BlueTooth

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Bluetooth - overview

Motivation

In 1994 the L.M. Ericsson company wanted

to connect mobile phones to other devices
without using cables.

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Bluetooth - overview

Special Interest Group (SIG)

L.M. Ericsson
IBM
Intel
Nokia
Toshiba

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Bluetooth overview

 Etymology
 Harald Blaatand II ( translated
Bluetooth)

 A Viking king that unified

(conquered) Denmark and
Norway in 940 – 981.

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Bluetooth - overview

 Goals of the Bluetooth SIG

• Wireless standard (unification) for the
interconnection of computing and
communication devices.
• Inexpensive
• Short range
• Wireless radios

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Bluetooth - overview

 Change in Bluetooth original scope

 From Getting rid of cables between

devices
 To Becoming more like a wireless

LAN

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 Bluetooth - overview

 In 1999 the Bluetooth SIG published a

1500 page document describing V 1.0.

 IEEE assigned designation 802.15 and used

the V 1.0 specification as its basis. Then
they began to modify parts of it.

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Bluetooth - overview

 Differences between V 1.0 and 802.15

 V 1.0 is a complete specification from

application layer to physical layer
 802.15 is only standardizing (modifying)
the physical and data link layers.

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Bluetooth - overview

 The Bluetooth 802.15 specification not

only creates competition for other
wireless technologies, namely 802.11,
but the two occupy most of the same
2.4 GHz spectrum and thus interfere
with each other.

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Bluetooth - architecture

 Piconet – the basic unit of a Bluetooth

system.
 1 Master node
 1 to 7 active slave nodes
 0 to 255 parked nodes

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Piconet

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Bluetooth - architecture

 Parked node
 a slave device in a low power state to
conserve the drain on the devices batteries
 In this state the device can only respond to
the beacon from the master node

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Bluetooth - architecture

 Node range
 Slave nodes need to be within 10 meters of
the master node.
 Why design such a short range?

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Bluetooth - architecture

 Answer : Money,
Money Money !!!
 The designers
wanted this
technology to be
used widely (i.e. to
sell product).
 Bluetooth chips
under $5.00

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Bluetooth - architecture

 Communication
 Only possible between master and slave
nodes
 Piconet uses centralized Time Division
Multiplexing.
 The master node controls the clock and
determines which devices occupy which
time slot.

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Bluetooth - architecture

 How can such a limited range

architecture really provide competition
for 802.11 (WiFi)?

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Bluetooth - architecture

 How can such a limited range

architecture really provide competition
for 802.11 (WiFi)?

 Answer : Scatternets

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Bluetooth – architecture

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Scatternet

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Bluetooth - profiles

 Bluetooth is different from most network

protocols.
 Most network protocols focus defining how the
channels are to be used and leave application
designers to define what they will be used for.
 Bluetooth V 1.1 defines 13 specific profiles
(applications) that will be supported along with
the different protocol stacks for each of them.

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Bluetooth – profiles

 Generic access profile

 provides secure channels between the
master and slave.
 Service discovery profile
 allows devices to discover what services
are available from other devices.

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Bluetooth – profiles

 Serial port profile

 for applications that need a serial port
communication
 Generic object exchange profile
 provide support for the client/server model.
 note that a slave can be a client or a
server.

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 Bluetooth – profiles

 LAN access profile

 is a direct competitor of 802.11.
 allows a Bluetooth device to connect to a fixed
network.
 Dialup access profile
 Ericsson’s original motivation
 allows a notebook computer to communicate to a
mobile phone without wires
 Fax profile
 allows fax machines to connect to mobile phones
wirelessly to send and receive faxes

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Bluetooth – profiles

 Cordless Telephony Profile

 connect a cordless telephone handset to a base
station without wires.
 Intercom profile
 allows two telephones to connect like walkie-
talkies
 Headset Profile
 good for hands free telephony while driving a car

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Bluetooth – profiles

 The last three profiles are for wireless

devices to exchange a wide variety of
data
 Object Push profile – for simple objects
 File transfer profile - general file transfer
 Synchronization profile - was designed to
facilitate the exchange of data in both
directions between a P.C. and a P.D.A.

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Bluetooth – profiles

 There is a feeling that the 13 profiles

are an overly complicated solution to
achieve the desired goal.
 A more simplistic solution could have been
the use of one protocol stack for file
transfer and one for streaming real-time
communication.
 So how did it get to be so complicated?

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Bluetooth – profiles

 Answer : In the 1968 April issue of

Datamation magazine, Melvin Conway
proposed : If you assign n people to
design a compiler then you will wind up
with an n-pass compiler.
 Said another way, the resulting software
structure mirrors the structure of the group
that created it.

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Bluetooth – profiles

 The groups of designers of Bluetooth

 each focused on solving a specific problem.
 Each generated a profile.

 Next, lets take a look at how all of

these profiles fit together (The 802.15
protocol stack architecture).

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 Bluetooth
 Bluetooth uses FHSS
 It Uses ISM Band
 Bluetooth Hops 1600 times /second
 It uses GFSK to transfer bits to a
signal(Modulation)
 Primary(Master) and Secondary(Slave)
communicates with each other using time slots
 Primary uses even no. slots 0,2,4,…while
secondary odd no. slots 1,3,5…….

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Single-secondary communication

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 Multiple-secondary communication

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Bluetooth – protocol stack architecture

 Does not fit any known models :

 OSI, TCP/IP, including the 802 model

 Radio layer corresponds to the physical layer

 deals with radio transmission and modulation
 focuses on inexpensive implementation
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 Bluetooth – protocol stack architecture

 Base band layer

 Combines part of the typical physical and data link layer roles.
 Specifically the MAC sub-layer of the data link layer.
 Focuses on how the master controls the time slots and how the
slots are grouped into frames. 33
Bluetooth – protocol stack architecture

 Link Manager Protocol(LMP)

 logical channels between devices/device pairing

 power management

 Device authentication

 quality of service

 Performs generation and exchange of encryption

key as well ie Handling data encryption 34

BlueTooth – protocol stack architecture

 Logical link control adaptation protocol (L2CAP)

 shields upper layers from the details of transmission
 somewhat analogous to 802 LLC sub layer
 Multiplexing data of higher layer protocols
 Synchronization and reassembly of packets
 Transmission management to a group of devices 35
BlueTooth – protocol stack architecture

 Middleware layer
 RFcomm : serial communications, mouse, keyboard …ie it
provides RS232 serial port emulation
 Telephony : speech oriented protocol
 Service Discovery : locate services in the network 36
 Bluetooth – protocol stack architecture

 Audio
 controls audio, applications have direct access
 Control
 a control protocol, applications have direct access
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Bluetooth – protocol stack architecture

 The top layer is for application and profiles.

 each application need only use the necessary
subset of the protocol stack to accomplish it’s task
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 More Bluetooth protocol
layers
A. Radio Layer
B. Base band Layer
C. L2CAP Layer

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Radio Layer

 Low power system can operated up to 10

meter with the frequency in the 2.4 GHz ISM
band
 Lowest defined layer of the Bluetooth
specification
 Band is divided into 79 channels with 1 MHz
each
 Frequency hopping spread spectrum at 1600
hops/sec.

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The Bluetooth Base band Layer
 It lies on top of the Bluetooth radio layer
 It is the physical layer of the Bluetooth
 Each frame is transmitted over a logical
channel called a linked between master slave
 Two kinds of links
 Asynchronous Connection less (ASL)
 Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO)

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Asynchronous Connection less & Synchronous
Connection Oriented

 Data comes from L2CAP layer  Their channel is allocated a

on the sending side and fixed slot in each direction
delivered to the L2CAP on the  Frame send are never
receiver side retransmitted
 Frame can be lost and may  Forward error correction can
need to retransmitted be used to provide high
reliability
 Can have up to 3 slave SCO
links with its master
 Each SCO links can
transmitted one 64000 bps
PCM audio channel

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 Logical Link Control and
Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
 There are 3 major functions
I. It accepts packets up to 64 kB from the upper layers &
breaks them into frames for transmission

II. It handles the multiplexing and demultiplexing of multiple

packet source
 Packet has been reassemble the L2CAP layer can determines which upper-layer
protocol to handle ( RFcomm or telephony)

III. The third major function is to handles the quality of service

requirements when both links are established

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The Bluetooth Frame Structure

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 Bluetooth Frame Structure
 Access code (72 bits)
 Header (54 bits)
 Address field, type field, flow bit,
acknowledge bit, sequence bit, and
checksum
 Data ( 0-2744 bits)

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Conclusion

Bluetooth is a wireless technology that

was developed to be very low cost in hopes
that it would become widely used.

It is still yet to be seen whether or not it will

become the standard that the initial SIG
had hoped it would become.

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