Electrical Machines 1
Lecture 3
Commutation and Armature Construction in Real DC Machine
Problems with Commutation in Real DC Machine
Rotor a.k.a armature
Rotor Coils
Number of conductors in a
machine armature is given by
Z = no. of conductors on rotor
C = no. of coils on rotor
Nc = number of turns per coil
Coil Span
Normal Coil Span is 180 electrical
degrees which means the voltage
in the conductors on either side of
the coil will be exactly the same in
magnitude and opposite direction
Coil Span of 180 electrical
degrees is called Full-Pitch Coil
Coil Span
Some coil span is less than 180 electrical degrees – called
Fractional Pitch Coil
A rotor winding with fractional pitch coil is called chorded
winding
The amount of chording is called pitch factor,
𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝒑= ×𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝟏𝟖𝟎 °
Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
𝜃𝑒= 𝜃𝑚
Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
x
Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
x .
Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
. x
Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
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Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
x
Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
x
Electrical Degrees vs Mechanical Degrees
To summarize:
𝜃𝑒= 2 𝜃𝑚
Connections to the Commutator Segments
Commutator Pitch, - is the distance ( in number of segments)
between the commutator segments to which the two ends od a coil
is connected.
According to connection
a) Progressive winding
b) Retrogressive winding
Connections to the Commutator Segments
According to plex
Simplex – single, complete, closed winding wound on a rotor
Duplex – two complete and independent sets of rotor windings
Triplex - two complete and independent sets of rotor windings
Multiplex – more than one set of windings
Connections to the Commutator Segments
According to sequence of their connection
Lap Winding - is a rotor winding consisting of coils containing
one or more turns of wire with the two ends of each coil coming
out at adjacent commutator segments
Wave Winding – every other rotor coil connects back toa
commutator segment adjacent to the beginning of the first coil
Frog leg Winding – combination of lap and wave winding
Problems with Commutation in Real DC
1. Armature Reaction
2. voltages
Problems with Commutation in Real DC
Armature Reaction
Neutral Plane Shift
Problems with Commutation in Real DC
Armature Reaction
Flux Weakening
Solutions
1. Brush Shifting
2. Commutating poles or Interpoles
3. Compensating windings
