SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
(Week-4)
USAMA MUSHARAF
MS-CS (Software Engineering)
LECTURER (Department of Computer Science)
FAST-NUCES PESHAWAR
AGENDA OF WEEK # 4
Requirement Analysis (Cont…)
Object Oriented Analysis
Modeling with UML (Static and Dynamic Models)
Discussion on Assignment # 2
ANALYSIS MODELING (CONT…)
ELEMENTS OF THE ANALYSIS MODEL
Object-oriented Analysis Structured Analysis
Scenario-based Flow-oriented
modeling modeling
Use case text
Data structure diagrams
Use case diagrams
Data flow diagrams
Activity diagrams
Class-based Behavioral
modeling modeling
Class diagrams State diagrams
CRC models Sequence diagrams
Collaboration diagrams
SCENARIO-BASED MODELING
DEVELOPING USE CASES
– Define the set of actors that will be involved in the
story
Actors are people, devices, or other systems that use the
system or product within the context of the function and
behavior that is to be described
Actors are anything that communicate with the system or
product and that are external to the system itself
SPECIALIZED USE CASES
You may have two specialized children of this use case
(Check password and Retinal scan).
INCLUDE
Include relationship is used to avoid describing the same
flow of events several times, by putting the common
behavior in a use case of its own
This is an example of dependency
EXTEND
The extending use case is usually optional and can be
triggered conditionally. In the diagram, you can see that
the extending use case is triggered only for deposits over
10,000 or when the age is over 55.
USE CASE DIAGRAM FOR ATM
Use Case Example
Name Validate PIN
Summary System validates customer PIN
Dependency none
Actors ATM Customer
Preconditions ATM is idle, displaying a Welcome message.
Flow of Events Activity Diagram
• If the system does not recognize the card, the card is ejected.
• If the system determines that the card date has expired, the card is confiscated.
• If the system determines that the card has been reported lost or stolen, the card is
confiscated.
Alternatives
• If the customer-entered PIN does not match the PIN number for this card, the
system re-prompts for PIN.
• If the customer enter the incorrect PIN three times, the system confiscates the card.
• If the customer enters Cancel, the system cancels the transaction and ejects the card
Post condition Customer PIN has been validated.
BEHAVIORAL MODELING
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
An activity diagram in the use-case model can be used to capture the
activities and actions performed in a use case.
It expresses the dynamic aspect of the system.
Activity diagram
Activity diagram
SWIMLANE DIAGRAM
Mapping Who Does What to Whom
You are assigning a responsibility to an actor.
Note, we did not say to an object - to an actor.
Swimlane Diagram
STATE MACHINE DIAGRAM
A state machine diagram models dynamic behavior.
It specifies the sequence of states in which an object can exist:
The events and conditions that cause the object to reach those states.
The actions that take place when those states are reached.
ELEMENT OF STATE MACHINE DIAGRAM
States
Events
Transition
An object has state, behavior, and a unique identity.
An object goes through various states during its lifespan.
STATE MACHINE DIAGRAM
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
A sequence diagram shows object interactions.
It depicts the objects involved in the scenario and the sequence of messages
exchanged between the objects needed to carry out the functionality of the
scenario.
SYSTEM SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
STRUCTURED ANALYSIS OF OBJECT
ORIENTED PARADIGM
CLASS DIAGRAM
INHERITANCE
Advantages of Inheritance
1. Reuse
2. Less redundancy
3. Increased maintainability
KINDS OF ASSOCIATION
There are two main types of association which are then
further subdivided i.e.
Class Association
Object Association
CLASS ASSOCIATION
Class association is implemented in terms of Inheritance.
Inheritance implements generalization/specialization
relationship between objects.
Inheritance is considered class association.
OBJECT ASSOCIATION
It can be of one of the following types,
Simple Association
Composition
Aggregation
SIMPLE ASSOCIATION
KINDS OF SIMPLE ASSOCIATION
Simple association can be categorized in two ways,
With respect to direction (navigation)
With respect to number of objects (cardinality)
KINDS OF SIMPLE ASSOCIATION W.R.T NAVIGATION
With respect to navigation association has the following types,
One-way Association
Two-way Association
ONE-WAY ASSOCIATION
In one-way association we can navigate along a single direction only, it is denoted by an
arrow towards the server object.
Examples:
TWO-WAY ASSOCIATION
In two-way association we can navigate in both directions, it is
denoted by a line between the associated objects.
Example:
KINDS OF SIMPLE ASSOCIATION W.R.T CARDINALITY
With respect to cardinality association has the following types,
Binary Association
Ternary Association
N-ary Association
BINARY ASSOCIATION
It associates objects of exactly two
classes; it is denoted by a line, or an
arrow between the associated objects.
TERNARY ASSOCIATION
It associates objects of exactly three classes; it is denoted by a
diamond with lines connected to associated objects.
Example:
Objects of exactly three classes are associated
COMPOSITION
An object may be composed of other smaller
objects, the relationship between the “part” objects
and the “whole” object is known as Composition.
Composition is represented by a line with a filled-
diamond head towards the composer object.
COMPOSITION
Composition of chair:
COMPOSITION
Composition is stronger relationship because
Composed object becomes a part of the composer.
Composed object can’t exist independently.
Example I
Ali is made up of different body parts They can’t exist independent of
Ali
Example II
Chair’s body is made up of different parts They can’t exist independently
AGGREGATION
An object may contain a collection (aggregate) of other objects, the relationship between
the container and the contained object is called aggregation,
Aggregation is represented by a line with unfilled-diamond head towards the container.
AGGREGATION
AGGREGATION
Aggregation is weaker relationship because
Aggregate object is not a part of the container
Aggregate object can exist independently
Example I
Furniture is not an intrinsic part of room
Furniture can be shifted to another room, and so can exist independent of a particular room
Example II
A plant is not an intrinsic part of a garden
It can be planted in some other garden, and so can exist independent of a particular garden
POLYMORPHISM
It is also essential component of object oriented modeling (paradigm).
In general, polymorphism refers to existence of different forms of a single
entity.
For example, both Diamond and Coal are different forms of Carbon.
In OO model, polymorphism means that different objects can behave in different ways for the
same message (stimulus).
POLYMORPHISM
POLYMORPHISM ADVANTAGES
Messages can be interpreted in different ways depending
upon the receiver class.
New classes can be added without changing the existing
model.
ASSIGNMENT # 1
Create a working plan for banking system case study using agile
process model (Extreme programming). You are required to
Identify functional requirements (FR’s) from the case study and write
User Stories for each FR in order to have detail understanding.
Create Iteration Plans.
Perform Test First Development (Write test descriptions for user story
cards).
ASSIGNMENT # 2
You are required to create a SRS (Software Requirement Specification)
document for banking system case study. Steps for creating SRS,
After capturing functional requirements through user-story cards, state non-functional requirements as
well for banking system.
Requirement Analysis
User Stories card would help you to capture use-cases. Identify actors from story cards and
draw use-cases for a banking system case study.
Draw Activity Diagram to capyure detail functionalities by elaborating your use cases.
Draw Swimlane Diagram to link activities with actors.
Specification
After Analysis, write final set of requirements.
HAVE A GOO DAY!
