OPEN COURSE
o2.3 EEE EXP7
SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
1
Remind
o Faraday law
A variation of magnetic flux inside a
closed path induces a voltage
whose amplitude is proportional to
the rate of variation of this flux
o Ampere theorem
The circulation of the magnetic field on
a closed contour is equal to the sum of
the amps / revolution of this contour
2/13
Remind
o Magnetic flux density
Unit : Tesla [T]
with
permeability constant = 4π.10-7 H/m
Material relative permeability
o Magnetic flux
If B is constant in the
core section
Unit : Weber [Wb]
5/13
Remind
o Hopkinson relation
Create a link between magnetic circuits and electrical
circuits
Example :
Magnetomotive force of ampere-turns Fmm [A]
o Magnetical Vs. Electrical
Electric Ohm with Material conductivity [S.m-1]
law
Electric Magnetic
6/13
Introduction
… Single-phase transformers are static converters (no moving parts)
changing sinusoidal voltage into another sinusoidal voltage with a different
RMS value (and the same frequency)
o Constitution
Magnetic circuit with two windings
Ferromagnetic core / Ferrite for high frequency transformer
Resistive and inductive parts
Primary winding n1 turns Secondary winding n2 turns
Magnetic circuit with 2
windings are wound
7/13
Classification
o Functions
Classification with the transformer ratio
▪ V1 < V2 Step-up transformer
▪ V1 > V2 Step-down transformer
▪ V1 = V2 Isolation transformer
(use of the galvanic isolation between two parts of an electrical installation )
o Symbols
Primary
Secondary
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
8/13
Modelling – Ideal transformers
o Hypothesis 1
• No magnetic leakage: All magnetic flux produced by winding 1 flows through
the winding 2
• Core permeability is infinite Reluctance is null.
• Windings resistance is negligible.
o Voltage equations
o Current equations
Ideal transformers
o Power equations
9/13
Modelling
o Hypothesis 2
Reluctance of magnetic core included.
No magnetic leakage. All magnetic flux produced by winding 1 flows through the
winding 2
Core permeability is finite 🡺 Reluctance is not zero.
Winding resistances are negligible.
o Voltage equations
o Current equations
An image of secondary current : it is the transformation
current
Current due to the core reluctance and use to
magnetize the core : magnetising current
11/13
Modelling
o Hypothesis 3
Reluctance of magnetic core + magnetic leakages included
Primary and secondary magnetic leakages are not zero.
Windings resistances are negligible.
o Voltage equations
o Current equations
12/13
Modelling
o Hypothesis 4
Reluctance of magnetic core + magnetic leakages included
Primary and secondary magnetic leakages are not zero.
Losses taken into account
o Losses
Primary and secondary winding resistances Pj joule Losses [W]
Magnetic losses (hysteretic losses and eddy-currents losses) P F Core
Losses [W]
Resistance of winding 1 and 2 (copper losses)
Transformation ratio
Leakage inductance in windings 1 and 2 Magnetizing inductance of the magnetic core
Resistance representing core losses of the
magnetic core 13/13
Impedance adaptation
Let’s define the secondary of the transformer charged by an impedance Z 2, it’s
possible to get this impedance back to the primary of the transformer by
multiplying it with a ratio 1/m2.
In the same way, going from an impedance from primary to secondary is about
to multiply it by m2.
primary secondary primary secondary
14/13
Impedance adaptation
o Kapp Hypothesis
In the case of high power transformers, magnetizing current iµ is very low
compared to transformation current i’1.
Global copper resistance
Global leakage inductance
15/13
Balance of power - Efficiency
o Overview
Transformer efficiency correspond to the ratio between power delivered in
secondary and power absorbed in primary.
Global losses create a difference between primary power and secondary power.
Absorbed Operating
power power
P1 P2
Joule losses Core losses Joule losses
Primary PF Secondary
Pr1 Pr2
16/13
Balance of power - Efficiency
o Overview
Active power P1 and reactive power Q1 absorbed by primary :
Joule(copper) losses of windings 1 and 2 :
Reactive power Qlf1 and Qlf2 due to magnetic leakages :
Core losses PF :
Magnetizing reactive power :
Active power and reactive power delivered to the secondary :
Efficiency :
17/13
Electrical specification
o Example of single-phase
transformer
………………………………………………………………………………………
Apparent power Sn
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
It is the sizing power of the transformer for operation in nominal
steady state without anormal heating, ie without anormal losses.
………………………………………………………………………………………
Ratio V1N/V20
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
Values of the primary rated voltage (ie the voltage of the network to
which the transformer is connected) and the secondary off-load
voltage.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
No-load losses Pvide
………………………………………………………………………………
These losses, measured during no-load test under nominal primary
voltage, correspond to the core losses (magnetic losses)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
On-charge losses Pcharge
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
These losses, measured during nominal operating point, test under
………………………………………………………………………………………
nominal primary voltage and nominal load current , correspond to the
………………………………………………………………………………
core losses (magnetic losses) and the copper losses.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
U cc%
…………………………………………………………
It is the fraction of the nominal primary voltage which, in the event of 18/13
a short-circuit, leads to the nominal current at the secondary level
Parameter identification
o Identification of electrical and magnetical parameters
Set up experimental tests : open-circuit test and short-circuit test
19/13
Parameter identification
o Open-circuit test
Apply nominal voltage on the primary, the secondary is an open circuit (no
current, I20=0).
Several measurements should be performed :
I1 I20
⮚ Nominal primary voltage V10 A
0 =0
⮚ Secondary voltage V20
V V
⮚ Primary current I10
⮚ Primary absorbed power P10
Voltage drop in the primary winding
negligible
Measure of transformer ratio m during the off-load test
20/13
Parameter identification
o Open-circuit test
Apply nominal voltage on the primary, the secondary is an open circuit (no
current, I20=0).
Several measurements should be performed : I1 I20
A
⮚ Nominal primary voltage V10 0 =0
⮚ Secondary voltage V20 V V
⮚ Primary current I10
⮚ Primary absorbed power P10
No power consumed in secondary (I20=0) 🡺
⮚ During the off-load test, I10 current is very low, primary joule losses
are then negligible compared to iron losses.
Determination of the resistance modelling
iron losses and magnetising inductance
21/13
Parameter identification
o Short-circuit test
This test is made with a reduced primary voltage value because the secondary is
in short circuit.
I1CC I2CC
Several measurements should be performed A
⮚ Primary current I1CC
V1CC V
⮚ Primary voltage V1CC
⮚ Primary absorbed power P1CC
During this test there is no active power in the secondary (V 2=0 🡺P2=0)
V1CC is low and is directly related to core losses🡺 Core losses negligible in the short-circuit test
Determination of impedance representing Joule losses
22
