Module-II

EHS 403: Disaster Management

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GITAM

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
(ESTD. U/S 3 OF THE UGC ACT, 1956)
ACCREDITED BY NAAC WITH ‘A+’ GRADE
VISAKHAPATNAM-530 045, A.P., INDIA
TELEPHONE: 0891-2840260
EMAIL: [email protected]
Out line of Module-II
• Disaster Cycle, its Analysis, Phases
• Culture of Safety, Prevention, Mitigation And Preparedness Community Based
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
• Structural – Non-structural Measures
• Roles And Responsibilities of Community, Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban Local
Bodies, States, Centre and Other Stake Holders

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 2

Disaster Management Cycle
The traditional approach to disaster management has been to regard it as a number
of phased sequences of action or a continuum.

 These can be represented as a disaster management cycle.

The basic disaster management cycle consist of six main activities

Disaster Management Cycle
 Key Phases of Disaster Management
There are three key phases of activity within disaster management:

1. Pre – Disaster: Before a disaster to reduce the potential for human, material or
environmental losses caused by hazards and to ensure that these losses are minimized
when the disaster actually strikes.

2. During Disaster: It is to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met to
alleviate and minimize suffering.

3. Post Disaster: After a disaster to achieve rapid and durable recovery which does not
reproduce the original vulnerable conditions
Pre – Disaster Phase
Prevention and Mitigation Reducing the risk of disasters involves
activities, which either reduce or modify the scale and intensity of the
threat faced or by improving the conditions of elements at risk.
The use of the term reduction to describe protective or preventive actions that
lessen the scale of impact is therefore preferred.

Mitigation embraces all measures taken to reduce both the effects of the hazard
itself and the vulnerable conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future
disaster.
Mitigation
• Pre-Disaster Prevention & Mitigation Efforts
• Involves steps to reduce vulnerability to impacts of disaster and to
make the community more resilient
• e.g. Revision of IS Code, Redefining Zoning, Strengthening of Public
Infrastructures
Mitigation
Preparedness
This protective process embraces measures which enable governments, communities
and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them effectively.

Preparedness includes the formulation of viable emergency plans, the development

of warning systems, the maintenance of inventories and the training of personnel.

Preparedness therefore encompasses those measures taken before a disaster event

which are aimed at minimising loss of life, disruption of critical services, and damage
when the disaster occurs.
Preparedness
Early Warning
This is the process of monitoring the situation in communities or areas known to be
vulnerable to slow onset hazards, and passing the knowledge of the pending hazard
to people in harm‟s way.

 To be effective, warnings must be related to mass education and training of the

population who know what actions they must take when warned.
The Disaster impact
This refers to the “real-time event of a hazard occurring and affecting elements at
risk.

The duration of the event will depend on the type of threat; ground shaking may only
occur in a matter of seconds during an earthquake while flooding may take place
over a longer sustained period.
During a disaster Phase
Response This refers to the first stage response to any calamity, which include for
examples such as setting up control rooms, putting the contingency plan in action,
issue warning, action for evacuation, taking people to safer areas, rendering medical
aid to the needy etc.,

simultaneously rendering relief to the homeless, food, drinking water, clothing etc. to

the needy, restoration of communication, disbursement of assistance in cash or kind.

During a disaster Phase
The emergency relief activities undertaken during and immediately following a
disaster, which includes immediate relief, rescue, and the damage needs assessment
and debris clearance.
The Post- disaster Phase

Recovery: Recovery is used to describe the activities that encompass the three
overlapping phases of emergency relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction.

Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation includes the provision of temporary public utilities and

housing as interim measures to assist long-term recovery.
The Post- disaster Phase
Reconstruction: Reconstruction attempts to return communities to improved pre-
disaster functioning. It includes such as the replacement of buildings; infrastructure
and lifeline facilities so that long-term development prospects are enhanced rather
than reproducing the same conditions, which made an area or population vulnerable in
the first place.
The Post- disaster Phase
Development: In an evolving economy, the development process is an ongoing activity.

Long-term prevention/disaster reduction measures for examples like construction of

embankments against flooding, irrigation facilities as drought proofing measures,
increasing plant cover to reduce the occurrences of landslides, land use planning,
construction of houses capable of withstanding the onslaught of heavy rain/wind
speed and shocks of earthquakes are some of the activities that can be taken up as
part of the development plan.
 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

All activities, programmes and measures taken up before, during and

after a disaster to avoid a disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its
losses
1. Pre-disaster: Mitigation and preparedness activities taken to reduce
human and property losses. e.g. Strengthening the existing weak
structures
2. During a disaster: Emergency Response Activities. e.g. Blood
donation, food and drinking water supply
3. Post-disaster: Response and recovery activities - to achieve early
recovery and rehabilitation ASAP.
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
DRR – Disaster Risk Reduction

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 22

Community Based Disaster
Management (CBDM)

• CBDM is a process in which risk communities (i.e.

people) are actively engaged in the
• Identification
• Analysis
• Treatment
• Monitoring
• Evaluation
of disaster risks
• People are at the heart of decision making and
implementation of disaster risk management activities
• Also called as Community Based Disaster Risk
Reduction (CBDRR)
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Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 24
CDBM is necessitated if
• readiness and capacity are insufficient
• vulnerabilities are too great
• the scale of hazard is too big

Objectives of CDBM
• To build a response mechanism to save life, livelihood, livestock & assets with available
resources
• To develop multi-pronged interventions to address the root cause of vulnerability
• To hasten post-event recovery
• To build a self-reliant disaster proof community

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 25

 Characteristics of a
disaster resilient
community
• Faster recovery
• Capability to resume its original
form
• Ability to adjust easily to
changed situation.
• Cope up with the situation
without outside support

A community Based Disaster Risk

Reduction Plan (CBDRRP) would
support the community in
planning for being resilient.
26 Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam
Mapping Vulnerability & Risk
Assessments
• Identification of Different
Hazards & its Impact-
Mapping
• Identification of Risk &
Weak areas - Mapping
• Identification of Risk Groups
– Mapping

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 27

 • Safe Shelters / Houses –
Community as well as
privates
• Temporary Shelters –
Tarpaulins/ Tents/ Polythene
sheets
• Food – Dealers / Godowns
• Transportation – Vehicles,
Boats
• List of Volunteers / CBOs /
NGOs with Address exact
location
• Health Facilities etc.
Resource Inventory
Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 28
Mitigation strategy

Risk Reduction
• Safe shelter/ elevated land / insurance
• Retrofitting the traditional structure
• Alternate cropping pattern/short duration crop/grain or
seed bank
• Accurate and timely warning
• Identification and registration of risk groups
• Integrating Development programme to reduce vulnerability

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 29

 • Emergency fund generated
from the community by
individual contribution
• Community Funds/Grain
banks
• Use for preparedness
activities and emergency
consumptions

Emergency Fund
Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 30
STRUCTURAL – NON-
STRUCTURAL MEASURES

Structure
• All the parts of the building that carry its weight are called as
Structure.
• e.g. Columns, Beams, Slab, foundation etc.

Non-Structure
• All the remaining parts of the building other than structure
are known as Non-Structure.
e.g. False Ceiling, Partition Walls, Appliances

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 31

Non-Structural Elements

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 32

Structural – Non-structural
Measures
• DRR requires a combination of both the structural and non-structural measures

Structural measures
• Improve construction practice
• Retrofit critical structures and lifelines

Non-structural measures
• Improve response capacity
• Improve post-disaster assessment and communication capacity
• Communicate risk and mitigation measures to various stakeholders

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 33

Construction practice
• Engineered Constructions
• Designed and constructed with the
assistance of qualified engineers
• Design to comply with relevant BIS codes

• Non-Engineered Constructions
• Constructed without the assistance of
qualified engineers
• Most constructions use light-weight roofs
• Poor seismic resistance expected

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 34

 Vulnerability Reduction
• Engineering intervention in buildings and structures
• Restrictions on land-use to minimize exposure of the
society to disaster
• Land use restrictions, in the town and country
planning laws or master plan rules.
• Earthquake resistance provisions in Municipal bye
laws: Standards are not mandatory and do not form
part of the byelaws of the Local Bodies.
• Past earthquakes in Uttarkashi (1991), Latur-
Osmanabad (1993), Jabalpur (1997) Chamoli (1999),
Kachchh (2001) and Kashmir (2005) have clearly
shown lack of implementation of these Codes and
Guidelines.
Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 35
 Most appropriate institutes for
involving people in disaster
preparedness – Panchayati Raj
bodies – have a role in all the
phases

Roles and Responsibilities of Community,

Panchayat Raj Institutions/Urban Local
Bodies, States, Centre and Other Stake
Holders
Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 36
 • Convene meetings to ensure
timely warning
• Update information on civic
amenities/population, etc.
• Select safe locations for
people and livestock
• Arrangements to evacuate the
elderly, the disabled, children
and women
• Medical and sanitation
facilities at relief camps
Gram Panchayat or • Disconnecting power lines
during high winds/gales;
Village level storing food grain, drinking
water, etc.
Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 37
 • Supervise preparedness of Gram
Panchayats (GP)
• Consolidate village-level information
on items listed under GP
• Assessing preparedness of primary
health centers/evacuation
arrangements, etc.
• Engineering staff at the Block/Mandal
level should repair
drainage/canal/roads, etc.
• Contact ex-army/security forces
personal/volunteers to organize task
force for assistance
• Procure and keep ready rescue
Block/Mandal Panchayat material, including boats
• Function as link between district and
village-level counter-disaster activities.
Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 38
 • The District Collector/CEO should convene a meeting of all District
Heads of sectoral departments and ZP members before the start of
likely cyclone periods (May to June & Oct. to Nov.)
• Initiate all concerned departments to take up necessary repair and
Zilla maintenance and related works for preparedness
• Organize ‘Task Forces’ at district, block and village levels
Panchayat • Identify NGOs useful in providing assistance during disasters

or • Check inventories of items required at short notice for rescue and

relief operations
District level • At first warning, call meeting of Crisis Management Group (CMG)
and alert blocks/villages
• All CMG members should be asked to keep their personnel in full
preparedness
• District Collector should be made the CMG Leader and establish a
control room managed by senior officers round the clock during
the crisis (Jain & Polman, 2003).
Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 39
PANCHAYAT ROLE IN RESCUE
AND RELIEF BEFORE AND
DURING
NATURAL DISASTER IMPACT

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 40

Gram Panchayat or Village level
• Set up temporary shelters/relief camps after initial
warning/store food and water for people/livestock
• Evacuation of people and livestock should start
immediately after final warning
• Keep rescue volunteers and task forces ready
• District/block medical/relief teams may be asked to take
position at strategic points and coordinate with village
volunteers/task forces
• Organize veterinary aid teams for taking care of livestock
and removal of carcasses
• Disposal of dead bodies and prevention of the spread of
epidemics
• Assessing loss of life, livestock and damage to farming,
property, etc.

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 41

 Identify vulnerable areas and send task
Identify forces/volunteers to supervise safety measures

Evacuate people from these areas and help GPs in

Evacuate organizing relief camps

Arrange for emergency communication through police

Arrange wireless/ham radio, etc.

Arrange supply of food and other items to relief camps

Block/Mandal Arrange in adequate quantities

Panchayat Supervise Supervise rescue and relief activities with district-level

officers

Inform CMG if help is needed from police and defense

Inform forces

Assist Assist armed forces in rescue and relief operations

Supervise rescue and relief and coordinate with

Supervise various agencies including NGOs.
Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM,
Visakhapatnam 42
Zilla Panchayat or District level
• Monitor the situation, identify blocks and villages most
likely to be affected and issue warnings
• Activate control room and keep a full watch on the situation
• Arrange emergency communication with the help of police
wireless/ham radio, etc.
• Put CMG on the job of assisting block and village
Panchayats with counter-disaster steps
• Arrange transport for evacuation of people and livestock
• Arrange for temporary shelters/relief camps
• Seek assistance of the armed forces if necessary
• Monitor rescue and relief operations at village and block
levels
• Assist lower Panchayats in mobilizing task
forces/volunteers/ NGOs for rescue and relief (Reports, The
Panchayati Raj model in India, 2003). Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 43
 ROLE OF PANCHAYAT IN
RECONSTRUCTION AND LONG-
TERM MITIGATION PLANNING

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 44

 • Assist in identifying victims for compensation, and then in its distribution
• Formulate reconstruction plans for houses, community buildings, roads,
etc. within GP jurisdiction with the assistance of technical departments at
block and district levels.
• Enforce minimum specifications for safe construction.

Gram • Help district and block level organizations in arranging awareness camps
for management and mitigation of disasters and ensure participation of

Panchayat or the villagers.

• Organize village-level task force/volunteers and train them in counter-
Village level disaster measures.
• Assist in supervising and monitoring reconstruction and development
projects.
• Encourage local people to insure assets/livestock, which should be
mandatory for those who can afford. Seek government help for those
who are too poor to afford insurance (Reports, the Panchayati Raj model
in India, 2003). 45
Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam
 • Assist in rehabilitation, repair and reconstruction
• Assist gram Panchayats in identifying victims for
payment of compensation and in its distribution
• Prepare village and block-level mitigation plans;
consolidate/integrate these with the block plan
Block/Manda • Enforce minimum safety specifications for
l Panchayat construction
• Assist in long-term mitigation planning and its
integration with block/district development plans
• Supervise and monitor reconstruction and long-term
mitigation projects implemented by GPs and Block
Panchayats.

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 46

 • Planning and implementation of rehabilitation,
repair and reconstruction
• Compensation for loss of life, property, etc.
• Hazard and vulnerability mapping
Zilla Panchayat • Anti-disaster measures to be integrated in all
or District level development projects
• Special funding to use disaster-resistant
construction technologies in vulnerable areas
(Reports, The Panchayati Raj model in India,
2003)

Department of Civil Engineering, GIT, GITAM, Visakhapatnam 47

Preparedness and Response
• Facing disaster by way of mitigation, prevention,
preparedness, response, evacuation, relief and
rehabilitation has been part of the administrative
ethos.
• Preparedness included collection of statistical data on
the rainfall, weather conditions, crop pattern activities
relating to management of cattle etc.
• The relief work focused on departmental work and
village work for generation of employment during
drought.
Preparedness and Response
• The preparedness and response phase in the Disaster
management cycle are critical in reducing the impact
of disasters. The involvement of multi-various
stakeholders, therefore,
1. need to ensure efficient inter-departmental
coordination and
2. need to constantly review and improve the systems
in place.
• It has to be kept in mind to ensure that the focus on
these two areas help in bringing a tangible
improvement in handling the disasters.
Institutional Arrangements
• Forecasting about climate change is pre requisite for
taking preparedness measure to respond to the
disaster is the most important element of disaster
management.
Institutional Arrangements
• Forecast of Rainfall: India receives 80 per cent of its
annual rainfall during the southwest monsoon season
of June to September. The real-time monitoring and
statistical analysis of district wise daily rainfall is one
of the important functions of the IMD at New Delhi.
• Forecasting and Warning of Cyclones: IMD is the
nodal agency in the country to monitor and predict
the cyclonic disturbances and issue the warning and
advisory bulletins.
Institutional Arrangements
• Flood Forecasting- CWC: A computerized monitoring
system has been developed under which daily water
levels as observed at 0800 hours and forecasts issued
by field units are transmitted to CWC headquarters in
New Delhi.
• Tsunami warning – Indian National Centre for Oceanic
Information System (INCOIS): The Centre gives
information to all responders about the origin, time,
location of the epicenter, magnitude and depth of an
earthquake inside the ocean and accordingly issues
bulletins.
Institutional Arrangements
• Warning about Landslide hazard – Geological Survey of
India (GSI): GSI studies the shape and material of the land
getting inundated and generates data on area, shape,
slope, infiltration and permeability of soil of the basin,
drainage pattern, landform and longitudinal and cross
profiles of the channels.
• Avalanche warning – Defence Research & Development
Organization (DRDO): Center for Snow and Avalanche
Study Establishment (SASE) is one of the laboratories of
the DRDO located at Chandigarh with its primary function
to do research in the field of snow and avalanches and to
provide avalanche control measures and forecasting
support to Armed forces.
Institutional Arrangements
• Disaster Management Support (DMS) – Indian Space
Research Organization (ISRO): The Disaster
Management Support (DMS) Programme of ISRO,
provides timely support and services from aero-space
systems, both imaging and communications, towards
efficient management of disasters in the country.
• Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies (DAE): a basic
regulatory requirement, emergency preparedness
exists at all nuclear and radiation facilities to respond
to any on-site or off-site emergency in their areas.
Institutional Arrangements
• Director General of Mines Safety(DMS): Mining
activity accounts for about 1% of the world
employment but contributes to about 7% fatalities at
the work place.
• Coal companies have provided and maintained
rescue station in the heart of coal mining areas
namely at Sitarampur (WB), Dhanbad (Jharkhand),
Manindragarh (Chhatisgarh), Indora (Nagpur),
Ramgarh (Jharkhand), Karimnagar (AP) etc.
Institutional Arrangements
• Epidemic : Three core capacities are essentially required
to deal with epidemics. These are
(i) Establishment/strengthening of a laboratory based
disease surveillance system to collect baseline data on
infectious diseases, monitor disease trends and to detect
epidemics in early rising phase,
(ii) Development of epidemiological, clinical, entomological
and laboratory capacities to investigate the epidemics to
characterize the cases in terms of time, person and
place and to understand the transmission dynamics, and
(iii) Development of response capacities to prevent/control
the epidemics to reduce the morbidity and mortality to
the minimum.
Preparedness and Response
Recovery, Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation
• The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
(ISDR) defines recovery as the “decisions and actions
taken after a disaster with a view to restore or
improve the pre-disaster living conditions of the
stricken community, while encouraging and facilitating
necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk”.
• The short term activities for recovery are debris
clearance, providing semi-permanent shelter and
ensuring sanitation and restoring lifelines,
• while the long term activities involve building a safer
and more sustainable livelihood.
Nature of Recovery
• The damage caused by floods, earthquakes and
cyclones is on a much larger scale than other disasters
and recovery after these disasters poses a challenge.
• In disasters like drought, the relief phase is prolonged
and since there is no damage to the infrastructure
and property, the rehabilitation is confined to
restoration of livelihoods which can get subsumed in
normal development programmes.
Nature of Recovery
• Recovery in case of epidemics is more in the form of
sanitising the locality against any future recurrence
and may also involve counseling of the victims.
• Industrial disasters being quite varied in nature, the
rehabilitation in major ones like the ‘Bhopal Gas
Tragedy’ could involve rehabilitation efforts spanning
over a generation of victims apart from restoring
livelihoods and providing social and psychological
assistance.
Nature of Recovery
• Rehabilitation following disasters such as landslides
and avalanches is localised and is of a similar nature
as in earthquakes but on a smaller scale. Finding safer
sites near such locations often poses challenges and
resistance.
Guiding Principles for Post-Recovery
Assessment
• The first step after stabilizing the situation by providing
sufficient relief is to assess the damage. Based on the
assessment of the damage and the needs, a recovery
strategy has to be formulated. The resources should be
identified and the roles and responsibilities of all
concerned should be defined.
Co-ordination
• Establishing a framework for coordination is necessary for
effective recovery. The role of voluntary organisations
including international ones like the Red Cross is
extremely useful for mitigating the impact of disaster.
Guiding Principles for Post-Recovery
Shelter
• Shelter is one of the most visible an immediate needs in
post-crisis settings. Relief efforts are often focused on
providing shelter quickly. The development of disaster
resistant housing is a major factor in reducing
vulnerability to disasters.
Sustainability in Recovery Process
• This could be achieved by capability building of the
community and awareness generation and preparing local
crisis management plans.
Guiding Principles for Post-Recovery
Shelter
• Shelter is one of the most visible an immediate needs in
post-crisis settings. Relief efforts are often focused on
providing shelter quickly. The development of disaster
resistant housing is a major factor in reducing
vulnerability to disasters.
Sustainability in Recovery Process
• This could be achieved by capability building of the
community and awareness generation and preparing local
crisis management plans.
Disaster mitigating agencies and their
organizational structure at different
levels
Institutional Arrangement in India
• A permanent and institutionalised setup began in the decade of 1990s
with set up of a disaster management cell under the Ministry of
Agriculture, following the declaration of the decade of 1990 as the
‘International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction’ (IDNDR) by the
UN General Assembly.

• Following series of disasters such as

Latur Earthquake (1993),
Malpa Landslide (1994),
Orissa Super Cyclone (1999) and
Bhuj Earthquake (2001),
Institutional Arrangement in India
• a high powered Committee under the Chairmanship of Mr. J.C. Pant, Secretary,
Ministry of Agriculture was constituted for drawing up a systematic,
comprehensive and holistic approach towards disasters.

• Consequently, the disaster management division was shifted under the Ministry
of Home Affairs in 2002 vide Cabinet Secretariat’s Notification No. DOC.CD-
108/2002 dated 27/02/2002 and a hierarchical structure for disaster
management evolved in India.
Organisation and Structure of
Disaster Management
• The Disaster Management Division is headed by Joint Secretary (DM) in MHA,
• who is assisted by three Directors, Under Secretaries, Section Officers, Technical
Officer, Senior Economic Investigator consultants and other supporting staff.
• The upper echelon of the structure consists of Secretary (Border Management),
Home Secretary, Minister of State in charge and the Home Minister.
Disaster Management Framework

• Shifting from relief and response mode, disaster management in India started to
address the issues of early warning systems, forecasting and monitoring setup for
various weather related hazards.

• A multi-stakeholder High powered group was setup by involving representatives

from different ministries and departments.
Present Structure for Disaster Management In India
Disaster Management Act, 2005
• This Act provides for the effective management of disaster and for
matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

• It provides institutional mechanisms for drawing up and monitoring

the implementation of the disaster management.

• The Act also ensures measures by the various wings of the

Government for prevention and mitigation of disasters and prompt
response to any disaster situation.
Disaster Management Act, 2005
• The Act provides for setting up of a
• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the Chairmanship of
the Prime Minister,

• State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) under the Chairmanship of the

Chief Ministers,

• District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) under the Chairmanship of

Collectors/District Magistrates/Deputy Commissioners.
Disaster Management Act, 2005
• The Act further provides for the constitution of different Executive Committee at
national and state levels.

• Under its aegis, the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) for
capacity building and National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) for response
purpose have been set up.

• The Act further contains the provisions for financial mechanisms such as
creation of funds for response, National Disaster Mitigation Fund and similar
funds at the state and district levels for the purpose of disaster management.
Legal Institutional Framework
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

• The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was initially constituted

on May 30, 2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister vide an executive
order.

• Following enactment of the Disaster Management Act, 2005, the NDMA was
formally constituted in accordance with Section-3(1) of the Act on 27th
September, 2006 with Prime Minister as its Chairperson and nine other
members, and one such member to be designated as Vice-Chairperson.
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

• The NDMA has been mandated with laying down policies on disaster
management and guidelines which would be followed by different Ministries,
Departments of the Government of India and State Government in taking
measures for disaster risk reduction
National Executive Committee(NEC)
• A National Executive Committee is constituted under Section 8 of DM Act, 2005
to assist the National Authority in the performance of its functions.

• NEC consists of Home Secretary as its Chairperson, ex-officio, with other

Secretaries to the Government of India in the Ministries or Departments having
administrative control of the agriculture, atomic energy, defence, drinking water
supply, environment and forest, finance (expenditure), health, power, rural
development science and technology, space, telecommunication, urban
development, water resources.
 National Executive Committee (NEC)
• NEC may as and when it considers necessary constitute one or more sub-
committees for the efficient discharge of its functions.

• NEC has been given the responsibility to act as the coordinating and monitoring
body for disaster management, to prepare a National Plan, monitor the
implementation of National Policy etc.
State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)
• The DM Act, 2005 provides for constitution of SDMAs and DDMAs in all the
states and UTs.

• As per the information received from the states and UTs, except Gujarat and
Daman & Diu, all the rest have constituted SDMAs under the DM Act, 2005.
•
• Gujarat has constituted its SDMA under its Gujarat State Disaster Management
Act, 2003. Daman & Diu have also established SDMAs prior to enactment of
DM Act 2005.
State Executive Committee (SEC)
• The Act envisages establishment of State Executive Committee under Section 20
of the Act, to be headed by Chief Secretary of the state Government with four
other Secretaries of such departments as the state Government may think fit.

• It has the responsibility for coordinating and monitoring the implementation of

the National Policy, the National Plan and the State Plan as provided
District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA)

• DM Act provides for constitution of DDMA for every district of a state. The District
Magistrate/ District Collector/Deputy Commissioner heads the Authority as
Chairperson.

• The District Authority is responsible for planning, coordination and

implementation of disaster management and to take such measures for disaster
management as provided in the guidelines.

• The District Authority also has the power to examine the construction in any area
in the district to enforce the safety standards and also to arrange for relief
measures and respond to the disaster at the district level.
National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
• Disaster Management Act, 2005 entrusts the institute with numerous
responsibilities, namely

• to develop training modules,

• undertake research and documentation in disaster management,
• organise training programmes,
• undertake and organise study courses, conferences, lectures and
• seminars to promote and institutionalize disaster management,
• undertake and provide for publication of journals, research papers and books.
National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)

• The Institute has four academic divisions

• Geo-Hazard Division
• Hydro-met Hazard Division
• Policy Planning and Cross Cutting Issues Division
• Response Division
 National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
• The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) has been constituted under Section
44 of the DM Act, 2005 by up-gradation/conversion of eight standard battalions of
Central Para Military Forces i.e.
• two battalions each from Border Security Force (BSF),
• Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP),
• Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and
• Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) to build them up as a specialist force to respond to
disaster or disaster like situations.

• Based on vulnerability profile of different regions of the country, these specialist

battalions have been presently stationed at the following eight places
 State Disaster Response Force (SDRF)
• The states/UTs have also been advised to set up their own Specialist Response
Force for responding to disasters on the lines of National Disaster Response
Force vide Ministry of Home Affairs letter dated 26th July 2007 and 8th March,
2011.

• The Central Government is providing assistance for training of trainers.

• The state governments have been also advised to utilise 10 percent of their
State Disaster Response Fund and Capacity Building Grant for the procurement
of search and rescue equipment and for training purposes of the Response
Force.