LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO
OPERATING SYSTEM
INSTRUCTOR: Dr.Fouzia Idrees
 Course Contents
2

Operating systems basics, system calls, process concept and scheduling, inter-
process communication, multithreaded programming, multithreading models,
threading issues, process scheduling algorithms, thread scheduling, multiple-
processor scheduling, synchronization, critical section, synchronization
hardware, synchronization problems, deadlocks, detecting and recovering
from deadlocks, memory management, swapping, contiguous memory
allocation, segmentation & paging, virtual memory management, demand
paging, thrashing, memory-mapped files, file systems, file concept, directory
and disk structure, directory implementation, free space management, disk
structure and scheduling, swap space management, system protection, virtual
machines, operating,system security

CUSIT SPRING 2015

 Outline
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1.1 What is OS
1.2 Computer System Organization
1.3 Computer System Architecture
1.4 OS Structure
1.5 OS Operations
1.6 OS Services
1.7 OS Interface
 1.1 What is Operating System?
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 An operating system is a program that manages the

computer hardware.

 It also provides a basis for application programs

and acts as an intermediary between the computer
user and computer hardware.
 What do Operating System do?
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 The computer system can be divided roughly into

four components:

1. The hardware
2. The operating system
3. The application software
4. The Users
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 USER View of OS
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 Ease to use (Home PCs)

 Efficient resource utilization

(Work stations)
 SYSTEM view of OS
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 OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources (CPU time, memory
space, storage space, I/O and so on)
Decides between conflicting requests for
efficient and fair resource use

 OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent
errors and improper use of the computer
 1.2 Computer System Organization
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 Basic Organization
 Storage Structure
 I/O structure
 Computer Startup
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Bootstrap program is loaded at power up or reboot

 Typically stored in ROM, generally known as

firmware
 Initialize all aspects of system

 Loads operating system kernel and starts execution

 1.2.1 Computer System Organization
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 1.2.1 Computer System Organization
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 I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently.

 Each device controller is in charge of a particular
device type.
 Each device controller has a local buffer.
 1.2.2 Storage Structure
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Main Memory:
 Main memory is the only large storage media that

the CPU can access directly

 Main memory is usually too small to store all

needed programs and data

 Main memory is a volatile storage device that loses

its contents when power is off

 1.2.2 Storage Structure
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 Therefore, most computer provide secondary

storage as extension to store web browser,
compliers, word processors…etc
 Storage Device Hierarchy
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 1.2.2 Storage Structure
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 Storage systems organized in hierarchy.

Speed
Cost
Volatility
 Caching–copying information into faster storage
system; main memory can be viewed as a cache for
secondary storage.
 Data must be moved from secondary storage into
main memory before use.
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 Data transfer from cache to CPU and registers is

usually a hardware function with no operating
system control.
 Data transfer from disk to memory is usually
controlled by the operating system.
 1.3 Computer-System Architecture
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 1.3.1 Single-Processor Systems

 1.3.2 Multiprocessor Systems
 1.3.3 Cluster Systems
 1.3.1 Single-Processor Systems
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 On a single processor system, there is only one main

CPU capable of executing a general purpose
instruction set.

 Some other special-purpose processors may also

included. Such as:
GPU-graphics processing unit
Disk-controller microprocessor
Keyboard microprocessor
 1.3.2 Multiprocessor Systems
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 Also called Parallel Systems

 Advantages:
1. Increase throughput
2. Economy of scale
3. Increase reliability (fault tolerant)
 1.3.2 Multiprocessor Systems
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 Two types of multiprocessor systems:

1. Asymmetric multiprocessing
(master and slave processors)
2. Symmetric multiprocessing
(Shared memory system)
 1.3.3 Clustered Systems
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 Clustered computers share storage and are closely

linked via Local-area network (LAN) or a faster
interconnection.
 1.4 OS Architecture
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One of the most important aspect of OS is the ability

to Multiprogramming

 Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at

all times
 One job selected and run via job scheduling
 When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS
switches to another job
 Memory Layout for Multiprogrammed
24 System
 Multiprogramming
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 Jobs are stored in “Job Pool”

 Virtual memory is the useful technique for the
limitation size of physical memory
 1.5 OS operations
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 Interrupt (driven by hardware) vs.

Trap (called by software or error)

 Trap example: divide by 0; invalid memory access

 We need to make sure that an error in a user program

could cause problems only for the one program that
was running (such as infinite loop)
 Dual Mode Operation
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 Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and

other system components
 It contains User mode and Kernel mode

 The operating system loaded user application starts in user

mode. Whenever a trap or interrupt occurs, hardware switches
to kernel mode.
 Dual Mode Operation
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 Privileged instructions: some machine

instructions that may cause harm, can only be
executed in kernel mode.

 Such as instruction switch to user mode; I/O control; timer

management, and interrupt management.
 OS Services
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 Program execution
 Error handling
 Job sequencing
 Input/output operations
 Interrupt handling
 File system manipulation
 Scheduling
 Resource Allocation
 Accounting of computer resources
 Protection
 Multi-tasking
 Multi-threading
 Program execution
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 Users are interested in executing programs.

 The system must be able to load a program into
memory and run it.
 The program must be able to end its execution,
either normally or abnormally
 Error handling
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 For each type of error, the operating system should

take the appropriate action to assure correct ant
consistent computing.
 Example: –
 Power failure in the CPU or memory
 Printer out of paper
 Access illegal memory location.
 Job sequencing
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 The system must determine the sequence in which

jobs should be processed.
 In the first operating systems to transfer control
from one Job to the next, a Job Control language
interpreter(a command interpreter) had to be used.
 Device Management
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 Since a user program cannot execute I/O operations

directly, the O.S. must provide some means to do so
 OS manages device communication via their respective
drivers. Operating System does the following activities
for device management.
 Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this
task is known as the I/O controller.
 Decides which process gets the device when and for how
much time.
 Allocates the device in the efficient way.
 De-allocates devices.
 Interrupt handling
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 Operating systems are event driven programs.

 If there are no programs to execute, no I/O devices
to service, and no user to respond to, an O.S. will
sit quietly, waiting for something to happen.
 Events are almost always signaled by the
occurrence of an interrupt or trap.
 File system manipulation
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 Users will be able to create, delete, read, or write files

 Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc.
The collective facilities are often known as file system

Scheduling

 The system has to decide when to introduce new

processes into the system and the order in which
processes should run
 Resource Allocation
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 When there are multiple process running concurrently,

resources must be allocated to each one of them

Accounting of computer resources

 The operating system must keep track of the type and
amount of resources used by each user.
 This information can be used for the purpose of paying
for the use of the system or for accumulating usage
statistics.
 Protection
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 When several processes are being executed

concurrently to increase CPU utilization, it should
not be possible for one process to interfere the
others
 OS ensures that all access to system resources is
controlled.
 OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected
from invalid access attempts.
 OS provides authentication feature for each user by
means of a password.
 Multi-tasking
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 In an operating system, multitasking is allowing a user to perform

more than one computer task at a time.
 The operating system is able to keep track of where you are in these
tasks and go from one to the other without losing information.

Multi-threading
 Multithreading is the ability of a program or an operating system
process to manage its use by more than one user at a time and to
even manage multiple requests by the same user without having to
have multiple copies of the programming running in the computer
 1.7 OS interface
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 Command Line Interface

 A command line interface (CLI) enables users to type
commands in a terminal or console window to interact with
an operating system.
 Users respond to a visual prompt by typing a command on
a specified line, and receive a response back from the
system. Users type a command or series of commands for
each task they want to perform.
40

 Graphical User Interfaces

 A graphical user interface (GUI) uses graphics, along with
a keyboard and a mouse, to provide an easy-to-use interface
to a program.
 A GUI provides windows, pull-down menus, buttons,
scrollbars, iconic images, wizards, other icons, and the
mouse to enable users to interact with the operating system
or application.

CUSIT SPRING 2015

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End of the Lecture

 Assignment 1
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 Historical Milestones:
1. Serial Processing

2. Distributed

3. Embedded

4. Simple Batch Systems

5. Multiprogrammed batch systems

6. Time Sharing Systems

 Date of submission:26th March,24