In the name of Allah the Most Gracious the Most Merciful

CE-UG-2020
Spring FEB-JUN 2022

Ammara Mubeen
[email protected]
Assistant Professor
NUST Institute of Civil Engineering
FLUID MECHANICS – II (CE- 251)

COURSE OUTLINE
 FLUID MECHANICS – I (CE- 252)
COURSE OUTLINE

Course Title Fluid Mechanics II

Course Code CE – 252

Credit Hrs 2+1

Theory 2

Practical 1
 FLUID MECHANICS – II (CE- 252)

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS
Distribution Contribution in Grading
Theory (67%)
4 x Assignments 05% 3.3
5 x Quiz (Un
10% 6.6
announced/Announced)
2 x One Hrs Test 35% 23.1
1 x Final Exam 50% 34.0
Practical (33%)
3 x Quiz (Announced) 50% 16.5

Lab Reports 20% 6.6

Viva 30% 9.9


Learning Outcomes
Categorize and analyse the pipe flow problems and
formulate solutions, using the analytical and empirical
principles of Fluid Mechanics.
Analyse basic open channel flow equations.
Recognise the principles and working of hydraulic machines.
Demonstrate basic principles of Fluid Mechanics in
Laboratory.
The course provides essential knowledge for the study
and solution of pipe flow problems and natural flow
phenomena in rivers , canals and estuaries. It provides
the fundamental theory for design of pipe networks,
water retaining structures. This subject provides the
awareness of the selection of specific hydraulic
machinery for the specific requirements.
FLUID MECHANICS –II (CE- 252)

DETAILED SYLLABUS
 Prerequisites

Lecture Plan
•Bernouli Equation
•Energy Equation
•Fluid Properties
•Dimensional Analysis
Chapter 8 Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits Lecture
Course Outline 1
Laminar & Turbulent flow 1
Critical Reynold’s Number 1
Hydraulic radius, Hydraulic diameter 1
Friction Head loss in Conduits of Constant Cross Section 1
Friction in Circular conduits 2
Friction in Non circular conduits 2
Laminar Flow in circular pipes 2
Entrance Conditions in Laminar Flow 2
Turbulent Flow 3
Viscous Sublayer in Turbulent Flow 3
Velocity profile in Turbulent flow 4
Pipe roughness 4
Chart for friction factor 4
Single pipe flow: Solution Basics 5
Single pipe flow: Solution by trials 5
Single pipe flow: Direct solution 6
Empirical equations for single pipe flow 6
Non rigorous head loss equations 6
Chapter 8 Minor losses in Turbulent flow 7
Loss of head at entrance Prerequisites 7
Loss of head at submerged Discharge •Bernouli Equation
7
Loss due to contraction 7
Loss due to expansion
•Energy Equation7
Loss in pipefitting •Fluid Properties
7
Loss in bends and elbows •Continuity Equation
7
Single pipe flow with minor losses 8
Pipeline with pump or turbine 8
Branching pipes/ The three reservoir Problem 9
Pipes in series 9
Pipes in parallel 10
Pipe networks 10

Chapter 10 Steady Flow in Open Channels

Open Channels Prerequisites
11
Uniform Flow 11
Solution of Uniform flow problems
•Bernouli Equation
11
Velocity distribution in open channels •Energy Equation
11
Wide and shallow flow •Fluid Properties
11
Most efficient cross section 11
Circular sections not flowing full •Continuity11Equation
Laminar flow in open channel •Momentum 11 Equation
Specific energy and alternate depths of flow in Rectangular •Laws of Hydro-static
11
channels
Subcritical and supercritical flow 11
Critical depth in non rectangular channels 11

Chapter 15 Hydraulic machinery pumps 12

Description of Centrifugal and axial flow pumps 12
Head developed by a pump 12
Chapter 15 Pump efficiency 13
Similarity law for pumps 13
Prerequisites
Performance characteristics of pumps at constant speed •Bernouli13Equation
Performance characteristics at different speed and sizes 13
•Energy Equation
Operating point of a pump 13
Specific speed of pumps •Fluid Properties
13
Selection of Pumps •Momentum13 Principles
•Similitudes
Chapter 16 Hydraulic Machinery Turbines 14
Hydraulic turbines 14
Impulse turbines 14
Action of impulse turbines 14
Head on an impulse turbine and efficiency 14
Reaction Turbines 15
Action of reaction turbines 15
Selection of turbines 15
Pump turbine 15
Revision 16
TEXT BOOKS
J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield & L. B.
Jack “Fluid Mechanics” Fifth Edition
R. L. Daugherty “Fluid Mechanics With Engineering
Applications”
“Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications” by E
John Finnemore and Joseph B Franzini. 10th Edition.

REFERENCES
Streeter, Wylie, Bedford “Fluid Mechanics” Ninth Edition
Dr Andrew Sleigh “An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics”
May 2001 (School of Civil Engineering, University of
Leeds)
R E. Featherstone “Civil Engineering Hydraulics” Third
Edition
Steady Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits

Chapter-8
“Fluid Mechanics With Engineering Applications” by E John
Finnemore and Joseph B Franzini. 10th Edition.
Laminar flow
 Viscous shears dominate in this type of flow and the
fluid appears to be moving in discreet layers. The
shear stress is governed by Newton’s law of viscosity

du

dy
 In general the shear stress is almost impossible to
measure. But for laminar flow it is possible to
calculate the theoretical value for a given velocity,
fluid and the appropriate geometrical shape.

13
Turbulent flow
 This is the most commonly occurring flow in engineering
practice in which fluid particles move erratically causing
instantaneous fluctuations in the velocity components.
 These fluctuations cause additional shear stresses. In this
type of flow both viscous and turbulent shear stresses exists.
 Thus, the shear stress in turbulent flow is a combination of
laminar and turbulent shear stresses, and can be written as:

dU
   la min ar   turbulent     
dy

where  = dynamic viscosity

 = eddy viscosity which is not a fluid property but depends upon
turbulence condition of flow.

14
Head Loss in Pipes due to Friction
The head loss due to friction in a
given length of pipe is proportional
to mean velocity of flow (V) as
long as the flow in laminar. i.e.,
H f V

But with increasing velocity, as the

flow become turbulent the head
loss also varies and become
proportion to Vn

H f V n
Where n ranges from 1.75 to 2
Log-log plot for flow in uniform pipe
(n=2.0 for rough wall pipe; n=1.75 for
smooth wall pipe
15
CRITICAL REYNOLD’s NUMBER
R = 2000
crit
 If R < 2000 -> Laminar Flow
 If R > 2000 -> Turbulent Flow
 Though the experimenters have maintained
laminar flow in circular pipes upto values
of R as high as 50,000, but the type of flow
in such cases is inherently unstable and the
least disturbance will transform it instantly
into turbulent flow
 It is practically impossible for turbulent
flow in a straight pipe to persist at values
of ‘R’ much below 2000
 The low value is thus much more definite
than the higher one and is real dividing
point between the two types of flow
 Lower Value -> true critical Reynold’s
Number
Practice
 Sample Problem 8.1: In refinery oil (s= 0.85, v = 1.8 x 10-5 m2/s) flows
through a 100 mm diameter pipe at 0.50 L/s. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?

 Ex. 8.2.1: Oil with kinematic viscosity of 0.00015 ft2/sec is flowing through a
3-in diameter pipe. Below which velocity will the flow be laminar?

 Ex. 8.2.2: Oil with kinematic viscosity of 0.185 St (1 Stoke=10-4 m2/s) is

flowing through a 150-mm diameter pipe. Below which velocity, will the flow
be laminar?

 Ex. 8.2.3: Oil with kinematic viscosity of 0.0035 ft2/sec is flowing through a 4-
in diameter pipe with a velocity of 15 fps. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
18
Steady Flow Through Pipes
 Hydraulic Radius (Rh) or Hydraulic Area A
Rh  
Diameter: It is the ratio of area of flow to wetted perimeter P
wetted perimeter of a channel or pipe

For Circular Pipe For Rectangular pipe

Rh  

A  / 4D 2 

D
A
B
BD
P D 4 Rh  
P B  2D
D  4 Rh

VD 4VRh By replacing D with Rh, Reynolds’ number

Rh 
  formulae can be used for non-circular sections as
well.
19
Hydraulic radius, Hydraulic diameter

 For conduits having non circular cross sections, we need to

use some value other than the diameter for the linear
dimension in the Reynolds number.
 The characteristic dimension we use is the hydraulic radius
Rh=A/P

 Full Pipe Flow:

 The hydraulic radius is a convenient means for expressing

the shape as well as the size of the conduit, for the same
cross sectional area, the value of Rh will vary with the shape
 Hydraulic diameter: D = 4R
h h
Practice
 Ex. 8.3.1: What is the hydraulic radius of a 12-in by 16-in
rectangular air duct?

 Ex 8.3.2: What is the percentage difference between the

hydraulic radii of a 300-mm diameter duct and a 300-mm
square duct?
Frictional Head Loss in Conduits of Constant
Cross-Section
 Consider steady flow in a conduit of uniform cross-section A. The pressure
at section 1 & 2 are P1 & P2 respectively. The distance between the section
is L. For equilibrium in stead flow,
 F  ma  0
P= perimeter of conduit
 o = Avg. shear stress
between pipe boundary
and liquid

 z 2  z1 
   sin 
 L 
Figure: Schematic diagram of conduit
P1 A  W sin    o PL  P2 A  0

z z 
P1 A  P2 A  AL 2 1    o PL  0
22  L 
 Frictional Head Loss in Conduits of Constant
cross-section

z z  Remember !! For pipe flow

P1 A  P2 A  AL 2 1    o PL  0
 L 
P1 v12 P2 v22
Dividing the equation byA  z1    z2   hL
 2g  2g
P1 P2  PL
  z 2  z1   o 0
  A For stead flow in pipe of
 P1   P2   o PL uniform diameter v1=v2
 z1     z 2     hL  h f
       A
 P1  P 
  z1    2  z 2   hL
Therefore, head loss due to friction hf can    
be written as
 o PL  o L A
hf   Rh 
A Rh P
This is general equation and can be applied to any shape conduit having
either Laminar or turbulent flow.
23
  o PL  o L
hf  
A Rh

24
FRICTION HEAD LOSS IN CONDUIT OF
CONSTANT CROSS SECTION

 τo = f(μ, ρ, Rh,V) Non repeating

Variables
Parameter Dimensions
τo ML-1T-2
μ ML-1T-1
ρ ML-3
Rh L
V LT-1

Repeating
Variables

 П2 =φ(П1)
 Parameter Dimensions
τo ML-1T-2
μ ML-1T-1
ρ ML-3
Rh L
V LT-1

For π1:

26
27
Determining Shear Stress
 Now substituting the equation of avg. shear stress in equation of head loss,
C f V 2 L C fV 2L
hf  
2Rh 2 gRh  o  C f V 2 / 2
oL
 For circular pipe flows, Rh=D/4 hf 
Rh
4C f V 2 L L V2 L V2
hf   4C f  f
2 g 4D D 2g D 2g

 Where, f is a friction factor. i.e., f  4C f  f Re 

 The above equation is known as pipe friction equation and as Darcy-

Weisbach equation.
 It is used for calculation of pipe-friction head loss for circular pipes
flowing full (laminar or turbulent)
28
FRICTION IN CIRCULAR CONDUITS

𝐿 𝑉2
 Circular Pipe ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
Flowing full 𝐷 2𝑔
(Laminar or
turbulent flow) ℎ𝑓 𝑓 𝑉2
=𝑆=
𝐿 𝐷 2𝑔
𝑓 = 4𝐶𝑓 = 8𝜃φሺ𝑅ሻ

PIPE FRICTION EQUATION and

DARCY &WEISBACH EQUATION
LAMINAR Flow in Circular PIPE
LAMINAR Flow in Circular PIPE
32
FRICTION IN CIRCULAR CONDUITS
 The Pipe friction equation states that the head lost in friction in a
given pipe is proportional to velocity head
 The equation is dimensionally homogeneous
 We may use it with any consistent system of unit
 Exact form of 𝜃 ሺ𝑅 ሻand numerical values for 𝐶𝑓 and ‘f’ may be
determined by experiments or other means
 For circular pipe flowing full
𝐿 2𝜏ҧ0𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜏ҧ
0 =
𝑅ℎ 𝛾 𝑟0 𝛾

𝜏ҧ
0 = 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑓 𝑉2 𝑓 𝑉2
𝜏ҧ
0 = 𝜌 = 𝛾
4 2 4 2𝑔