Wireless Networks
Lecture 1
Introduction to Wireless Communication
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Course Basics
Data Communication and Networks
Pre-requisite
1. Wireless Communication and Networks, 2nd
Text books Ed., W. Stalling.
2. Wireless Communications: Principles and
Practices, 2nd Ed., T. S. Rappaport.
3. The Mobile Communications Handbook, J. D.
Gibson
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Objectives of Course
Introduce
► Basics of wireless communication
► Evolution of modern wireless communication systems
► Wireless Networks
► Research issues in emerging wireless networks
Outcomes
► Adequate knowledge of wireless networks
► Able to carry research in different domains of wireless
networks
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Course Syllabus
Introduction to wireless communication
Evolution of wireless communication systems
Medium access techniques
Propagation models
Error control techniques
Cellular systems
► AMPS, IS-95, IS-136, GSM,
Wireless networks
► GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, cdma2000, Mobile IP, WLL, WLAN and
Bluetooth
Emerging networks
► WiMAX, MANET, WSN
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Introduction to Wireless Communication
I. The Wireless vision
II. Radio Waves
III. Channel Capacity
IV. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
V. EM Spectrum
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The Wireless vision
What is wireless communication?
What are the driving factors?
► An explosive increase in demand of tetherless
connectivity.
► Dramatic progress in VLSI technology
• Implementation of efficient signal processing algorithms.
• New Coding techniques
► Success of 2G wireless standards (GSM)
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Wired Vs. Wireless Communication
Wired Wireless
Each cable is a different channel One media (cable) shared by all
Signal attenuation is low High signal attenuation
No interference High interference
noise; co-channel interference; adjacent
channel interference
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Why go wireless ?
Advantages
► Sometimes it is impractical to lay cables
► User mobility
► Cost
Limitations
► Bandwidth
► Fidelity
► Power
► (In) security
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Electromagnetic Signal
Function of time
Can also be expressed as a function of frequency
► Signal consists of components of different frequencies
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Time-Domain Concepts
Analog signal - signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion
over time
► No breaks or discontinuities in the signal
Digital signal - signal intensity maintains a constant level for
some period of time and then changes to another constant
level
Periodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that repeats
over time
► s(t +T ) = s(t ) - ∞< t < + ∞
• where T is the period of the signal
Aperiodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that doesn't
repeat over time
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Time-Domain Concepts
Peak amplitude (A) - maximum value or strength of
the signal over time; typically measured in volts
Frequency (f )
► Rate, in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) at which the
signal repeats
Period (T ) - amount of time it takes for one
repetition of the signal
► T = 1/f
Phase () - measure of the relative position in time
within a single period of a signal
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Time-Domain Concepts
Wavelength () - distance occupied by a single cycle of the
signal
► Or, the distance between two points of corresponding phase of two
consecutive cycles
= vT
Sine wave Square wave
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Time-Domain Concepts
General sine wave
► s(t ) = A sin(2ft + )
Figure shows the effect of varying each of the three
parameters
► (a) A = 1, f = 1 Hz, = 0; thus T = 1s
► (b) Reduced peak amplitude; A=0.5
► (c) Increased frequency; f = 2, thus T = ½
► (d) Phase shift; = /4 radians (45 degrees)
note: 2 radians = 360° = 1 period
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Sine Wave Parameters
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Frequency-Domain Concepts
Fundamental frequency - when all frequency
components of a signal are integer multiples of one
frequency, it’s referred to as the fundamental
frequency
Spectrum - range of frequencies that a signal
contains
Absolute bandwidth - width of the spectrum of a
signal
Effective bandwidth (or just bandwidth) - narrow
band of frequencies that most of the signal’s energy
is contained in
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Frequency-Domain Concepts
Any electromagnetic signal can be shown to consist
of a collection of periodic analog signals (sine
waves) at different amplitudes, frequencies, and
phases
The period of the total signal is equal to the period
of the fundamental frequency
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Relationship between Data Rate and Bandwidth
The greater the bandwidth, the higher the
information-carrying capacity
Conclusions
► Any digital waveform will have infinite bandwidth
► BUT the transmission system will limit the bandwidth
that can be transmitted
► AND, for any given medium, the greater the bandwidth
transmitted, the greater the cost
► HOWEVER, limiting the bandwidth creates distortions
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About Channel Capacity
Impairments, such as noise, limit data rate that can
be achieved
For digital data, to what extent do impairments limit
data rate?
Channel Capacity – the maximum rate at which data
can be transmitted over a given communication
path, or channel, under given conditions
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Concepts Related to Channel Capacity
Data rate - rate at which data can be communicated (bps)
Noise - average level of noise over the communications path
Error rate - rate at which errors occur
► Error = transmit 1 and receive 0; transmit 0 and receive 1
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Nyquist Bandwidth
For binary signals (two voltage levels)
► C = 2B
With multilevel signaling
► C = 2B log2 M
• M = number of discrete signal or voltage levels
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Ratio of the power in a signal to the power contained in the
noise that’s present at a particular point in the transmission
Typically measured at a receiver
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, or S/N)
signal power
( SNR) dB 10 log10
noise power
A high SNR means a high-quality signal, lower number of
required intermediate repeaters
SNR sets upper bound on achievable data rate
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Shannon Capacity Formula
Equation:
C B log 2 1 SNR
Represents theoretical maximum that can be achieved
In practice, only much lower rates achieved
► Formula assumes white noise (thermal noise)
► Impulse noise is not accounted for
► Attenuation distortion or delay distortion not accounted for
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EM Spectrum
ISM band
902 – 928 Mhz
o
2.4 – 2.4835 Ghz
io
di
di
d
ra
ra
ar
ra
l
W
FM
llu
5.725 – 5.785 Ghz
AM
TV
TV
S/
ce
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
30kHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz
10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm 100mm
X rays
Gamma rays
infrared visible UV
1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz
Propagation characteristics are different in each frequency band
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Design Challenges
Two fundamental aspects of wireless
communication
► Channel fading
• Multipath fading
• Path loss via distance attenuation
• Shadowing by obstacles
► Interference
• Multiple transmitters to a common receiver
• Multiple transmitters to multiple receivers
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The primary concern in wireless systems is to
increase the reliability of air interface.
This is achieved by controlling the channel fading
and interference.
Recently the focus has shifted to spectral efficiency.
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Summary
EM seen in domain of time and frequency
Analog and digital signal
Periodic and aperiodic signal
Frequency, amplitude and wavelength of signal
Fundamental frequency
Channel capacity
► Nyquist formula
► Shannon formula
EM Spectrum
Design challenges in wireless communication
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Course Syllabus
Introduction to wireless communication (3 hrs)
Evolution of wireless communication systems (3 hrs)
Medium access techniques (3 hrs)
Propagation models (3 hrs)
Error control techniques (3 hrs)
Cellular systems (9 hrs)
► AMPS, IS-95, IS-136, GSM,
Wireless networks (12 hrs)
► GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, cdma2000, Mobile IP, WLL, WLAN and
Bluetooth
Emerging networks (9 hrs)
► WiMAX, MANET, WSN, etc
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