Computer Fundamentals
Lecture # 4:
Number systems and Logical Operations
Today’s Aim
Learning about the different Numbering
Systems
Learning Conversion Techniques among the
different Number Systems
Studying the Important Logical Operations
Numbers:
Number Sense
Counting
History of Number Systems:
Quipu of the Inca Umpire
Fractions in Ancient Egypt
The Mayan Number System
The Egyptian Number System
The Greek Number System
The Babylonian Number System
Main Numbering Systems:
Decimal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Decimal Number System:
Base-10 system: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Positional Number System i.e., every place
has its own weight
Examples:
123.64 = 1*102 + 2*101 + 3*100 + 6*10-1 + 4*10-2
0.456 = 4*10-1 + 5*10-2 + 6*10-3
Binary Number System:
Base-2 system : 0,1
Examples:
1011001
Used in all Digital Devices
Why?
Hexadecimal Number System:
Base-16 Number System :
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Used for compact representation of binary
numbers. How?
Conversion:
Binary to Decimal:
10112 = 1* 20 + 1* 21 + 0* 22 + 1* 23
= 1+2+0+8 = 11
2 5 - 1
Decimal to Binary: 2 2 - 0
510 = 1012 1
Conversion (continued):
Hexadecimal to decimal:
DEAD16 = ?
Decimal to hexadecimal:
20710 = ?
Data Organization:
Bits (Binary Digits)
Nibbles = 4 bits
Bytes = 8 bits
Word = 16 bits
Logical Operations
The value of a Boolean expression may
either be ‘true’ or ‘false’, represented by a ‘1’
or a ‘0’
There are three basic Boolean expressions:
AND
OR
NOT
Other logic operations (derived from these
three) include ‘NAND’, ‘NOR’, ‘XOR’ etc.
Logical Operations
AND
‘if any input is low (0), output is low’ or ‘output is high (1)
only if all the inputs are high’
Two or more inputs, only one output
OR
‘if any input is high, output is high’ or ‘output is low only if all
the inputs are low’
Two or more inputs, only one output
NOT
‘output is complement of the input’
Single input, single output
Logical Operations
Truth table
Contains all the possible input values and their
outputs
2n entries of a truth table show all the possible
input combinations (n = number of inputs)
Boolean expression
Consists of Boolean variables
Another way to represent the input-output
relationship
Logical Operations
Logical Diagram (circuit)
Representation in the form of a circuit
All the inputs and outputs can have only two
values, ‘0’ or ‘1’
Logic AND:
Truth Table Logical Diagram
x
x y z z
y
0 0 0
0 1 0
Boolean Equation
1 0 0
z x y
1 1 1
Logic OR:
Truth Table Logical Diagram
x
x y z z
y
0 0 0
0 1 1
Boolean Equation
1 0 1
1 1 1
z x y
Logical NOT:
Truth Table Logical Diagram
x y
x y
0 1
1 0 Boolean Equation
y x'
Logic NAND:
Truth Table Logical Diagram
x y z x
z
y
0 0 1
0 1 1
Boolean Equation
1 0 1
1 1 0 z x y
Logic NOR:
Truth Table Logical Diagram
x y z x
z
y
0 0 1
0 1 0
Boolean Equation
1 0 0
1 1 0 z x y
Logic XOR:
Truth Table Logical Diagram
x
x y z z
y
0 0 0
0 1 1
Boolean Equation
1 0 1
1 1 0 z x y
Logic XNOR:
Truth Table Logical Diagram
x y z x
z
y
0 0 1
0 1 0
Boolean Equation
1 0 0
1 1 1 z=x y
Today we Learnt:
About Number Systems
Conversion among different number systems
Binary Logic
