SOLIDS
To understand and remember various solids in this subject properly,
those are classified & arranged in to two major groups.
Group A Group B
Solids having top and base of same shape Solids having base of some shape
and just a point as a top, called
apex.
Cylinder Cone
Prisms Pyramids
Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal
Cube Tetrahedron
( A solid having ( A solid having
six square faces) Four triangular faces)
SOLIDS
Dimensional parameters of different solids.
Square Prism Square Pyramid Cylinder Cone
Apex Apex
Top
Rectangular Slant
Face Edge Triangular
Longer Base Face Base Base
Base
Edge
Corner of Edge Edge Corner of Generators
base of of base Imaginary lines
Base Base generating curved surface
of cylinder & cone.
Truncated solids Frustum of cone & pyramids.
Sections of solids( top & base not parallel) ( top & base parallel to each other)
STANDING ON H.P RESTING ON H.P LYING ON H.P
On it’s base. On one point of base . On one generator. `
(Axis perpendicular to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp (Axis inclined to Hp
And // to Vp.) And // to Vp) And // to Vp)
F.V. F.V. F.V.
X Y
While observing Fv, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (Hp)
XWhile observing Tv, x-y line represents Vertical Plane. (Vp) Y
T.V. T.V. T.V.
STANDING ON V.P RESTING ON V.P LYING ON V.P
On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
Axis perpendicular to Vp Axis inclined to Vp Axis inclined to Vp
And // to Hp And // to Hp And // to Hp
STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN SOLIDS
Problem is solved in three steps:
STEP 1: ASSUME SOLID STANDING ON THE PLANE WITH WHICH IT IS MAKING INCLINATION.
( IF IT IS INCLINED TO HP, ASSUME IT STANDING ON HP)
( IF IT IS INCLINED TO VP, ASSUME IT STANDING ON VP)
IF STANDING ON HP - IT’S TV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF IT’S BASE OR TOP:
IF STANDING ON VP - IT’S FV WILL BE TRUE SHAPE OF IT’S BASE OR TOP.
BEGIN WITH THIS VIEW:
IT’S OTHER VIEW WILL BE A RECTANGLE ( IF SOLID IS CYLINDER OR ONE OF THE PRISMS):
IT’S OTHER VIEW WILL BE A TRIANGLE ( IF SOLID IS CONE OR ONE OF THE PYRAMIDS):
DRAW FV & TV OF THAT SOLID IN STANDING POSITION:
STEP 2: CONSIDERING SOLID’S INCLINATION ( AXIS POSITION ) DRAW IT’S FV & TV.
STEP 3: IN LAST STEP, CONSIDERING REMAINING INCLINATION, DRAW IT’S FINAL FV & TV.
GENERAL PATTERN ( THREE STEPS ) OF SOLUTION:
GROUP B SOLID. GROUP A SOLID. GROUP B SOLID. GROUP A SOLID.
CONE CYLINDER CONE CYLINDER
AXIS AXIS
AXIS AXIS INCLINED HP INCLINED HP
AXIS AXIS VERTICAL INCLINED HP
VERTICAL INCLINED HP
er er AXIS
AXIS AXIS TO VP AXIS
AXIS AXIS TO VP
INCLINED VP INCLINED INCLINED
INCLINED VP VP VP
Three steps Three steps Three steps Three steps
If solid is inclined to Hp If solid is inclined to Hp If solid is inclined to Vp If solid is inclined to Vp
Study Next Twelve Problems and Practice them separately !!
FREELY SUSPENDED SOLIDS:
Positions of CG, on axis, from base, for different solids are shown below.
CG
H
H/2 CG
H/4
GROUP A SOLIDS GROUP B SOLIDS
( Cylinder & Prisms) ( Cone & Pyramids)
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
1. Draw the projections of a square prism of 25mm sides base and 50mm long axis. The
prism is resting with one of its corners in VP and axis inclined at 30 0 to VP and parallel to
HP.
2. A pentagonal pyramid, base 40mm side and height 75mm rests on one edge on its base
on the ground so that the highest point in the base is 25mm. above ground. Draw the
projections when the axis is parallel to Vp. Draw an another front view on an AVP
inclined at 300 to edge on which it is resting so that the base is visible.
3. A square pyramid of side 30mm and axis 60 mm long has one of its slant edges
inclined at 450 to HP and a plane containing that slant edge and axis is inclined at 30 0 to
VP. Draw the projections.
4. A hexagonal prism, base 30mm sides and axis 75mm long, has an edge of the base
parallel to the HP and inclined at 450 to the VP. Its axis makes an angle of 600 with the
HP. Draw its projections. Draw another top view on an auxiliary plane inclined at 50 0 to
the HP.
5. Draw the three views of a cone having base 50 mm diameter and axis 60mm long It is
resting on a ground on a point of its base circle. The axis is inclined at 40 0 to ground and
at 300 to VP.
6. Draw the projections of a square prism resting on an edge of base on HP. The axis
makes an angle of 300 with VP and 450 with HP. Take edge of base 25mm and axis length
as 125mm.
