Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

0% found this document useful (0 votes)
90 views36 pages

Resident Physics Lectures: Radiography Geometry

This document discusses the geometry of shadow formation in radiography. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand how x-ray image formation relates to the geometry of shadow formation by light, and how distances and positions between the x-ray source, object, and detector affect image quality and distortions. It then explains that radiography involves projection imaging, where a 2D image is formed from the integration of tissue densities along the path of the x-ray beam. Key geometric factors that determine image quality are identified as the source-to-object distance, source-to-image distance, and ensuring parallel planes between the object and image.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
90 views36 pages

Resident Physics Lectures: Radiography Geometry

This document discusses the geometry of shadow formation in radiography. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to understand how x-ray image formation relates to the geometry of shadow formation by light, and how distances and positions between the x-ray source, object, and detector affect image quality and distortions. It then explains that radiography involves projection imaging, where a 2D image is formed from the integration of tissue densities along the path of the x-ray beam. Key geometric factors that determine image quality are identified as the source-to-object distance, source-to-image distance, and ensuring parallel planes between the object and image.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

Resident Physics Lectures

Radiography
Geometry
Prof. J.K Tonui, PhD

School of Medicine,
Department of Radiology & Imaging
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lecture, the student is expected

to:
 Extend geometry of shadow formation by light to x-ray

image formation.
 Define the terms SID, SOD, IOD and their affects on X-ray

image formation.
 Understand how distortions are produced in x-ray images,

and how to reduce through geometrical considerations.


 Understand 5-geometrical considerations that produces

detailed and sharp radiographs.

2 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Introduction
There two methods of image acquisition in

radiography:
 Projection imaging,

o A single image is created for a 3D body, which

o Is a “shadow” of body section in a particular direction

(integration thro’ the body in the direction of x-ray beam).


 Tomography imaging,
o A series of images are generated, one from each slice of a 3D

object in a particular direction (axial, coronal, sagittal).

3 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Projection Imaging
Convectional radiography

 Is a transmission imaging

procedure, where
 X-rays emerge from the x-ray tube

placed on one side of the pt.'s body


and passes thro’ it as shown in this
Fig. and
 Are detected on the other side of

the pt. by the screen-film detector.

4 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Projection Radiography
Fig.

 Shows complete

components of
the x-ray
imaging system
for the projection
radiography.

5 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Projection Radiography
 Projection imaging

 Produces a 2-D image of pt.’s 3-D

anatomy, and
 Hence, tissue information spanning the

direction of x-ray beam are lumped


together on the radiograph, for instance
 A single chest radiograph superposes

the images (shadows) of tissues (lungs,


spine, ribs, and the heart) located on
the path of x-ray beam and requires
careful interpretation.

6 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Tomography Radiography
 In tomography procedures,

 Image of each slice is obtained by taking

projection images along different directions {(a)


axial, (b) coronal, (c) sagittal}, and
 Then, images are reconstructed from projections

(back projection, or Radon transform).

7 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Projection Radiography

Typical projection
Typical arrangement for radiograph
projection imaging

8 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Geometry of Projection
Radiography
The primary effect of projection radiography

 Is to record an image of a 3D object (the pt.) in 2D, and

 As mentioned before, results in superposition of the

anatomy along each ray, which


 Leads to a number of effects that need to be considered

in:
o Design of equipment,

o Production of the images and

o Interpretation.

9 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Geometric Principles
An x-ray image

 Is a shadow picture of an object placed in the path of x-ray

beam; i.e. between the tube anode and the film or other IR,
and
 Appearance of image recorded is influenced by relative

positions of the object and film as well as the direction of the


beam, and
 Hence, radiologists need to be familiar with the basic principles

of shadow formation , to aid them in interpretation of


radiographs.

10 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Comparison of x-rays and
Light
Since x-rays are EM waves like light,

 They form shadows in a similar way as light form

shadows, but
 The analogy between light and x-rays shadow formation

is not perfect since


o All objects are transparent to x-rays to some extend, and

o Scattering presents greater problems in radiography

than in optics, but


 The good news is that the same geometrical laws of

shadow formation apply to both light and x-rays.


x-rays

11 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Shadow Formation
Fig. A beside shows

 Light beam from a point source, L

falling on a white card board or screen,


C, but
 With an opaque object, O interposed

between the light source and the card,


where
 A shadow, I of the object is formed on I

the surface of the card board as shown.

12 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Shadow Formation
Notice from Fig. in previous slide that

 Shadow cast is naturally enlarged because

the object is not in contact with the card, and


 The degree of enlargement varies according to

the relative distances of the object from the:


o Card or image called object-image distance, (OID)

and
o Light source call source-object distance, (SOD).

13 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Shadow Formation
 Image magnification, M gives the law governing the

size of the shadow is given by:

SI DI
M 
where SO DO
 SO is the size of the object,

 SI is the size of the shadow (x-ray image),

 DO the distance from source-to-object (SOD), and

 DI is the distance from source-to-image (SID).

14 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Image Magnification
Magnification of the image
 Occurs because the beam diverges from focal
spot to the image plane as shown in this Fig.

Notice from magnification


Eqn., that M
Is largest when the
object is close to the focal
spot,
Decreases with distance
from the focal spot, and
Approaches a value of 1
as 810,
RIB the811
object approaches
& 812 Imaging Physics
15 05/08/20
the image plane.
Shadow Formation
 Degree of sharpness of a

shadow depends on:


 Size of light source, and

 Position of object between

light source and the card


(image), i.e.
o whether nearer to or farther

from one or the other as


illustrated by these images.

16 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Shadow Formation
 For extended light source (not

point source )
 The shadows cast are not

perfectly sharp , but


o Form a penumbra ( B to D)

 Each point in the source of light

casts its own shadow of the


object, and
 Each of these overlapping

shadows is slightly displaced from


the others
o Producing a blurred image.

17 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Shadow Formation
Note that

 The shadow formation may also differ

depending on the angle that the object


makes with the incident light rays, and
 This effect make the image shape to deviate

from the true shape of the object, which


 Is called distortion.
distortion

18 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Effect of changing the size of the
Source on Image formation
 The conditions required to produce

the sharpest, and truest shadow


of the object are:
 Source of light should be small

o i.e. point source (small focal spot)

should be used ideally.


o Compare Fig. A and C.

 Source of light should be as far

from the object as practical.


o Compare Fig. B and C.

19 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Effect of changing the relative
positions of source, object, and card.
 The conditions required to

produce sharpest and truest


shadow of the object are:
 Film should be as close to the object

as possible (Compare Fig. B and D).

 Light rays should be directed arly

to film (compare Fig. A and E).


 Planes of object and film should be

parallel (compare Figure A and F).

20 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Radiographic Shadows
Principles of shadow formation

 Are applied in radiography in order to ensure

satisfactory sharpness and minimize


distortion in the radiographic image, but
 A certain degree of distortion will still exist

(naturally) in every radiograph, because


 Some parts will always be farther from the film

than others.

21 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Shadow Formation
Note that

 Images of those

parts of pt. body


far away from the
film are magnified
more than those
ones closer to
film,

22 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Radiographic Shadows
The shape of image

 Should always be similar to that of an object

ideally, i.e. there should be no distortion of


shape;
 For example, a circular object should be

produced as a circular shadow, but


 It is possible that spatial (position) feature can

be distorted, as illustrated in the next slides.

23 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Geometrical Distortion - shape
Notice in this Fig.

 That two circular objects

can be rendered as either:


o Two circles (Fig. A) or

o Overlapping circles or

figure-eight shape Fig.


B).
 Depending on direction of

rays.

24 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Geometrical Distortion -
shape
Fig.

 Shows a tilted object

projected at a range
of angles, which
 Illustrate that

increasing degree of
foreshortening as
the angle increases.
Effect of angulations on projected
length of an angled object

25 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Geometrical Distortion -
position
Note that

 All objects are magnified by an

amount related to OID, where


 The further away from OID, the

larger the object appears, and


 In Fig., all objects A, B and C

are same size,


size but they appear
progressively larger due to
Effect of depth of objects on
differences in position. their projected sizes

26 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Shadow Distortion
Distortion cannot be eliminated completely but

 By the use of appropriate source-film distance

(SID), and
 It can be minimized until a point which the

radiographic image is not objectionable, but


 Considerable training and experience is required for

Radiographer to correctly choose the geometrical


variables to image a given section of interest.

27 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Application to Radiography
Application of geometric principles of shadow

formation to radiography leads to five general


rules to be considered:
1. Focal spot (source where x-rays are produced);

2. Source-Body distance (SOD);

3. Source-Film distance (SID);

4. Film, and

5. Central Ray.

28 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Focal Spot
X-ray tube focal spot

 Is where x-rays are produced, and

 Its size should be as small (should be a point source


ideally) as allowed by other considerations (e.g.
heat loading), because
 A large size focal spot,
o Is able to withstand large loads (heat production), but

o Cannot delineate as much details as a small-focus tube

i.e. poor resolution.

29 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Focal Spot
When a large focal spot is used, then

 The heat loading of the tube is optimized but


compromises image resolution, and
 Image resolution (details) is improved by
using a long source-film distance (SID), but
 It is advantageous to use smallest focal spot
permissible for exposures required.

30 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Source-Body Distance
Distance between anode (source) and body (SOD)

 Should always be as great as is practical, and

 Long SODs should always be used in imaging of thick

body parts, in order to


 Minimize unsharpness of body structures farthest

from the film.


 At long SODs also,

 Radiographic definition/shapness is improved and

 The image is more nearly the actual size of the object.

31 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Source-Film Distance
When source-film distance (SID)

 Is decreased from a large value to a small value,

 Distortion of the image is observed to increase, and

 Is particularly evident at the edges of the body


where the distortion is greatest.
 Thus,

 The SID should be kept as large as it is permissible.

32 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Object-Film Distance (OID)
The film

 Should be placed as close as possible to body part

being imaged, but


 In practice, film (in its cassette) is placed in contact

with the body.

As OID is increased from zero (i.e. contact),


 The image becomes larger, i.e. magnified, but

 The definition or sharpness begins to degrade.

33 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Central Ray
The central ray

 Should be as nearly -lar to the film as much as

possible to preserve spatial relations, and


 The central ray is used for positioning and

 Is produced from a lamp (visible light).

As far as the shape of the body will allow,

 The plane of maximum interest (i.e. section of body

being imaged) should be parallel to the plane of the


film.

34 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Central Ray production
Generally Focal Spot
Filter
X-ray beam
include
filter & Light beam
light
Lamp
Mirror

X-ray & light


beams
CR
Shutters (only
1 set shown)

35 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20


Central Ray production
Central ray directed to the midpoint of the
grid

36 RIB 810, 811 & 812 Imaging Physics 05/08/20

You might also like