Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

Scribd
Upload
30 views14 pages

Chapter 2

The document outlines various organelles within a cell, detailing their structures and functions, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeletal components. It also describes the process of mitosis and the mechanisms of substance transport across cell membranes, distinguishing between passive and active transport. Additionally, it mentions Wilson's disease protein (ATP7B) as a regulator of copper concentration in the liver.

Uploaded by

wallacec1017
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
30 views14 pages

Chapter 2

The document outlines various organelles within a cell, detailing their structures and functions, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeletal components. It also describes the process of mitosis and the mechanisms of substance transport across cell membranes, distinguishing between passive and active transport. Additionally, it mentions Wilson's disease protein (ATP7B) as a regulator of copper concentration in the liver.

Uploaded by

wallacec1017
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Chapter 2

Organelle
• Plasma membrane
-Immunological identity
Specific receptors for hormones & chemicals.
- Some are enzymes.
-Transmembrane transport.
Organelle
• Nuclues
-All cells have nucleus except matured erythrocytes
-Largest organelle.
-Contained within a membrane with tiny pores.
-Contains the body’s genetic material (DNA).
-Control Center of the cell
-Contain CHROMATIN (loose DNA)
Organelle
• Mitochondria
-Sausageshaped in the cytoplasm.
-“Power house” of the cell.
-Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Organelle
• Ribosome
-Tiny granules composed of RNA and protein.
-Free units within the cytoplasm.
-Synthesis of protein from amino acids for use within the cell.
Organelle
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Smooth ER:
-synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones, detoxification of drugs
Rough ER:
-has ribosome. Synthesis of proteins for “export”.
Organelle
• Golgi apparatus
-Stacks of closely folded flattened membranous sacs.
-Proteins synthesized from ER are moved and “packaged” here
(secretory granules) before being transferred out of the cell
Organelle
• Lysosomes
-A type of secretory vesicle formed by the Golgi apparatus.
-Breakdown of large molecules to be recycled or as waste material.
Organelle
• Microfilaments & Microtubules
-Microfilaments = tiny strands of protein for structural support.
-Microtubules= movement of organells, organization of proteins within
the plasma membrane.
Mitosis
• Prophase-chromatin condensed to form chromosomes
• ProMetaphase-Nuclear envelope breaks down
• Metaphase- The chromosomes align at the equatorial plane.
• Anaphase-Sister chromatids separate and the resultant daughter
chromosomes move toward the poles
• Telophase-Daughter chromosomes reach the poles and form two new
nuclei.
Transport of substance across cell membranes
• Passive transport
-Diffusion-Molecules and ions passing through the membrane without
using energy.
-facilitated diffusion -Diffusion with help of protein carrier, Usually for
larger molecules like glucose and amino acids.
-osmosis. Passive movement of water down its concentration gradient
across a semi permeable membrane until an equilibrium is reached
Transport of substance across cell membranes
• Active transport
-Transport of substance up their concentration gradient.
-ATP drives molecules across the plasma membrane.
-Example: Sodium Potassium Pump. Bulk Transport (Phagocytosis).
-Active transport requires energy to move substances from area of
lower concentration to area of higher concentration.
-Endocytosis move material inside the cell
-Exocytosis move material out from the cell
• Wilson’s disease protein (ATP7B) is a key regulator of copper
concentration in the liver

You might also like