PRAYERS BEFORE THE

CLASS
 Heavenly Father, we thank you for this
beautiful moment.

Thank you for giving us another day to

learn

We pray for Your continuing guidance

and open our hearts and minds and guide us
as we study our lessons to make us better
persons while serving man and glorifying
God. Amen
May the Peace of the Lord
be with You
All!
Asalam mu
alaykum warah
matullahi wal baraka
tuhu!
Alfonso Leyno Javier MM, Ph. D PSA
Police Senior Superintendent JSCSC (Ret)
CP Nos: 0917-8795836/0918-4587861
[email protected]
 TCU Philosophy

Social transformation for a caring

community and ecologically
balanced country,

TCU Vision

An eminent center of excellent

Higher Education towards
societal advancement
 TCU Mission

To nurture a vibrant culture of

academic wellness responsive
to the challenges of
technology and the
global community.
Comparative
Administration
Introduction
 In political science, it has long been a goal
to create a typology or taxonomy of polities, as
typologies of political systems are not obvious.

It is especially important in the political

science fields of comparative politics and
international relations.
 On the surface, identifying a form of
government appears to be easy, as all
governments has an official form.

United States is a federal republic while

the former Soviet Union was a socialist
republic.

However self-identification is not

objective, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue,
defining regimes can be tricky.
 For example, elections are a defining
characteristic of a democracy, but in practice
elections in the former Soviet Union were not
"free and fair" and took place in a single party
state.

Thus in many practical classifications it

would not be considered democratic.
 Another complication is that a huge
number of political systems originate as socio-
economic movements and are then carried into
governments by specific parties naming
themselves after those movements.

Experience with those movements in

power, and the strong ties they may have to
particular forms of government, can cause
them to be considered as forms of government
in themselves.
Public administration –

the tax collectors, the police officers, the

mail clerks and their associated teacher and
governing bodies -- then carry out what is
decided on in the governing body.
 Governance and public administration are
somewhat unstructured or vague. They can
apply to more than just a government and its
branches.

For example, a company can also have both

aspects. The CEOs and members of the board
who decide company policy serve as a
governing board. The human resource
departments and managers ensure that
employees stick to the decisions made by the
governors.
 For the US sense of the word, most
countries (be they English-speaking or not)
use the term government instead, as in the
"Tony Blair government".

This is also true of the non-European

members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Depending on the type of government, the
word coalition may be used for a specific
government.
 In the Netherlands, cabinet is the most
used term (as in the fourth Balkenende
cabinet), although 'coalition' or 'government'
are also used when one does not refer to a
specific coalition

Note: The two terms have slightly different

meanings)
Definition
 Comparative public administration is
defined as the study
of administrative systems in
a comparative fashion or the study of
public administration in other countries.

Another definition for

"comparative public administration" is the
"quest for patterns and regularities
in administrative action and behavior"
 Importance of Comparative Public
Administration [CPA]

Study of public administration applied to

diverse cultures and national settings. Learn
distinctive features of a system or a group of
systems.

Examine success or failures of a

particular administrative features in particular
ecological settings.
 Actually, in 1953, the American Political
Science Association had a committee
on comparative administration, before the
American Society for Public Administration
created the Comparative Administration
Group (CAG).
 Fred W. Riggs (July 3, 1917 in China –
February 9, 2008 in USA) was a political
scientist and pioneer in administrative model
building and theory formulation. He is known
for his works in Comparative Public
Administration, especially his Riggsian
Model.

Thus he became the Father of CPA.

 Types of
Government/Administration
Absolute monarchy - a form of government
where the monarch rules unhindered, i.e.,
without any laws, constitution, or legally
organized opposition.

Anarchy - a condition of lawlessness or political

disorder brought about by the absence of
governmental authority.
 Authoritarian - a form of government in which
state authority is imposed onto many
aspects of citizens' lives.

 Commonwealth - a nation, state, or other

political entity founded on law and united by
a compact of the people for the common
good.
 Communist - a system of government in which
the state plans and controls the economy
and a single - often authoritarian - party
holds power; state controls are imposed
with the elimination of private ownership of
property or capital while claiming to make
progress toward a higher social order in which
all goods are equally shared by the people
(i.e., a classless society).
 Confederacy (Confederation) - a union by
compact or treaty between states, provinces, or
territories, that creates a central government
with limited powers; the constituent entities
retain supreme authority over all matters
except those delegated to the central
government.
 Constitutional - a government by or
operating under an authoritative document
(constitution) that sets forth the
system of fundamental laws and principles
that determines the nature, functions, and
limits of that government.

 Constitutional democracy - a form of

government in which the sovereign power
of the people is spelled out in a
governing constitution.
 Constitutional monarchy - a system of
government in which a monarch is
guided by a constitution whereby his/her
rights, duties, and responsibilities are
spelled out in written law or by custom.

 Democracy - a form of government in which

the supreme power is retained by the
people, but which is usually exercised
indirectly through a system of
representation and delegated authority
periodically renewed.
 Democratic republic - a state in which the
supreme power rests in the body of citizens
entitled to vote for officers and
representatives responsible to them.

 Dictatorship - a form of government in which

a ruler or small clique wield absolute power
(not restricted by a constitution or laws).

 Ecclesiastical - a government administrated by

a church.
 Emirate - similar to a monarchy or
sultanate, but a government in which the
supreme power is in the hands of an emir
(the ruler of a Muslim state); the emir may
be an absolute overlord or a sovereign
with constitutionally limited authority
 Federal (Federation) - a form of
government in which sovereign power is
formally divided - usually by means
of a constitution - between a central
authority and a number of constituent
regions (states, colonies, or provinces)
so that each region retains some
management of its internal affairs; differs
from a confederacy in that the central
government exerts influence directly
upon both individuals as well as upon
the regional units.
 Maoism - the theory and practice of Marxism-
Leninism developed in China by Mao
Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), which states that a
continuous revolution is necessary if the
leaders of a communist state are to keep in
touch with the people.
 Marxism - the political, economic, and social
principles espoused by 19th century
economist Karl Marx; he viewed the struggle of
workers as a progression of historical forces
that would proceed from a class struggle of
the proletariat (workers) exploited by capitalists
(business owners), to a socialist
"dictatorship of the proletariat," to, finally, a
classless society - Communism.
 Marxism-Leninism - an expanded form of
communism developed by Lenin from
doctrines of Karl Marx; Lenin saw imperialism
as the final stage of capitalism and shifted
the focus of workers' struggle from
developed to underdeveloped countries.
 Monarchy - a government in which the
supreme power is lodged in the hands of a
monarch who reigns over a state or territory,
usually for life and by hereditary right; the
monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler
or a sovereign - such as a king, queen, or
prince - with constitutionally limited authority.
 Oligarchy - a government in which control is
exercised by a small group of individuals
whose authority generally is based on wealth or
power.

 Parliamentary democracy - a political system

in which the legislature (parliament)
selects the government - a prime minister,
premier, or chancellor along with the cabinet
ministers - according to party strength as
expressed in elections; by this system, the
government acquires a dual responsibility:
to the people as well as to the parliament.
 Parliamentary government (Cabinet-
Parliamentary government) - a government in
which members of an executive branch (the
cabinet and its leader - a prime minister,
premier, or chancellor) are nominated to their
positions by a legislature or parliament, and
are directly responsible to it; this type of
government can be dissolved at will by the
parliament (legislature) by means of a no
confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet
may dissolve the parliament if it can no longer
function.
 Parliamentary monarchy - a state headed by a
monarch who is not actively involved in
policy formation or implementation (i.e., the
exercise of sovereign powers by a
monarch in a ceremonial capacity); true
governmental leadership is carried out by a
cabinet and its head - a prime minister,
premier, or chancellor - who are drawn from a
legislature (parliament).
 Presidential - a system of government where
the executive branch exists separately from a
legislature (to which it is generally not
accountable).

 Republic - a representative democracy in which

the people's elected deputies
(representatives), not the people themselves,
vote on legislation.
 Socialism - a government in which the means
of planning, producing, and distributing
goods is controlled by a central government
that theoretically seeks a more just and
equitable distribution of property and labor; in
actuality, most socialist governments have
ended up being no more than dictatorships
over workers by a ruling elite.
 Sultanate - similar to a monarchy, but a
government in which the supreme power is in
the hands of a sultan (the head of a Muslim
state); the sultan may be an absolute ruler or a
sovereign with constitutionally limited
authority.
 Theocracy - a form of government in which a
Deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler,
but the Deity's laws are interpreted by
ecclesiastical authorities (bishops, mullahs,
etc.); a government subject to religious
authority.
 Totalitarian - a government that seeks to
subordinate the individual to the state by
controlling not only all political and economic
matters, but also the attitudes, values, and
beliefs of its population.
Presidential System without a Prime Minister

1. Afghanistan 12. Angola

2. Argentina 13. Benin
3. Bolivia 14. Brazil
4. Burundi 15. Chile
5. Columbia 16. Comoros
6. Costa Rica 17. Cyprus
7. Dominican Republic 18. Ecuador
8. El Salvador 19. Gambia
9. Ghana 20. Guatemala
10.Honduras 21. Indonesia
11. Iran 22. Kiribati
23.Liberia 34. Malawi
24.Maldives 35. Mexico
25.Myanmar 36. Nicaragua
26.Nigeria 37. Palau
27.Panama 38. Paraguay
28.Philippines 39. Rwanda
29.Seychelles 40. Sierra Leone
30.South Sudan 41. Sudan
31.Suriname 42. United States
32.Uruguay 43. Venezuela
33.Zambia
Semi-Presidential System with a President and
Prime Minister
1.Algeria 11. Burkina Faso
2.Cote d’Ivoire 12. Demo. Rep. of Congo
3.Djibouti 13. France
4.Georgia 14. Guinea-Bissau
5.Guyana 15. Haiti
6.Kenya 16. Kyrgyzstan
7.Lithuania 18. Madagascar
8.Mali 19. Mongolia
9.Niger 20. Palestine
10.Portugal 21. Russia
Semi-Presidential System with a President and
Prime Minister

24.Romania
25.Sao Tome and Principe
26.Senegal
27.Somalia
26.Republic of China (Taiwan)
27.Tajikistan
28.Zimbabwe
Parliamentary Republics - A parliamentary
republic is a system in which a prime minister is the
active head of the executive branch of government
and also leader of the legislature.

1. Albania 10. Austria

2. Bangladesh 11. Bosnia
3. Bulgaria 12. Cape Verde
4. Croatia 13. Czech
Republic
5. Dominica 14. East Timor
6. Estonia 15. Ethiopia
7. Finland 16. Germany
8. Greece 17. Hungary
9. Iceland 18. India
19. Iraq 31. Ireland
20.Israel 32. Italy
21.Latvia 33. Lebanon
22.Macedonia 34. Malta
23.Mauritius 35. Moldova
24.Montegnegro 36. Nepal
25.Pakistan 37. Poland
26.Samoa 38. San Marino
27.Serbia 39. Singapore
28.Slovakia 40. Slovenia
29.Trinidad and Tobago 41. Turkey
30.Vanuatu
Mixed republican systems - a combined head of
state and government is elected by the legislature,
however they are not subject to parliamentary
confidence during their term (although their cabinet
is).

1. Botswana 4. Nauru
2. Marshall Island 5. South Africa
3. Federated States of Micronesia
Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial
monarchs - Systems in which a prime minister is
the active head of the executive branch of
government. In some cases the prime minister is
also leader of the legislature, in other cases the
executive branch is clearly separated from
legislature although the entire cabinet or individual
ministers must step down in the case of a vote of
no confidence.
1. Andorra 11. Antigua and Barbuda
2. Australia 12. Bahamas
3. Barbados 13. Belgium
4. Belize 14. Cambodia
5. Canada 15. Denmark
6. Grenada 16. Jamaica
7. Japan 17. Lesotho
8. Luxembourg 18. Malaysia
9. Netherlands 19. New Zealand
10.Norway 20. Papua New Guinea
21.St Kitts and Nevis 26. Sweden
22.Saint Lucia 27. Thailand
23.St Vincent and 28. Tuvalu
Grenadiness
24. Solomon Islands 29. United Kingdom
25. Spain
Constitutional monarchies with active
monarchs - The prime minister is the nation's
active executive but the monarch still has
considerable political powers that can be used at
their own discretion.

1. Bahrain 6. Monaco
2. Bhutan 7. Morocco
3. Jordan 8. Tonga
4. Kuwait 9. United Arab
Emirates
5. Liechtenstein
Absolute monarchies - Specifically, monarchies
in which the monarch's exercise of power is
unconstrained by any substantive constitutional
law.

1. Brunei 4. Saudi Arabia

2. Oman 5. Swaziland
3. Qatar 6. Vatican City
Single political movement states - States in
which political power is by law concentrated within
a single political party whose operations are
largely fused with the government hierarchy (as
opposed to states where the law establishes a
multi-party system but this fusion is not achieved
anyway through electoral fraud or simple inertia).
However, some do have elected governments.
1. Cuba – Communist Party
2. Democratic People’s Republic of Korea -
Workers Party
3. Eritrea – Presidential Republic
4. Laos – People’s Revolutionary Party
5. People’s Republic of China – Communist
Party
6. Sahrawi Republic – Polisario Front
7. Syria – Arab Socialist Ba’th Party
8. Turkmenistan – Democratic Party
9. Vietnam – Communist Party
Military junta states - The nation's military control
the organs of government and all high-ranking
political executives are also members of the
military hierarchy.

1. Egypt 2. Fiji
Transitional - States which have a system of
government which is in transition or turmoil and
are classified with the current direction of change.

1. Eritrea
2. Libya
3. Somalia
Systems of Internal Governance

Federal - States in which the federal government

shares power with semi-independent regional
governments.

The central government may or may not be (in

theory) a creation of the regional governments;
prime examples are Switzerland and the United
States.
1. Argentina – 23 provinces and 1 autonomous
city
2. Australia – 6 states and 3 territories
3. Austria – 9 states
4. Belgium – 3 regions and 3 linguistic
communities
5. Bosnia and Herzegovina – Federation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika
Srpska and Breko District
6. Brazil – 26 states and Brazilian Federal
District
7. Canada – 10 provinces and 3 territories
8. Comoros – Anjouan, Grande Comore,
Moheli
9. Ethiopia – 9 regions and 3 chartered cities
10.Germany – 16 states
11. India – 28 states and 7 union territories
12.Iraq – 18 governorates 1 region
13.Malaysia – 13 states and 3 federal territories
14.Mexico – 31 states and 1 federal district
15.Federated States of Micronesia – Chuuk,
Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap
16.Nepal – 14 zones
17.Nigeria – 36 states 1 federal territory
18.Pakistan – 4 provinces, 2 autonomous areas
and 2 territories
19. Russia – 46 oblast, 21 republics, 9 krais, 4
autonomous okrugs, 2 federal cities and 1
autonomous oblast
20. St Kitts and Nevis – 2 states
21. South Sudan – 10 states
22. Switzerland – 26 cantons
23. United Arab Emirates – 7 emirates
24. United States – 50 states, 1 incorporated
territory and 1 federal district
25. Venezuela- 23 states, 1 capital district and 1
federal dependency
Regionalised unitary

States in which the central government has

delegated some of its powers to regional authorities.

1. Indonesia – 30 autonomous provinces, 4

special autonomous provinces
2. Italy – 5 autonomous regions
3. Kingdom of Netherlands – 4 constituent
countries
4. People’s Republic of China – 22 provinces, 5
autonomous regions, 4 municipalities and 2
special administrative regions
5. Philippines – 1 autonomous region
subdivided into 5 provinces, 113 other
provinces and independent cities grouped
into 16 non-autonomous regions
6. Spain – state divided in autonomous
communities.
7. Tanzania – 21 mainland regions, and Zansibar
8. Ukrain – 24 oblast, 2 special status cities and
Crimea
9. United Kingdom – 3 devolved administrations
 Individual Topical Presentation

1. Presidential System without Prime Minister

2. Semi-Presidential System with a President

and Prime Minister

3. Parliamentary Republics

4. Mixed Republican System

 Continuation Individual Topical Presentation

5. Constitutional Monarchies with ceremonial

monarchs

6. Constitutional Monarchies with active

monarchs

7. Absolute Monarchies

8. Federalism – Philippine Style

9. Single Political State

Assignment:

Submit reaction papers Not Later Than the

following week in an:

A4 bond paper
Font 12
Arial style
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Are there any questions?
 Thank you Lord for the lessons we
have learned. Thank you for giving us
professors/instructors who have been
patient enough in sharing their knowledge
and understanding.
Guide us Lord to apply these
knowledge and use it for the improvement of
our lives and fellowmen.
Bless us all as we go back home and
prepare our minds and bodies for the next
day. Amen