisher, date published, page numbers consulted, and
URL or DOI, if applicable)
– Access date, in the case of online sources (check with the
style guide at the beginning of your research as to
whether you need to track this information)
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Reference/Citation/Works Cited
• Works Cited is sometimes refereed to as Reference. These terms
mean the same thing. Each is an alphabetical list of works cited, or
works to which you have made reference. Works Cited is generally
used when citing sources using MLA style, while the title
Reference is used when citing sources using APA style.
• In Works Cited/Reference you only list items you have actually
cited. In a bibliography you list all of the material you have
consulted in preparing your essay/project report whether or not
you have actually cited the work.
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Purpose
1. Attribution serves as a fact-checking tool.
2. Citation makes you a better researcher.
3. Good citation practices make you a better writer.
4. A good bibliography shows off your scientific knowledge.
5.Careful citation practices will build your credibility as a scientist or
scholar.
6.Citation enables better verification of your work.
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Attribution serves as a fact-checking tool
• Accuracy is all important in any writing, especially when
we write about science. The very act of looking up a
reference for verification serves as an accuracy check,
e.g., to double check a direct quote, to ensure the
fidelity of a passage that you paraphrased, or to cite
another study that is related to your study.
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Citation makes you a better researcher
• Good citation practices can help with both. The proper
attribution of sources entails many details, such as
correct page numbers, the spelling of author names,
and of course, the accuracy of facts that you are
presenting in your own article or other work.
•
• Becoming detail-oriented in one aspect automatically
instills good habits across the board in your research.
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Good citation practices make you a
better writer.
• Citing specific sources for the various facts that we present
removes the hallmarks of intellectual laziness, vague thinking,
and sloppy writing as generalizations, clichés, and outright false
claims, e.g., as when the phrases, “everyone knows” or “they
say,” are replaced with specific sources.
• When you cite sources properly, you leave no question in your
readers’ minds regarding your point. Furthermore, by citing, you
can easily use active language and avoid raising the dreaded red
flag of passivity to journal editors and reviewers. Cite well, and
you may forever expunge the phrase “It is said” from your
academic paper.
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A good bibliography shows off your
scientific knowledge.
• A bibliography is simply the compilation of the various
sources that you have read and cited in your own
manuscript, dissertation, book, etc. Thus, an extensive
bibliography is naturally a hallmark of a widely read and
well-informed scientist.
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Careful citation practices will build your
credibility as a scientist or scholar.
• This point is a simple corollary of the previous one.
Indeed, showing off scholarship is simply the icing on
the cake of what a well-cited article has to offer. A
deeper, more meaningful role that a good bibliography
plays for researchers is to establish a writer‘s credibility
among peers in their field. The better documented your
research and arguments, the more credible you are to
your scientific colleagues.
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Citation enables better verification of
your work
• Any piece of academic writing gets vetted several times
over before it finally makes it into print or onto a
website. Whether one is a peer reviewer, editor, or
editorial assistant whose job is simply to track down
sources in the bibliography and make sure that the
citations are accurate, life is simply easier when there is
less busy work. So, your paper is much more likely to be
passed through these multiple rounds of editing with
minimal criticism and positive feedback if you have
already taken the trouble to attribute your information
correctly and cite all your sources. 11
Citation Styles
• There are (3) major citation styles used in academic writing:
– Modern Language Association (MLA)
– American Psychological Association (APA)
– Chicago, which supports two styles:
• Notes and Bibliography
• Author-Date.
• There are many other citation styles used in specific academic
journals. To explore additional styles, check out the Other Citation
Styles page.
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Which citation style should I use?
• The citation style you choose will largely be dictated by the
discipline in which you're writing, and for most assignments your
instructor will assign a style to you. However, as you progress
through your academic career, you may find more flexibility in
choosing a style that works for you. It's always best to check with
your instructor and colleagues as to what style is appropriate. If
you have flexibility, use the guide below to help you decide.
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Which citation style should I use?
Humanities: English, Social Sciences, History, or the Physical, Natural, or
Art History, Education, Humanities Social Sciences
Philosophy, Music, Engineering, etc.
Religion, Language,
Linguistics,
Etc.Humanities:
English, Art History,
Philosophy, Music,
Religion, Language,
Linguistics, Etc.
MLA APA Chicago Notes & Chicago Author-Date
Bibliography
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BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING END-TEXT
REFERENCE
• The list of works should be arranged
alphabetically by the author’s surnames.
• The title of the reference list should be
“References” and should be centered on the
page.
• The reference list should begin on a new page.
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BRIEF GUIDELINES for GIVING END-TEXT
REFERENCE
• The entries should be double-spaced. The first line should be
flushed with the left margin, and all subsequent lines should be
indented five spaces from the left margin.
EXAMPLE:
Cox, K., & Hill, D. (2004). EAP now! English for Academic
Purposes: Teacher’s Book. New South Wales, NSW:
Pearson and Longman.
Indented
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BOOK WITH ONE WRITER
Initials of the Year of
Author’s author’s Name of the
Publication
surname first name book
Ayling, S. E. (1966). Portraits of power.
New York: Barnes & Nobles, Inc.
Publisher of the
City of book
publication
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CANKAYA UNIVRSITY - FOREIGN LANGUAGES- ENGLISH UNIT
BOOK WITH ONE WRITER
• As end-text reference:
Ayling, S. E. (1966). Portraits of Power. New York: Barnes &
Nobles, Inc.
HOW DO YOU CITE THIS BOOK AS IN-TEXT REFERENCE?
• As in-text reference:
(Ayling, 1966, p.56)
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BOOK WITH TWO WRITERS
• As end-text reference
Oshima, A., & Hogue, A. (1983). Writing academic english.
Massachutes: Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company.
HOW DO YOU CITE THIS BOOK AS IN-TEXT REFERENCE?
• As in-text reference
(Oshima & Hogue, 1983, p. 85)
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BOOK WITH THREE or MORE WRITERS
• List by last names and initials; commas
separate author names, while the last author
name is preceded again by ampersand.
Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R.C., & Curphy, G. J. (2006). Leadership:
Enhancing the lessons of experience (5th ed.). Singapore: Mc-
Graw-Hill.
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How do you cite this book in the text?
Hughes, R. L., Ginnett, R.C., & Curphy, G. J. (2006). Leadership:
Enhancing the lessons of experience (5th ed.). Singapore: Mc-
Graw-Hill.
The first time it is mentioned?
(Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2006, p. 34)
From the second time onwards?
(Hughes et al., 2006, p.34)
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Book – chapter in edited book
Helber, L. E., (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts
for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum
(Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles
and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England:
John Wiley.
The author and chapter title come first, followed by the
editors and book title. The page numbers of the chapter are also
required.
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BOOK WITH EDITOR(S)
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997).
Intercultural communication: A reader (8th ed.).
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
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WHAT DO THESE COLORS SHOW?
Helber, L. E., (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In
M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management
principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: John
Wiley.
Author’s
? name Year of Editors’
?
publication
? title
Chapter ?
names
Page
Book?name ? Place of
numbers ?
publication Publisher
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CHAPTER or ARTICLE in a BOOK
Surname Book’s year Name of Name of the
of the writer of publication the article book’s editors
King, M. L. (2007). Three ways of meeting oppression. In S Bachmann, & M. Barth
(Eds.),Between worlds: A reader, rhetoric and handbook (5th ed.). (pp. 237-240). New
York: Pearson – Longman.
page numbers Name of How many times the
of the article the book book has been edited
As in-text reference:
(King, 2007, pp. 237 – 238)
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ARTICLE in a JOURNAL
Name of Journal’s year Name of Name of the
writers of publication the article journal
Lewis, C., & Robinson W. (2005). The authoritarian personality. The Journal of
Psychology, 40 (4), 470 – 501.
Volume number Issue number page numbers
of the journal of the journal of the article
As in-text reference:
(Lewis & Robinson, 2005, p. 471)
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INTERNET ARTICLE
Author’s Date of publication / Name of
surname release on the Web the article
Mango, A. (2000, September 24). Atatürk in his lifetime and today. Retrieved September
1, 2008, from http://www.ataturksociety.org/asa/voa/mango.html
Date when the Web address of the site
article was accessed where the article was found
As in-text reference:
(Mango, 2000, para. 3)
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• You are not expected to memorize the conventions of
end-text referencing; when you need to prepare a
reference list, refer to;
DON’T WORRY!
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EXERCISE
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• Chapter or article in a book:
• Fontana, A. & Frey, J. (1994). Interviewing: The
art of science. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.),
Handbook of qualitative research. (pp. 361-376).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
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EXERCISE
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• An article in a journal:
• Rogers,G. (1999). Reflections on teaching
remote and isolated children. Education in Rural
Australia, 9 (2), 65-68.
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EXERCISE
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• A book:
• Gilbert, R. & Gilbert, P. (1998). Masculinity goes
to school. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
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EXERCISE
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• An internet article:
• Rothkop, D. (2007, February 24). In Praise of
Cultural Imperialism? Effects of Globalization on
Culture. Retrieved May 31, 2010, from
http://www.globalpolicy.org./glabaliz/cultural/gl
obalcult.htm
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Citation Management Tools
• Reference Management Tools help scholars to create and manage
their lists of references for research projects. Most tools are
designed to organize citations into specific formats for the
preparation of manuscripts and bibliographies. Many search tools
provide ways to download references into reference management
tools.
• This module will help you develop the skills necessary to use
three of the most used management softwares: Mendeley, Zotero
and EndNote Web.
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Citation Management Tools
• EndNote: NYU has a campus-wide license to this software,
which you download (at no cost to you) to your laptop or
desktop computer. The software includes a less developed
web-based component called EndNoteWeb, which can be
used to sync across multiple personal computers.
• Mendeley: Mendeley is a free citation manager with editing
functionality in both a web-based and a desktop
application. There is also a browser plug-in (compatible
with most major browsers) for saving citation information
from websites.
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Citation Management Tools
• Zotero : A free download that works with your web browser. There
are two options: Zotero for Firefox is a Firefox-specific extension
that offers the full range of functionality. Zotero Standalone -- a
separate browser-independent application that can be used with
Chrome, Safari, or Opera -- offers slightly less functionality than
the Firefox extension.
• RefWorks: NYU purchases a campus-wide subscription to this web-
based service that covers all members of the NYU community.
Because RefWorks is web-based, you can use it from any Internet-
connected computer/device on campus or off.
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Citation Management Tools
• Citation Management Tools enable you to:
– Import citations from databases, websites, catalogs
– Organize citations using folders and tags
– Attach PDFs, images, etc. to your citations
– Annotate your citations and/or PDFs
– Output auto-formatted bibliographies and in-text citations
(APA, MLA, & hundreds more styles)
• How do I choose the right tool?
– It depends on your personal needs and preferences. This
comparison chart can help.
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Features & Functionality of Citation
Management Tools
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Create References/Citations/Bibliography
using MS WORD
1. Put your cursor at the end of the text you want to cite.
2. Go to References > Style, and choose a citation style.
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Create References/Citations/Bibliography
using MS WORD
3. Select Insert Citation
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Create References/Citations/Bibliography
using MS WORD
4. Choose Add New Source and fill out the information about your
source. Once you've added a source to your list, you can cite it
again:
A. Put your cursor at the end of the text you want to cite.
B. Go to References > Insert Citation, and choose the source you
are citing.
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Create References/Citations/Bibliography
using MS WORD
5. To add details, like page numbers if you're citing a book, select
Citation Options, and then Edit Citation.
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