Chapter 1
Respiration
1.1 The human respiratory system
• In stage 7, we learned that respiration is one of the characteristic
shared among all the living things.
• The respiration happened in our cells is called aerobic respiration.
Which includes oxygen. The waste product is carbon dioxide.
• The organs that help in taking in oxygen from the air and get rid of
co2 in your made up the respiratory system.
1.1 The human respiratory system
Air gets into body
Trachea is also The function of the The trachea
through nose and
called windpipe cartilage is to branches into two
mouth that
which has cartilage protect the trachea bronchi(sin:
connected to
around it. from collapsing bronchus)
trachea
Each bronchus The bronchi also
The end of divides into several
bronchioles is The bronchus has cartilage to
small bronchioles. carries air deep support them. Each
branched into many Which allow the air
tiny structures into the lungs. bronchus goes to
to go deeper in the each lung
called air sacs lung
1.2 Gas exchange
• As mentioned previously, the bronchioles branched into tiny structure
called the air sacs, which is also called the alveoli.
• There are many blood vessels wrapped around the air sacs, called the
blood capillaries.
1.2 Gas exchange
• In the air sacs, the carbon dioxide diffuse out
from the blood capillary and the oxygen diffuse
in.
• The flowing of the blood is from the heart then
to the heart.
• The red blood cells in purple color are called
Deoxygenated blood
• The red blood cell with oxygen is called
oxygenated blood which contain haemoglobin.
1.2 Gas Exchange
• What makes alveolus very efficient in gas exchange?
-Large surface area to allow gas to diffuse.
-Thin epithelial wall (only one cell thick)
-There a lot of blood capillaries surrounded the alveolus.
1.3 Breathing
Breathing in Breathing out
The intercostal muscle The intercostal muscle relax
contract
The diaphragm flatten The diaphragm relax and
because the muscles in the back to the normal, domed
diaphragm contracted. shape
More space in the chest Less space inside the chest
cavity to increase the volume cavity, decreased in volume
Air got suck in to the lungs Air got squeezed out from
the lungs
1.4 Respiration
• All of our energy comes from the food that we consumed.
Carbohydrates are especially good for giving out energy.
• This is because carbs can be broken down into a sugar called glucose,
which goes into our blood and delivered to all the cell in the body.
• As we learned in stage 7 that, energy must be changed to another or
be transferred in order to do something.
• Therefore, the energy in glucose in locked up, in order for your cell to
use energy it must be released from the glucose.
• This process is done by tiny structures called mitochondria.
1.4 respiration
• The mitochondria carried out a chemical reaction called aerobic respiration.
• The reaction is :
• As learned, when energy is transferred there might be heat energy being
transformed as well. The heat energy is also produced in this process which
makes the air that we breath out a little warmer.
1.5 Blood
• Blood contains plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood
cells.
1.5 Blood
• What is blood plasma?
• Blood plasma is the liquid part of the blood, it is mostly water.
• It’s function is to carry the RBC and WBC around the body and also
contain glucose to carry the energy to all the cells.
1.5 Blood
• Red blood cells(RBC)
• As you know, red blood cell is red in colour.
• It does not contains a nucleus and mitochondria. They are full of red
pigment called haemoglobin.
• The haemoglobin helps the RBC to transport oxygen, as the blood
flows through the capillaries in the alveoli, the oxygen is diffused into
the blood then diffuse into RBC.
• In RBC the oxygen combines with haemoglobin and formed
oxyhaemoglobin.
• RBC is smaller than most of the cells in the body which helps them to
get through very tiny blood capillaries. SO they can move to all the
1.5 Blood
• White Blood Cell (WBC)
• WBCs have nucleus which is very easy to be distinguished from RBCs.
And most of them are larger than the RBCs.
• The main function of WBCs is helps us to defend against pathogens
which are bacteria and viruses.
• Some captures the pathogen while some produce chemicals called
antibodies.
1.5 Blood
• Platelets
• Platelets are small, colourless cell fragments in our blood that form
clots and stop or preventing bleeding .
• They are made in the bone marrow inside our bones. Bone marrow
contains cells that develop into red blood cell, white blood cells and
platelets.
The end of Chapter 1
