Projections of

Solids

ME SoE IT NU
5/7/23
 SOLIDS
To understand and remember various solids in this subject properly,
those are classified & arranged in to two major groups.
Group A Group B
Solids having top and base of same shape Solids having base of some shape
and just a point as a top, called
apex.
Cylinder Cone

Prisms Pyramids

Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal

Cube Tetrahedron
( A solid having ( A solid having
six square faces) Four triangular faces)
 SOLIDS
Dimensional parameters of different solids.
Square Prism Square Pyramid Cylinder Cone
Apex Apex
Top
Rectangular Slant
Face Edge Triangular
Longer Base Face Base Base
Base
Edge

Corner of Edge Edge Corner of

Generators
base of of base
Imaginary lines
Base Base generating curved surface
of cylinder & cone.

Sections of solids( top & base not parallel) Frustum of cone & pyramids.
( top & base parallel to each other)
 STANDING ON H.P RESTING ON H.P
On one point of base circle. LYING ON H.P
On it’s base.
(Axis perpendicular to HP On one generator.
And // to VP.) (Axis inclined to HP (Axis inclined to HP
And // to VP) And // to VP)

F.V. F.V. F.V.

X Y
While observing FV, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (HP)
 While observing TV, x-y line represents Vertical Plane. (VP)
X Y

T.V. T.V. T.V.

STANDING ON V.P RESTING ON V.P LYING ON V.P
On it’s base. On one point of base circle. On one generator.
Axis perpendicular to VP Axis inclined to VP Axis inclined to VP
And // to HP And // to HP And // to HP
 STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN SOLIDS

Problem is solved in three steps:

STEP 1: Assume solid standing on the plane with which it is making
inclination.
( If it is inclined to HP, assume it standing on HP)
( If it is inclined to VP, assume it standing on VP)
If standing on HP - it’s TV will be true shape of it’s base or top:
If standing on VP - it’s FV will be true shape of it’s base or top.
Begin with this view:
It’s other view will be a rectangle (if solid is cylinder or one of the
prisms), It’s other view will be a triangle (if solid is cone or one of the
pyramids):
Draw FV & TV of that solid in standing position

STEP 2: considering solid’s inclination ( axis position ) draw it’s FV &

TV.

STEP 3: in last step, considering remaining inclination, draw it’s final FV

& TV.
 GENERAL PATTERN ( THREE STEPS ) OF SOLUTION:
GROUP B SOLID. GROUP A SOLID.
CONE CYLINDER
AXIS AXIS
AXIS AXIS VERTICALINCLINED HP
VERTICAL INCLINED HP

AXIS AXIS
INCLINED VP INCLINED VP

Three steps Three steps

If solid is inclined to HP If solid is inclined to HP GROUP A SOLID.
CYLINDER
GROUP B SOLID. AXIS
INCLINED HP
CONE
AXIS
INCLINED HP

er AXIS
AXIS TO
INCLINED
VP
VP
er AXIS
AXIS TO
VP INCLINED Three steps
VP
Three steps If solid is inclined to VP
If solid is inclined to VP
 Problem 1. A square pyramid, Solution Steps :
Triangular face on HP , means it is lying on HP:
40 mm base sides and axis 60 1.Assume it standing on HP.
2.It’s TV will show True Shape of base( square)
mm long, has a triangular face on 3.Draw square of 40mm sides with one side vertical TV &
the ground and the vertical plane taking 50 mm axis project FV. ( a triangle)
4.Name all points as shown in illustration.
containing the axis makes an 5.Draw 2nd FV in lying position I.e.o’c’d’ face on xy. And project it’s TV.
angle of 450 with the VP. Draw its 6.Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
7.Then construct remaining inclination with VP
projections. Take apex nearer to ( VP containing axis ic the center line of 2 nd TV.Make it 450 to xy as
VP shown take apex near to xy, as it is nearer to VP) & project final FV.

o’

a’b’
a’1 b’1

X a’b’ c’d’ o’1

Y
d’1 c’1 d
c’d’

a1 o’ o1 1
a d d1 a1

a1
o1 d 1 c1
o
b c c1 b (APEX
1 b
1
b1 NEARER (APEX o1
For dark and dotted lines c1 TO V.P).
AWAY
1.Draw proper outline of new view DARK. 2. Decide direction of an Observer. FROM V.P.)
3. Select nearest point to observer and draw all lines starting from it-dark.
4. Select farthest point to observer and draw all lines (remaining)from it dotted.
Q Draw the projections of a pentagonal prism , base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm
long, resting on one of its rectangular faces on the H.P. with the axis inclined at
45º to the V.P.
As the axis is to be inclined with the VP, in the first view it must be kept
perpendicular to the VP i.e. true shape of the base will be drawn in the FV with one
side on XY line
b’
2’ b1 ’ 21 ’

a’ c’ a1’ 31 ’
c 1’ 11’
1’ 3’

X e’ d’ e1 ’ d1 ’ 41 ’ Y
45º 51 ’
5’ 25 4’ c
d
b d
a e c b
e
a
3
50

4
2
5
1
1 5 2 4 3
 Solution Steps:
Problem 2:
Resting on HP on one generator, means lying on HP:
A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm 1.Assume it standing on HP.
axis 2.It’s TV will show True Shape of base( circle )
is resting on one generator on HP3.Draw 40mm dia. Circle as TV &
taking 50 mm axis project FV. ( a triangle)
which makes 300 inclination with4.Name
VP all points as shown in illustration.
Draw it’s projections. 5.Draw 2nd FV in lying position I.e.o’e’ on xy. And
For dark and dotted lines project it’s TV below xy.
1.Draw proper outline of new vie 6.Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted,
DARK. as per the procedure.
2. Decide direction of an observer.
7.Then construct remaining inclination with VP
3. Select nearest point to observer
o’ ( generator o1e1 30 to xy as shown) & project final FV.
0
and draw all lines starting from
a’1

a’
it-dark.
4. Select farthest point to observer h’1 b’1

h’b
and draw all lines (remaining)

’ c
from it- dotted. g’1

’g’
d’
f’1 c’1
f

Y o1
’ e’
a’ h’b’ c’ g f’d’ e’ o’ d’
X g’ g1
e’1 1 30
g1 o1
h f f1 h1 h1
f1 a1
a e e1 a1 o1
e1 b1
b d d1 b1
d1 c1
c c1
 Solution Steps:
Problem 3: Resting on VP on one point of base, means inclined to VP:
A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 1.Assume it standing on VP
mm axis is resting on one point of a FV will show True Shape of base & top( circle )
2.It’s
3.Draw 40mm dia. Circle as FV & taking 50 mm axis project TV.
base circle on VP while it’s axis ( a Rectangle)
makes 450 with VP and FV of the 4.Name all points as shown in illustration.
5.Draw 2nd TV making axis 450 to xy And project it’s FV above xy.
axis 350 with HP. Draw projections.
6.Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
7.Then construct remaining inclination with HP
(FV of axis I.e.center line of view to xy as shown) & project final TV.
4’
4’d’ d’ 4’
d’ 3’
3’ c’ 1’
1’a’ c’ a’ c’ 3’
1’
a’ 2’
2’ b’
X b’ 2’ 350 b’
Y
c

a bd c 45 0
c1
d1
b1
bd

a1
3
3
a

4
2
24

1 24 3
1
1
 1.Assume it standing on HP but as said on apex.( inverted ).
2.It’s TV will show True Shape of base( square)
Problem 4:A square pyramid 30 mm base side 3.Draw a corner case square of 30 mm sides as TV(as shown)
and 50 mm long axis is resting on it’s apex on HP, Showing all slant edges dotted, as those will not be visible from
top.
such that it’s one slant edge is vertical and a
4.taking 50 mm axis project FV. ( a triangle)
triangular face through it is perpendicular to VP. 5.Name all points as shown in illustration.
Draw it’s projections. 6.Draw 2nd FV keeping o’a’ slant edge vertical & project it’s TV
7.Make visible lines dark and hidden dotted, as per the procedure.
8.Then redrew 2nd TV as final TV keeping a1o1d1 triangular face
perpendicular to VP I.e.xy. Then as usual project final FV.
a’
a’ b’d’ c’ b’d a’1
’ d’1 b’1
c’ c’1

X o’ o’ o’1 Y
d d1
d1 c1
a bo c ao1 b1 c1
1

a1 1 b1
o
 1.Assuming standing on HP, begin with TV,a square with all sides
Problem 5: A cube of 50 mm long
equally inclined to xy.Project FV and name all points of FV & TV.
edges is so placed on HP on one
2.Draw a body-diagonal joining c’ with 3’( This can become // to xy)
corner that a body diagonal is
3.From 1’ drop a perpendicular on this and name it p’
parallel to HP and perpendicular to
4.Draw 2nd FV in which 1’-p’ line is vertical means c’-3’ diagonal
must be horizontal. .Now as usual project TV.
VP Draw it’s projections.
6.In final TV draw same diagonal is perpendicular to VP as said in
problem. Then as usual project final FV.
a’ a’1
b’d d’1
’ d’1
a’ b’d’ c’ c’
3’ p’
p’
c’1

1’ 1’
X 3’ 1’
Y

c1
d d1

d1

b1
a c a1 c1

a1
b b1
Problem 6:A tetrahedron of 50 mm Solution Steps
long edges is resting on one edge on As it is resting assume it standing on HP.
HP while one triangular face containing Begin with TV , an equilateral triangle as side case as
this edge is vertical and 450 inclined to shown:
VP. Draw projections. First project base points of FV on xy, name those & axis line.
From a’ with TL of edge, 50 mm, cut on axis line & mark o’
IMPORTANT: (as axis is not known, o’ is finalized by slant edge length)
Tetrahedron is a Then complete FV.
special type In 2nd FV make face o’b’c’ vertical as said in problem.
of triangular And like all previous problems solve completely.
pyramid in which
base sides & o’1
slant edges are o’ o’
equal in length. TL
Solid of four faces. a’ a’1
Like cube it is also 90 0

described by One X a’ b’ b’ c’ b’1

c’ c’1 Y
dimension only.. 450
Axis length c c1 c1
generally not given.
a o o1
a1 o1

b1
b b1 a1
 FREELY SUSPENDED SOLIDS:
Positions of CG, on axis, from base, for different solids are shown below.

H
CG

H/2 CG
H/4

GROUP A SOLIDS GROUP B SOLIDS

( Cylinder & Prisms) ( Cone & Pyramids)
 In all suspended cases axis shows inclination with HP.
Problem 7: A pentagonal pyramid 1.Hence assuming it standing on HP, drew TV - a regular
30 mm base sides & 60 mm long axis, pentagon,corner case. 2.Project FV & locate CG position on
is freely suspended from one corner of axis – ( ¼ H from base.) and name g’ and Join it with corner
base so that a plane containing it’s d’
Axis remains parallel to VP. 3.As 2nd FV, redraw first keeping line g’d’ vertical.
Draw it’s three views. 4.As usual project corresponding TV and then Side View looking
from.
LINE d’g’ VERTICAL d”
o’ d’
c’e’ e” c”
FOR SIDE VIEW
g’
H a’b’
a” b”
g’
When a solid is H/4 o” Y
X a’ b’ c’e’ d’
freely suspended e e1
from a corner, then a1
a
line joining point of d1
o d o1
contact & C.G.
b b1
remains vertical.
c c1
( Here axis shows
inclination with
HP.) So in all such
cases, assume solid
standing on HP
initially.)
1.Assuming it standing on HP begin with TV, a square of corner case. Problem 8:
2.Project corresponding FV.& name all points as usual in both views. A cube of 50 mm long edges is so placed
3.Join a’1’ as body diagonal and draw 2 FV making it vertical (I’ on xy)on HP on one corner that a body diagon
nd

4.Project it’s TV drawing dark and dotted lines as per the procedure. through this corner is perpendicular to H
5.With standard method construct Left-hand side view. and parallel to VP Draw it’s three views.
( Draw a 450 inclined Line in TV region ( below xy).
Project horizontally all points of TV on this line and
reflect vertically upward, above xy.After this, draw
horizontal lines, from all points of FV, to meet these
lines. Name points of intersections and join properly.
For dark & dotted lines locate observer on left side of FV as shown.) a’’

a’
d’’ b’’

b’d
a’ b’d’ c’

’
c’
c’’
X 1’
1’ Y
d d1 1’

a c a1 c1

b
Problem 9: A right circular cone, This case resembles to problem no.7 & 9 from projections of planes topic.
40 mm base diameter and 60 mm
In previous all cases 2nd inclination was done by a parameter not showing TL.Like
long axis is resting on HP on one
TV of axis is inclined to VP etc. But here it is clearly said that the axis is 40 0 inclined
point of base circle such that it’s
axis makes 450 inclination with
to VP. Means here TL inclination is expected. So the same construction done in those
HP and 400 inclination with VP. Problems is done here also. See carefully the final TV and inclination taken there.
Draw it’s projections. So assuming it standing on HP begin as usual.

o’ o’1

o’
a’1
h’1
a’
b’1

h’b g’1 c’1

’c
’g’
f’1 d’1
d’f
y
450
a’ h’b’ c’ g f’ d’ e’
X ’ e’1
g’
e’
Axis True Length
g1 o1 400
h f h1 f1
Axis TV Length d1 c1
a e a1 1 e1 e1
o1
Locus of
f1 1 b1 Center 1
b1 d1
b d
c g1 a1
c1 h1
Axis TV Length