ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
College of Electrical and Mechanical
Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
COURSE :ENGINEERING DRAWING
[Meng2011]
CHAPTER 3
MULTI-VIEW DRAWING
TOPICS
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
CHOICE OF VIEWS
ONE VIEW, TWO VIEW AND THREE VIEW DRAWINGS
LAYING OUT DRAWINGS AND RELATION BETWEEN
HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH
LINE CONVENTION
PROJECTION OF CURVE ,INCLINDE, OBLIQUE AND
INTERSECTION AND TANGENTS
3.1
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
A plane of projection (POP) is a plane on which a particular
view is projected.
Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are called
principal planes or reference planes (RP).
When the observer looks at the object from the front, the
view obtained is called the front view or elevation and is
seen on the vertical plane (VP)/ frontal plane (FP).
When the observer looks at the object from above, the view
obtained is called top view or plan and is seen on the
horizontal plane (HP).
When the observer looks at the object from side, i.e., from
his left-hand side or right-hand side, the view obtained is
called side view and is seen on the profile plane (PP).
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
HORIZONTAL PLANE
LEFT PROFILE PLANE
FRONTAL PLANE
RIGHT PROFILE PLANE
FRONT
VIEW
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
RIGHT PROFILE PLANE
FRONTAL PLANE
HORIZONTAL PLANE
LEFT PROFILE PLANE
FRONT
VIEW
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
First Angle Projection: the object is placed in the first
quadrant. This means that the Vertical Plane is behind the
object and the Horizontal Plane is underneath the object.
The object lies in between the observer and the planes
of projection.
Third Angle Projection: The Object is placed in the Third
Quadrant. This means that the Vertical Plane is in front of
the object and the Horizontal Plane is above the object.
The Plane of projection lie between the object and the
observer.
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
1. First angle system
- European country
- ISO standard First Quadrant
2. Third angle system
- Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand
Third
Quadrant
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Right Side View Front View Top View
Top View Front View Right Side View
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
Projection Symbols
First angle system Third angle system
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
Projection Symbols
Suggested proportion
d 1.7d
2.2d
3.2
CHOICE OF VIEWS
CHOICE OF VIEWS
Most commonly used views
Front View
Top View
Right Side View
Steps for Choice of views
Orient the object to the best position
Select the front view
Select adjacent views
16
CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 1 : Orient the Object
The object should be placed in its natural position.
The object should presents its features in actual size and
shape in orthographic views.
GOOD NO !
17
CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 2 : Select a Front View
Most descriptive view is typically designated as the Front View
The object’s longest dimension should be presented as a width.
First choice Second choice
Waste more space
Inappropriate GOOD
18
CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 2 : Select a Front View
The adjacent views that are projected from the selected front
view should appear in its natural position.
Inappropriate
19
CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 2 : Select a Front View
Choose the view that have the fewest number of
hidden lines.
GOOD Inappropriate
20
CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the view that have the fewest number of hidden lines.
GOOD
Inappropriate
GOOD
Inappropriate
21
CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the minimum number of views that can represent
the major features of the object.
Necessary
Hole’s location can be specified
on the same view.
Easy to understand
Difficult to interprete.
Necessary 22
CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing space.
POOR
Not enough space
for dimensioning.
23
CHOICE OF VIEWS
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing space.
GOOD
24
CHOICE OF VIEWS
Example : View selection
mislead to…
D
H W
F.V.
W D
F.V. & T.V. Three views F.V. & R.S.V.
Size description
Shape description 25
3.3
ONE VIEW, TWO VIEW AND
THREE VIEW DRAWINGS
ONE-VIEW DRAWING
Thin objects can be described with only one view:
Depth is given in a note
eg. Flat part having a uniform thickness.
1 Thick
Unnecessary These 2 views provide only information
about the part thickness !
27
ONE-VIEW DRAWING
Simple objects can be described with one views
eg. Cylindrical-shaped part.
Unnecessary
Repeat !
Unnecessary
28
TWO-VIEW DRAWING
There exists an identical view.
Repeat !
Unnecessary
29
TWO-VIEW DRAWING
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.
Unnecessary
30
TWO-VIEW DRAWING
The 3rd view has no significant contours of the object.
Unnecessary
31
THREE-VIEW DRAWING
Complex objects require three views to describe its
shape
Necessary
Hole’s location can be specified
on the same view.
Easy to understand
Difficult to interprete.
Necessary 32
THREE-VIEW DRAWING
Complex objects require three views to describe its shape
33
3.4
LAYING OUT DRAWINGS
LAYING OUT DRAWINGS
Hand Layout of a metric three-view drawing
35
LAYING OUT DRAWINGS
Views should be visually balanced within the working space
STEP 1
5
Draw border (20mm
from left and 5 mm
from each 3 sides) and Border line
title block using light
construction lines 20
A4 5
28
5 36
STEP 2
Determine space desired between the front and right-side views (C), and front
and Top views (C) say 20 or 30 mm. Add
To set equal distances to the paper
edge, subtract this total from the
sheet width (Ws=185), and height
(Hs=259) then divide the remaining
number by two.
A = (Ws - H)/2
B = (Hs - V)/2
37
STEP 3
Set off vertical and horizontal spacing measurements with
light tick marks along the edge of the sheet and draw
construction lines
Dimension take
from the object
1st Angle
Projection
38
STEP 3
Set off vertical and horizontal spacing measurements with
light tick marks along the edge of the sheet and draw
construction lines
Dimension take
from the object
3rd Angle
Projection
39
STEP 4
Construct the views : add hidden lines and darken final lines.
1st Angle
Projection
40
STEP 4
Construct the views : add hidden lines and darken final lines.
3rd Angle
Projection
41
LAYING OUT DRAWINGS
1st Angle Projection
LAYING OUT DRAWINGS
3rd Angle Projection
R/N B/N HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH
The three-view drawing is the standard used in engineering,
as normally other three principal views are mirror images.
The standard views – TOP, FRONT and RIGHT.
All objects have 3 dimensions
Height : Distance
from top to bottom
Width : Distance
from side to side Height
Depth: Distance
from the front to Width
Depth
back
44
R/N B/N HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH
The width dimensions are aligned between the
front and top view using vertical projection lines.
The height dimensions are aligned between the
front and side views, using horizontal projection
lines.
The depth dimensions are aligned between top
and side views, using scale, miter line or compass.
45
R/N B/N HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH
Top View
Depth
Width
Front View RS.View
Height
Height
Width Depth 46
3.5.
LINE CONVENTION
PRECEDENCE OF LINE
Order of Visible Hidden Center
importance line line line
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave
space
Correct
Join
No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended from the visible line.
Leave Leave
space space
Correct No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden line should intersect to form L and T
corners.
L T Correct
No !
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Hidden arcs should start on a center line.
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
Make a hidden line “jump” a Draw parallel hidden lines so
visible line when possible. that the dashes are staggered,
as in bricklaying.
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
When two or three hidden The same rule of joining the
lines meet at a point, join the dashes when two or three hidden
dashes, as shown for the lines meet at a point applies for
bottom of this drilled hole. the top of this countersunk hole..
CENTER LINE PRACTICE
In circular view, short dash should cross at the
intersections of center line.
For small hole, center line is presented as thin
continuous line.
Center line should not extend between views.
Leave space Leave space
CENTER LINE PRACTICE
Leave the gap when centerline forms a
continuation with a visible or hidden line
Center line should always start and end with
long dash.
Leave Leave Leave
space space space
Leave
space
3.6.
PROJECTION OF CURVE
,INCLINDE, OBLIQUE AND
INTERSECTION AND TANGENTS
PROJECTION OF CURVED EDGES
• Curved edges project as straight lines on the
plane to which they are perpendicular
• Curved edges project as curved lines on the
planes to which they are parallel or inclined
PROJECTION OF NORMAL
SURFACES
Normal surfaces appear as an edge in two
opposite principal views, and appear a
surface in all other principal views.
59
PROJECTION OF INCLINED SURFACES
• Inclined surfaces appear as an edge in two opposite
principal views, and appear foreshortened (not true size)
in all other principal views.
60
PROJECTION OF OBLIQUE SURFACES
• Oblique surfaces do not appear either as an
edge or true size in any principal view.
61
PROJECTION OF INTERSECTIONS & TANGENCIES
• Where a curved surface is tangent to a plane
surface, no line should be shown where they join
PROJECTION OF INTERSECTIONS & TANGENCIES
• Where a plane surface intersects a curved
surface, an edge is formed
PROJECTION OF INTERSECTIONS & TANGENCIES
• Where the plane surface is horizontal or
vertical, exceptions to these rules may occur
Example 1. Using the first angle projection system, draw the three principal view of the object whose pictorial drawings are given below.
1ST ANGLE PROJECTION
80
60
75
Example 2. Using the first angle projection system, draw the three principal view of the object whose pictorial drawings are given
below.
1ST ANGLE PROJECTION
60
40
50
END
OF
CHAPTER
THREE
